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List of wars involving the Netherlands

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This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of the Netherlands and its predecessor states since 1560. During the first war after 1560, namely the Eighty Years' War (1566–1648), the set of united provinces that would later become the Dutch Republic proclaimed its independence in 1581.

United Provinces (1581–1795)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Eighty Years' War
(1566–1648)
 United Provinces
 England
 Frankreich
Spanien Spanish Empire Victory
Dutch–Portuguese War
(1601–1661)
 Dutch Republic
* Native allies
 Portugal
* Native allies
Spanien Spanish Empire
* Dutch victory in Ghana, Malacca, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Indonesia
* Portuguese victory in Brazil, Angola, East Africa and Macau
* Both sides claim victory in India
Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
(1609–1621)
 Dutch Republic Rebel forces of the Banda Islands Victory
Siege of Batavia
(1628–1629)
 Dutch Republic  Mataram Sultanate Victory
  • The Mataram siege repelled
Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa
(1635–1636)
 Dutch Republic Natives of Mattau, Bakloan, Soulang, Taccariang and Tevorang Victory
  • Increased Dutch area of control
Lamey Island Massacre
(1636)
 Dutch Republic Taiwanese militia Victory
Shimabara Rebellion
(1637-1638)
Tokugawa shogunate
 Dutch Republic
Christian peasant and ronin rebels Victory
Kieft's War
(1643–1645)
 Dutch Republic Lenape warriors and Algonquian allies Dutch military victory
Dutch political failure
  • Because of the continuing threat by the Algonquians, numerous Dutch settlers returned to the Netherlands, and growth of the colony slowed.
Battle of Fehmarn (1644)  Schweden
 Dutch Republic
 Denmark-Norway Victory
Sinhalese–Portuguese War
(1538-1640)
 Kingdom of Sitawaka
 Kingdom of Kandy
 Dutch East India Company (from 1638)
 Portuguese Empire

 Kingdom of Kotte

Victory
Guo Huaiyi Rebellion
(1652)
 Dutch Republic
Taiwanese aborigines
Guo Huaiyi's peasant army Victory
First Anglo-Dutch War
(1652–1654)
 Dutch Republic  Commonwealth of England Defeat
Peach Tree War
(1655)
 Dutch Republic Susquehannock and allied tribes Defeat
  • Outlying Dutch settlements ordered to garrison at Fort Amsterdam
  • Staten Island abandoned but eventually retaken and equipped with better defenses.
Second Northern War
(1655–1660)
Polen
(Poland-Lithuania)
Dänemark Denmark–Norway
 Habsburg Monarchy
Russland (1656–58)
Crimean Khanate
Brandenburg Brandenburg-Prussia (1655–56, 1657–60)
 Dutch Republic
Schweden Swedish Empire
Brandenburg Brandenburg-Prussia (1656–57)
Transylvania Principality of Transylvania
Ukrainian Cossacks (1657)[1]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 Wallachia
 Moldavia
Victory
First Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
(1659–1660)
 Dutch Republic Khoikhoi militia Victory
Esopus Wars
(1659–1663)
Dutch settlers
Iroquois Confederacy
Esopus tribe of Lenape Indians
Susquehannock and allied tribes
Victory
First Tondano War
(1661–1664)
 Dutch Republic Minahasan peoples Victory
Second Anglo-Dutch War
(1665–1667)
 Dutch Republic
Dänemark Dänemark
 Frankreich
 England
Bishopric of Münster
Victory
Third Anglo-Dutch War
(1672–1674)
 Dutch Republic
Dänemark Denmark-Norway
 England
 Frankreich
Bishopric of Münster
Electorate of Cologne
Victory
Franco-Dutch War
(1672-1678)
Defeat
Second Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
(1673–1677)
 Dutch Republic Khoikhoi militia Victory
Trunajaya rebellion
(1674–1680)
Mataram Sultanate

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

  • VOC's Indonesian allies
Rebel forces
Makassarese itinerant fighters

Rival claimants to Mataram throne (after 1677)

