Vienna Document
The Vienna Document is a series of agreements on confidence and security-building measures between the states of Europe, starting in 1990, with subsequent updates in 1992, 1994, 1999 and 2011.[1] The Vienna Document 2011 was adopted by 57 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) participating states, including the states of Central Asia and Russia (for its territory west of the Ural Mountains). It described its zone of application (ZOA) as "the whole of Europe, as well as the adjoining sea area and air space".[1]
Creation
The Vienna Document was first adopted in 1990 as a combination of confidence and security-building measure (CSBMs) from the 1975 Helsinki Accords and the 1986 Stockholm Document.[1][2] The Vienna Document on CSBMs and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) were seen as parallel peace process components.[3]
Updates
1990s
The Vienna Document was updated in 1992, 1994 and 1999 with active Russian participation.[1][2]
2000s
The Vienna Document was seen as a low priority in the West in the 2000s. Russian suspension of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in 2007 complicated negotiations for updating the Vienna Document.[1]
2010s
The 2010 adoption of the Vienna Document plus, initiated by Russia, led[1] to the Vienna Document 2011.[4] Four Vienna Document Plus decisions, including prior notification of sub-threshold major military activities and on the lengths of air base visits, were added in 2012 and 2013.[1][2]
Updates to the Vienna Document stopped with the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War. Vienna Document 2011 confidence-building measures were used during the first year of the war, with 19 verification actions in Ukraine by 27 states and 5 verification actions in Russia by 11 states, including Ukraine, by October 2014. Vienna Document 2011 confidence-building measures were blocked in the parts of Ukraine not controlled by Ukrainian government forces.[1]
During negotiations in 2016 and 2018, Western negotiators aimed to strengthen the Vienna Document, while Russian negotiators preferred to implement the Vienna Document 2011 and following Vienna Document Plus decisions.[1]
In 2017, the Vienna Document, the CFE and the Treaty on Open Skies were seen by the OSCE as "a web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments" that "together ... enhance predictability, transparency and military stability and reduce the risk of a major conflict in Europe."[5]
2020s
As of late 2020, military exercises by both Western and Russian forces took place as snap exercises (close to borders and on short notice) that are not covered by the Vienna Document 2011. Researcher Wolfgang Zellner saw the mix of cooperation and deterrence that had developed through to the early 2000s as evolving to an increasing mutual deterrence scenario.[6]
As of late 2020, Russian objections to updating the Vienna Document were that a broader arms control agreement was needed.[6]
Proposed updates
Updates to the Vienna Document proposed around 2016 include lowering the threshold for prior notification of military activities, risk reduction (Chapter III) proposals, additional or stronger inspections, independent fact-finding missions, and creating a centralised OSCE database on OSCE participating states' main weapons systems.[1][6] Forty-three of the OSCE participating states declared after the December 2020 meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council declared their intention to "enhance reciprocal military transparency and predictability and reduc[e] risk by updating the Vienna document".[7]
Structure
The Vienna Document 2011[4] includes eleven chapters. Except for Chapter II, the chapters apply to military forces in the zone of application (ZOA), defined as the land and air space of Europe west of the Ural Mountains and the Central Asian participating states, and surrounding sea areas.[2][4]
- I. Annual exchange of military information (AEMI)
- II. Defence planning
- III. Risk reduction
- IV. Contacts
- V. Prior notification of certain military activities (CMA)[3]
- VI. Observation of certain military activities
- VII. Annual calendars
- VIII. Constraining provisions
- IX. Compliance and verification[3]
- X. Regional measures
- XI. Annual Implementation Assessment Meeting (AIAM)[2]
- XII. Final provisions[4]
Actions
From 1992 to 2012, an average of 90 inspections and 45 evaluation visits were carried out annually.[8]
Russia used the provisions of the Document in early April 2015 to force NATO to agree to a Russian inspection team being present at the 2015 Joint Warrior exercise off the coast of Scotland.[9]
The annual exchanges of military information (Chapter I in Vienna Document 2011) take place in Vienna in December.[3] Until 2015, when Russia completely stopped participating in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), CFE and Vienna Document military information exchange was done together at the December Vienna meetings.[citation needed]
Similar agreements
While the Vienna Document 2011 is limited to forces in Europe and Central Asia, the Global Exchange of Military Information applies to all forces of the participating states, wherever located.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shakirov, Oleg (2019). "The future of the Vienna Document" (PDF). PIR Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ^ a b c d e "Arms Control and International Security, Overview of 2011 Vienna Document". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Ensuring military transparency – the Vienna Document". OSCE. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ^ a b c d "Vienna Document 2011 – on confidence- and security-building measures" (PDF). OSCE. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help) - ^ "Arms control". OSCE. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ^ a b c Zellner, Wolfgang (2020-12-03). "Addressing the Threat of Uncontrolled Escalation by Means of Conventional Arms Control in Europe". Security and Human Rights. 30. Brill Publishers: 101–107. doi:10.1163/18750230-03001002. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ^ Funered, Ulrika (2020-12-07). "OSCE Ministerial Council: joint statement on the Vienna Document". UK government. Archived from the original on 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ^ "Synopses". Defense Treaty Ready Inspection Readiness Program; Treaty Information Center. 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ Farmer, Ben; Parfitt, Tom (14 April 2015). "Russian inspectors arrive at British war games off Scotland". The Daily Telegraph (online edition). Archived from the original on 2021-08-16. Retrieved 14 April 2015.