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"Russian invasion of Ukraine" redirects here. For previous invasions of Ukraine, see List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine.
For the military buildup preceding the invasion, see 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War
Date24 February 2022 (2022-02-24) – present (2 years, 6 months and 9 days)
Standort
Ukraine
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents
Supported by:
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  •  Russia:
  • 900,000 (Armed Forces)
  • 554,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 2,000,000 (Reserves)[5]
  • • including 175,000[6]–190,000[7] at the Ukrainian border
  • Donetsk PR:
  • 20,000[5]
  • Luhansk PR:
  • 14,000[5]
  •  Ukraine:
  • 209,000 (Armed Forces)
  • 102,000 (Paramilitary)
  • 900,000 (Reserves)[5]
Casualties and losses
Ukrainian claim:
Russland 50 soldiers killed,[8] 4 tanks destroyed,[9] 5 aircraft and 1 helicopter shot down[10]		 Ukraine
Ukrainian claim:
40+ soldiers killed,[11] several dozen wounded[12]
Russian claim:
Ukraine's military airbases and its air defense systems neutralized[13]
10 Ukrainian civilians killed[11]

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine. The campaign started after a prolonged military buildup and the Russian recognition of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in the days prior to the invasion, followed by the entrance of the Russian Armed Forces to the Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine on 21 February 2022.

At about 06:00 Moscow time (UTC+3), Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a military operation in eastern Ukraine; minutes later, missile strikes began at locations across the country, including in the capital Kyiv. The Ukrainian Border Service stated that its border posts with Russia and Belarus were attacked.[14][15] The invasion prompted multiple countries to condemn the attack and impose severe sanctions on Russia.[16]

Background

Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and Historical background of the Russo-Ukrainian War
See also: Enlargement of NATO, Ukraine–NATO relations, and Second Cold War

Post-Soviet context

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal and signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States would issue an assurance against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, where it "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".[17]

In 2008, Russian president Vladimir Putin spoke out against Ukraine's potential accession to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[18][19] In 2009, Romanian analyst Iulian Chifu and his co-authors opined that in regard to Ukraine, Russia has pursued an updated version of the Brezhnev Doctrine, which dictates that the sovereignty of Ukraine cannot be larger than that of the Warsaw Pact's member states prior to the collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence during the late-1980s and early-1990s.[20] This view is built upon the premise that Russia's actions to placate the West in the early 1990s should have been met with reciprocity from the West, without NATO expansion along Russia's border.[21]

Ukrainian revolution and war

Main article: Revolution of Dignity

Following weeks of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement (2013–2014), pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition on 21 February 2014 signed a settlement agreement that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[22][23][24] Leaders of the Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[25] causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[26] The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the War in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[27][28]

On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, "which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO."[29][30][31] On 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy signed the Decree No. 117/2021 approving the "strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol."[32]

In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[33] American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[34] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[35] Other observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[36][37][38]

Russia has said that a possible Ukrainian accession to NATO and the NATO enlargement in general threaten its national security.[39][40][41] In turn, Ukraine and other European countries neighboring Russia have accused Putin of attempting Russian irredentism and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.[42][43][44][45][46]

Prelude to the invasion

Main article: 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

The conflict began with a major military build-up, initially from March to April 2021 and then from October 2021 to February 2022. During the second military buildup, Russia issued demands to the United States and NATO, advancing two draft treaties that contained requests for what it referred to as "security guarantees", including a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join NATO as well as a reduction in NATO troops and military hardware stationed in Eastern Europe,[47] and threatened an unspecified military response if NATO continued to toe an "aggressive line".[48]

Russian accusations

Russia's accusations of genocide

See also: Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas and Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

On 9 December 2021, Russian president Vladimir Putin spoke of discrimination against Russian speakers outside Russia, saying: "I have to say that Russophobia is a first step towards genocide. You and I know what is happening in Donbass. It certainly looks very much like genocide."[49][50] Russia also condemned the Ukrainian language law.[51][52][53] On 15 February 2022, Putin told the press: "What is going on in Donbass is exactly genocide."[54] News outlets noted that, despite Putin's accusation of genocide against native Russian speakers, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy is himself a native Russian speaker.[55]

Several international organizations, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, and Council of Europe, found no evidence supporting the Russian claims.[56][57][58][59] The genocide allegations have been rejected by the European Commission as Russian disinformation.[60]