Victory
Nine Years' War
(1688–1697)
 Dutch Republic
 England
 Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Empire
 Duchy of Savoy
Swedish Empire (until 1691)
 Scotland
 Frankreich
Jacobites
Siamese revolution of 1688
(1688)
Phetracha and various Siamese lords
 Dutch Republic
Prasat Thong dynasty
 Kingdom of France
Victory
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–1714)
 Dutch Republic
Austrian Empire Austrian monarchy
Kingdom of Prussia Prussia
Kingdom of England England (until 1707)
Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (from 1707)
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
Savoy Piedmont-Savoy
Habsburg Spain
 Portugal
 Frankreich
Spanien Spanish monarchy
Bavaria (~1704)
Cologne
Mantua Mantua (~1708)
First Javanese War of Succession
(1704–1707)
 Dutch Republic  Mataram Sultanate Victory
Second Javanese War of Succession
(1719–1723)
 Dutch Republic
 Mataram Sultanate
Rebel Princes Victory
1740 Batavia massacre
(1740)
 Dutch Republic
Native Indonesians allies
Chinese Indonesian militia Military victory
Political failure
Travancore–Dutch War
(1741–1757)
 Dutch Republic
Kingdom of Cochin
Kingdom of Travancore
Maratha Empire
Mysore
Military Stalemate
Dutch commercial victory
Java War (1741–43)
(1741–1743)
 Dutch Republic Joint army of Chinese and Javanese Victory
Battle of Penfui
(1749)
 Dutch Republic
Timorese allies
Topasses
Timorese allies
Victory
Third Javanese War of Succession
(1749–1757)
Mataram Sultanate
(until 1755)
 Dutch Republic
Yogyakarta Sultanate (from 1755)
Surakarta Sunanate
(from 1755)
Anti-Dutch rebels Victory
Cirebon War (1753-1773)  Dutch Republic
* Dutch East India Company
Cirebon Sultanate Victory
American Revolutionary War
(1775–1783)
 Vereinigte Staaten
Kingdom of France Frankreich
Spanien Spanien
 Niederlande

Mysore
Oneida
Tuscarora
Watauga Association
Catawba
Lenape
Choctaw

 Great Britain
Loyalists
Holy Roman Empire German Auxiliaries

Iroquois
Onondaga
Mohawk
Cayuga
Seneca
Cherokee Nation Cherokee

Victory
First Xhosa-Dutch War
(1779–1781)
 Dutch Republic Xhosa militia Victory
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
(1780–1784)
 Dutch Republic
 Kingdom of France
 Great Britain Defeat
Second Anglo-Mysore War
(1780–1784)
 Kingdom of Mysore
 Kingdom of France
 Dutch Republic
East India Company
 Great Britain
Stalemate
Prussian invasion of Holland
(1787)
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia
Dutch Republic Orangists
Dutch Republic States of Holland
Dutch Republic Patriots
Prussian–Orangist victory
  • Orange Restoration.
Second Xhosa-Dutch War
(1789–1793)
 Dutch Republic Xhosa militia Victory
War of the First Coalition
(1792–1797)
 Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg monarchy Österreich
 Prussia (until 1795)
 Great Britain
Kingdom of France French Royalists
 Spanien (until 1795)
 Portugal
 Sardinia (until 1796)
 Naples and Sicily
Other Italian states
 Dutch Republic
 Kingdom of the French (until 1792)
French First Republic French Republic (from 1792)
 Spanien (from 1796)
 Batavian Republic (from 1795)
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) French satellite states
Polish Legions (from 1797)
Regime change, Victory for the Batavian Republic

Batavian Republic (1795–1806)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
War of the Second Coalition
(1799-1802)
Frankreich French Republic
 Spanien
Polen Polish Legions
Dänemark Denmark–Norway

French client republics:

Holy Roman Empire Österreich
 Russland
 Great Britain
Kingdom of France French Royalists
Portugal Portugal
 Two Sicilies
 Ottoman Empire
Victory

Treaty of Amiens:

Third Xhosa-Dutch War
(1799–1803)
 Dutch Republic Xhosa militia
Khoikhoi militia
Stalemate
War of the Third Coalition
(1803-1806)
Frankreich French Empire
Niederlande Batavia
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Italien
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Etruria
 Spanien
Bavaria Bavaria
Kingdom of Württemberg Württemberg
 Austrian Empire
 Russian Empire
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Naples and Sicily
Portugal Portugal
 Great Britain
 Schweden
Victory

Treaty of Pressburg

Padri War
(1803-1838)
Adats
 Niederlande
Padris Victory

Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Franco-Swedish War
(1805–1810)
Frankreich Frankreich
Spanien Spanish Empire
Niederlande Holland
Schweden Schweden
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Prussia
Victory
Ashanti–Fante War
(1806–1807)
 Ashanti Empire
 Batavian Republic
Fante Confederacy Victory
War of the Fourth Coalition
(1806–1807)
Frankreich French Empire
French satellites:
 Prussia
 Russland
 Vereinigtes Königreich
Saxony[3]
 Schweden
Sicily
Victory

Treaties of Tilsit

Second Tondano War
(1808–1809)
Niederlande Holland
Minahasan militia Victory
War of the Fifth Coalition
(1809)
Frankreich French Empire
French satellites:
 Österreich
Ungarn
Tyrol (in rebellion against Bavaria)
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Spanien
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Sicily
 Sardinia
Black Brunswickers
Victory

Treaty of Schönbrunn

Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
War of the Sixth Coalition
(1813–1814)
Sixth Coalition:

After Pläswitz (June–August 1813)

After Leipzig (October 1813)

After January 1814

 Frankreich

Until January 1814

Victory

United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Hundred Days
(1815)

War of the Seventh Coalition

 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Prussia
Hanover
German Confederation
 Österreich
 Russland
 Schweden
 Niederlande
 Spanien
Portugal Portugal
 Sardinia
 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Tuscany
Frankreich French Empire
 Kingdom of Naples
Victory

Treaty of Paris:

  • General French defeat
  • Restoration of the House of Bourbon
  • Abolition of the slave trade (all signatories)
  • ₣100,000,000 compensation from France
Bombardment of Algiers (1816)
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 United Netherlands
Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Victory
  • 3000 slaves freed.
First expedition to Palembang
(1819)
 Dutch Empire Palembang Sultanate Defeat
Second expedition to Palembang
(1821)
 Dutch Empire Palembang Sultanate Victory
Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo
(1823)
 Dutch Empire Chinese Indonesian rebels Victory
First Bone War
(1824–1825)
 Dutch Empire Sulawesian militia Victory
Java War
(1825-1830)
 Dutch Empire
Pro-Dutch Javanese
Rebel forces of Prince Diponegoro
Chinese mercenaries
Victory
Belgian Revolution
(1830-1831)
 Dutch Empire Belgian rebels
Supported by:
Frankreich Frankreich
Defeat
Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra
(1831)
 Dutch Empire  Aceh Sultanate Victory
First Sumatran expedition
(1832)
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Dutch Empire
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee Victory
Dutch–Ahanta War
(1837-1839)
 Dutch Empire Ahanta Kingdom Victory
  • Ahanta becomes a Dutch protectorate
Second Sumatran expedition
(1838)
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Dutch Empire
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee Victory