The US embassy in Ukraine described the Russian genocide claim as "reprehensible falsehood",[61] while the US State Department Spokesman Ned Price said that Moscow was making such claims as an excuse for invading Ukraine.[54] On 18 February, Russian Ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov replied to a question about US officials, who doubted the fact of the genocide of Russians in Donbass, by posting a statement on the Embassy's Facebook page that said: "Americans prefer not only to ignore the attempts of forced assimilation of Russians in Ukraine, but also strongly condone them with political and military support."[62]

Alleged clashes

Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly on 17 February 2022. While the daily number of attacks over the first six weeks of 2022 ranged from two to five,[63] the Ukrainian military reported 60 attacks on 17 February. Russian state media also reported over 20 artillery attacks on separatist positions the same day.[63] For example, the Ukrainian government accused Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten at Stanytsia Luhanska using artillery, injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic said that its forces had been attacked by the Ukrainian government with mortars, grenade launchers and machine gun fire.[64][65]

The next day, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic ordered mandatory evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities, although it has been noted that full evacuations would take months to accomplish.[66][67][68][69] Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as attempts to provoke the Ukrainian army.[70][71]

On 21 February, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) announced that Ukrainian shelling had destroyed an FSB border facility 150 metres from the Russia–Ukraine border in Rostov Oblast.[72] Separately, the press service of the Southern Military District announced that Russian forces had in the morning that day killed a group of five saboteurs near the village of Mityakinskaya, Rostov Oblast, that had penetrated the border from Ukraine in two infantry fighting vehicles, the vehicles having been destroyed.[73] Ukraine denied being involved in both incidents and called them a false flag.[74][75] Additionally, two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian were reported killed by shelling in the village of Zaitseve, 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Donetsk.[76]

Several analysts, including the investigative website Bellingcat, published evidence that many of the claimed attacks, explosions and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[77][78][79][80]

On 21 February, the Luhansk Thermal Power Plant in the Luhansk People's Republic was shelled by unknown forces.[81] Ukrainian news stated that it was forced to shut down as a result.[82]

Intervention in Donbas

21–24 February

On 21 February, following the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics, President Putin ordered Russian troops (including tanks) to be sent into Donbas, in what Russia called a "peacekeeping mission".[83][84] Russia's military said it killed five Ukrainian "saboteurs" who crossed the border into Russia, a claim strongly denied by Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba.[85] Later that day, several independent media outlets confirmed that Russian forces were entering Donbas.[86][87][88][89]

On 22 February, US president Joe Biden stated that "the beginning of a Russian invasion of Ukraine" had occurred. NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said that "further invasion" had taken place. Ukrainian foreign minister Kuleba stated, "There's no such thing as a minor, middle or major invasion. Invasion is an invasion." The European Union foreign policy head Josep Borrell stated that "Russian troops [had arrived] on Ukrainian soil" in what was "[not] a fully-fledged invasion".[90][91]

On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[92] In turn, President Zelenskyy ordered a conscription of Ukraine's reservists, while not committing to general mobilisation yet.[93]

On 23 February, Ukraine announced a 30-day nationwide state of emergency, excluding the occupied territories in Donbas, which took effect at midnight.[94][95] On the same day, Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.[96] The websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites, were hit by DDoS attacks.[97]

In the early hours of 24 February, Zelenskyy made an "emotional" televised speech in which he addressed the citizens of Russia in Russian and pleaded with them to prevent war.[98][99]

UN Security Council

The 21 February intervention in Donbass was widely condemned by the UN Security Council, and did not receive any support.[100] Kenya's ambassador, Martin Kimani, compared Putin's move to colonialism and said "We must complete our recovery from the embers of dead empires in a way that does not plunge us back into new forms of domination and oppression."[101]

Another UN Security Council meeting was convened on 23–24 February. Russia invaded Ukraine during a UN Security Council emergency meeting aiming to defuse the crisis. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres had stated: "Give peace a chance."[102] Russia invaded while holding the presidency of the UN Security Council for February 2022, and has veto power as one of five permanent members.[102][103]

Invasion

Territorial map of Ukraine as of 24 February 2022
     Ukrainian control      Russian occupation

24 February

Slightly before 05:00 Ukrainian time (UTC+2) (06:00 Moscow Time, UTC+3) on 24 February, Putin announced that he had made the decision to launch a military operation in eastern Ukraine.[104][105] In his address, Putin said there were no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and claimed he supported the right of the peoples of Ukraine to self-determination.[106] Putin also stated that Russia was seeking the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine and he called on Ukrainian soldiers to lay down their arms.[107][108]