Netherlands (1839–present)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Dutch intervention in northern Bali
(1846)
 Dutch Empire Buleleng Victory
Dutch intervention in Bali
(1849-1850)
 Dutch Empire
Lombok
Buleleng
Jembrana
Klungkung
Victory
  • Dutch control of Northern Bali.
Palembang Highlands Expeditions
(1851–1859)
 Dutch Empire Forces of the Sultan of Palembang Victory
Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado
(1854-1855)
 Dutch Empire
Pro-Dutch Indonesians
Pro-Chinese Indonesian rebels
Qing dynasty China
Victory
Nias Expedition
(1855-1864)
 Dutch Empire Nias Victory
Dutch intervention in Bali
(1858)
 Dutch Empire Buleleng Regency rebels Victory
Second Bone War
(1859–1860)
 Dutch Empire Sulawesian militia Victory
Banjarmasin War
(1859–1863)
 Dutch Empire Sultanate of Banjarmasin Victory
Shimonoseki Campaign
(1863–1864)
 Dutch Empire
 British Empire
Frankreich French Empire
 Vereinigte Staaten
Chōshū Domain Victory
Pasoemah Expedition
(1864–1868)
 Dutch Empire South Sumatra Victory
Dutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70
(1869-1870)
 Dutch Empire Local rulers Victory
Aceh War
(1873-1904)
 Dutch Empire Aceh Sultanate
Acehnese religious ulama
Thai and Chinese mercenaries
Victory
Batak War
(1878-1907)
 Dutch Empire

Batak Kingdom

Victory
Mandor rebellion
(1884-1885)
 Dutch Empire Lanfang Republic
Dayak and Chinese Indonesian militia
Victory
Jambi uprising
(1885)
 Dutch Empire Jambi Victory
Edi Expedition
(1890)
 Dutch Empire Aceh militia Victory
Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem
(1894)
 Dutch Empire
Eastern Sasak
Lombok Mataram
Western Sasak
Victory
Pedir Expedition
(1897-1898)
 Dutch Empire Aceh militia Victory
Siege of the International Legations
part of the Boxer Rebellion
(1900)
 British Empire
 Vereinigte Staaten
Frankreich
 Russland
 Deutschland
 Italien
 Austria-Hungary
 Japan
 Belgien
 Dutch Empire
 Spanien
 Qing Dynasty
Yìhéquán
Victory
Unrest in Java[4]
(1900-1907)
 Dutch Empire Peasant rebels
Lone-wolf robbers
arsonists
Victory
Merauke uprising[4]
(1902)
 Dutch Empire Marind rebels Victory
Campaigns against Dayak[4] (Location: Kalimantan)
(1902-1907)
 Dutch Empire Dayak rebels Victory
Kerinci Expedition
(1903)
 Dutch Empire Kerinci Victory
Actions on Yapen[4]
(1903)
 Dutch Empire Tribes of Yapen Victory
Resistance on Tidore[4]
(1904)
 Dutch Empire Tidore Victory
South Sulawesi expedition
(1904-1905)
 Dutch Empire Bone
Luwu
Wajo
Victory
Dutch intervention in Bali
(1906)
 Dutch Empire Badung
Tabanan
Klungkung
Victory
  • Dutch control of southern Bali.
Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908
(1908)
 Dutch Empire  Venezuela Victory
Dutch intervention in Bali
(1908)
 Dutch Empire Balinese rebels Victory
World War II
(1940–1945)
 Soviet Union
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 China
 Frankreich
 Polen
 Kanada
 Australien
 Neuseeland
 Indien
 Südafrika
 Yugoslavia
 Griechenland
 Dänemark
 Norwegen
 Niederlande
 Belgien
 Luxemburg
 Czechoslovakia
 Brasilien
 Mexiko
 Äthiopien

 Italien (from 1943)
 Rumänien (from 1944)
 Bulgarien (from 1944)
 Finnland (from 1944)

 Deutschland
 Japan
 Italien (until 1943)

 Italian Social Republic
(from 23 Sep. 1943)
 Ungarn
 Rumänien (until 1944)
 Bulgarien (until 1944)
 Finnland (until 1944)
 Thailand
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang
 Kroatien
 Slowakei

Victory
Indonesian National Revolution
(1940–1949)
 Dutch Empire  Indonesien

Japan Japanese volunteers (from 1946)
Supported by:
 Soviet Union[5][6]

Indonesian political victory
Military stalemate
[7]
APRA coup d'état
(1950)
 Indonesien
 Niederlande
Legion of Ratu Adil (APRA) Victory
Korean War
(1950–1953)
 Südkorea
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Niederlande
 United Nations
 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union
Ceasefire
Operation Trikora
(1961–1962)
 Dutch Empire  Indonesien
Air and naval support by:
 Soviet Union
Indonesian political victory[8][9]
Military stalemate
[10][8]
Gulf War
(1990–1991)
 Kuwait
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Saudi-Arabien
 Frankreich
 Ägypten
 Syria
 Niederlande
Other Allies
Iraq Victory
  • Kuwait regains its independence
Operation Krivaja '95
(6–11 July 1995)
 Niederlande  Republika Srpska
Serb Volunteer Guard Serb Volunteer Guard
Scorpions Scorpions paramilitary unit

UNA-UNSO
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Police, volunteers and paramilitaries from Yugoslavia
Griechenland Greek volunteers
Russland Russian volunteers

Defeat
Operation Deliberate Force
(30 August – 20 September 1995)
 NATO
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Niederlande
 Frankreich
 Deutschland
 Italien
 Frankreich
 Türkei
 Republika Srpska Victory
Kosovo War
(1998–1999)
Kosovo Liberation Army
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Niederlande
 Frankreich
 Kanada
 Dänemark
 Deutschland
 Italien
 Yugoslavia Victory
War in Afghanistan
(2001–2021)[11]
 Afghanistan
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Kanada
 Niederlande
 Deutschland
 Italien
 Frankreich
 Dänemark
 Polen
 Rumänien
 Türkei
 Australien
 Spanien
ISAF
Afghanistan Taliban
al-Qaeda
Haqqani network
Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin
United Tajik Opposition
IMU
Other groups
Defeat
Iraq War
(2003–2011)
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein
 Australien
 Polen
 Niederlande
 Dänemark
 Iraqi Kurdistan
 Iraq under Saddam Hussein

Sunni insurgents


Shia insurgents

Victory
Operation Ocean Shield
(2009–December 15th 2016) [13]
Operation Atalanta
(2009–present)
 EU
 NATO
 Niederlande
Somalia Somali Pirates Victory
Libyan Civil War
(2011)
Libyen Anti-Gaddafi forces
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Frankreich
 Dänemark
 Niederlande
 Italien
 Kanada
Arab League several Arab League states
Schweden Schweden
 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Victory
Dutch military intervention against ISIL
Dutch involvement in the Syrian Civil War
(2014–2019)
 Niederlande  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Boko Haram

al-Nusra Front
Khorasan


Ahrar ash-Sham

Victory
Mali War
(2017–2019)
 Mali
United Nations MINUSMA
al-Qaeda Ongoing
  • Dutch withdrawal 2019
EMASOH
(2020)
 Frankreich
 Niederlande
 Dänemark
 Belgien
 Griechenland
 Italien
 Portugal
 Deutschland
Ongoing
  • France led EU operations being conducted.
  • Dutch withdrawal of ship Zr.Ms. De Ruyter in June 2020, still has two staff officers present
First Bone WarSecond expedition to PalembangFirst expedition to PalembangInvasion of Java (1811)Invasion of the Spice IslandsJava campaign of 1806–07Battle of BlaauwbergBattle of PenfuiSiamese revolution of 1688Siamese revolution of 1688Esopus WarsKieft's WarJava WarBombardment of Algiers (1816)Ashanti–Fante WarBattle of SurinameAmerican Revolutionary WarTravancore–Dutch WarPeach Tree WarDutch pacification campaign on FormosaExpedition to the West Coast of BorneoXhosa WarsXhosa WarsXhosa WarsXhosa WarsXhosa WarsJava War (1741–1743)Khoikhoi–Dutch WarsKhoikhoi–Dutch WarsGuo Huaiyi rebellionShimabara RebellionSiege of BataviaPadri War1740 Batavia massacreSinhalese–Portuguese WarDutch conquest of the Banda IslandsDutch conquest of the Banda IslandsHundred DaysFrench invasion of RussiaKettle WarJavanese Wars of SuccessionTrunajaya rebellionDutch–Portuguese WarWar of the Sixth CoalitionWar of the Fifth CoalitionFlanders campaignWar of the First CoalitionWar of the Austrian SuccessionNine Years' WarSecond Anglo-Dutch WarSecond Anglo-Dutch WarFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659)Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)War of the Fourth CoalitionWar of the Third CoalitionPatriottentijdWar of the Quadruple AllianceThird Anglo-Dutch WarFranco-Dutch WarThirty Years' WarSecond Northern WarSecond Northern WarLuxemburg campaignsWar of the Second CoalitionSecond Anglo-Mysore WarFourth Anglo-Dutch WarWar of the Spanish SuccessionWar of DevolutionFirst Anglo-Dutch WarFirst Anglo-Dutch WarEighty Years' War

Sovereign Principality of the United NetherlandsFirst French EmpireKingdom of Holland

Dutch RepublicHabsburg Netherlands
Mali WarObano rebellionSouth Sulawesi expeditions of 1905Mandor rebellionDutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70Second Bone WarDutch–Ahanta WarJava WarLibyan Civil War (2011)Operation TrikoraDutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908Boxer RebellionXhosa WarsBanjarmasin WarXhosa WarsXhosa WarsXhosa WarsOperation AtalantaMakassar UprisingDutch intervention in Bali (1906)Shimonoseki campaignDutch intervention in northern Bali (1848)Padri WarOperation Ocean ShieldInvasion of AmbonDutch intervention in Bali (1908)Dutch intervention in Lombok and KarangasemDutch intervention in Bali (1849)Dutch intervention in northern Bali (1846)Kosovo WarAPRA coup d'étatCommunist Party of Indonesia#1926 revolt

Edi ExpeditionNias ExpeditionSecond Sumatran expeditionFirst Sumatran expeditionDutch military intervention against ISILIraq War Gulf WarIndonesian National RevolutionPedir ExpeditionJambi uprisingPalembang Highlands ExpeditionsDutch expedition on the west coast of SumatraWar in Afghanistan (2001–present)Bosnian WarKorean WarWorld War IIAceh WarPasoemah ExpeditionExpedition against the Chinese in MontradoBelgian RevolutionKingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands

  •   War of succession
  •   War of conquest (territorial control)
  •   Religious war (including the European wars of religion)
  •   Economic war (including colonial wars)
  •   Revolt or rebellion (political)


Notes

  1. ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
  2. ^ Many member states of the Confederation of the Rhine defected after Battle of Leipzig.

References

  1. ^ Hrushevsky (2003), pp. 327ff.
  2. ^ Joined the Confederation of the Rhine on 11 December 1806.
  3. ^ Joined the Confederation of the Rhine on 11 December 1806.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hagen, Piet (2018-05-10). "Opstanden, expedities en oorlogen". Koloniale oorlogen in Indonesië: Vijf eeuwen verzet tegen vreemde overheersing (in Dutch). Singel Uitgeverijen. ISBN 9789029524209.
  5. ^ Wies Platje, 297–299
  6. ^ J.D. Legge, 403
  7. ^ Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 35.
  8. ^ a b Platje, Wies (2001). "Dutch Sigint and the Conflict with Indonesia 1950–62". Intelligence and National Security. 16 (1): 285–312. doi:10.1080/714002840. S2CID 153528325.
  9. ^ Soedjati Djiwandono, Konfrontasi Revisited, p. 135.
  10. ^ "Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea". Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin (150): 1–2. February 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  11. ^ https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_09/20180903_2018-09-RSM-Placemat.pdf
  12. ^ President Barack Obama Speaks With VICE News
  13. ^ https://www.nato.int