Within minutes of Putin's announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa and the Donbas.[109] Ukrainian officials said that Russia landed troops in Odessa and Mariupol and launched cruise and ballistic missiles at airfields, military headquarters, and military depots in Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Dnipro.[110][111][112] Later, the Ukrainian military denied information about the landing of the Russian army in Odessa.[113] Military vehicles entered Ukraine through Senkivka at the point where Ukraine meets Belarus and Russia around 6:48 a.m. local time.[114]

According to Ukrainian Minister of State Anton Herashchenko just after 06:30 UTC+2, Russian forces were invading via land near the city of Kharkiv[115] and large-scale amphibious landings were reported at the cities of Mariupol and Odessa; Heraschenko confirmed the landings near Odessa.[116][117][118] At 07:40, the BBC cited other sources in saying that troops were also entering the country from Belarus.[119] The Ukrainian Border Force reported attacks on sites in Luhansk, Sumy, Kharkiv, Chernihiv and Zhytomyr, as well as from Crimea.[120] The Russian Ministry of Defence claimed no resistance by Ukrainian border forces.[121] The Ukrainian interior ministry reported Russian forces captured the villages of Horodyshche and Milove in Luhansk.[118] The Ukrainian Centre of strategic communications and strategic security reported that the Ukrainian army beat off an attack near Shchastia (near Luhansk) and took back control of the town, claiming nearly 50 casualties from the Russian side.[122]

After being offline for a hour, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry's website was restored. The Ministry claimed that it had shot down five planes and one helicopter in Luhansk.[123]

Shortly before 07:00 (UTC+2), President Zelenskyy announced the introduction of martial law in Ukraine.[124] Later he ordered the Ukrainian Army to "inflict maximum losses" to the invaders.[125] In light of a request by the Russian Ministry of Defence asking air traffic control units of Ukraine to stop flights, airspace over Eastern Ukraine has restrictions to civilian air traffic, with the whole area being deemed an active conflict zone by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).[126] Zelenskyy also announced that diplomatic relations with Russia were being severed, effective immediately.[127] Russian missiles targeted Ukrainian infrastructure, including hitting the Kyiv Boryspil airport. Ukraine closed its air space for civil flights.[128]

A military unit in Podilsk was attacked by Russian forces, resulting in six deaths and seven wounded. Another person was killed in the city of Mariupol. Nineteen more people are also reported missing.[129] A dwelling house in Chuhuiv got under fire of the Russian artillery.[130]

At 10:00 (UTC+2), it was reported during the briefing of the Ukrainian presidential administration that Russian troops invaded Ukraine from the north (up to 5 km deep). Russian troops were said to be active in Kharkiv Oblast, Chernihiv Oblast, near Sumy.[131] Zelenskyy's press service also reported that Ukraine repulsed an attack in Volyn Oblast.[132] At 10:30 (UTC+2), the Ukrainian defence ministry reported that Russian troops in Chernihiv Oblast had been stopped, a major battle near Kharkiv was in progress, and Mariupol and Shchastia were fully reclaimed.[133] It was reported that 6 Russian planes, 2 helicopters and dozens of armoured vehicles were destroyed.[133] Russia denies having lost any aircraft or armoured vehicles. [134]

International reactions

In response to Russian recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk breakaway regions, Western countries started to roll out sanctions against Russia. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced sanctions on five Russian banks: Rossiya Bank, Industrialny Sberegatelny Bank, General Bank, Promsvyazbank and Black Sea Bank. The UK sanctions also extended to three billionaire associates of Putin: Gennady Timchenko, Boris Rotenberg and Igor Rotenberg.[135][136] German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced he was halting the certification process of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.[137] EU foreign ministers blacklisted all members of the Duma who voted in favour of the recognition of the breakaway regions, banned EU investors from trading in Russian state bonds, and targeted imports and exports with separatist entities.[138] US President Joe Biden announced sanctions on banks VEB.RF and Promsvyazbank and comprehensive sanctions on Russia's sovereign debt.[139]

On 24 February, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced targeted travel bans and financial sanctions against eight members of Russia's national security council.[140] United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres urged Russia to immediately end aggression in Ukraine, while the French and US ambassadors announced they would present a resolution to the UN Security Council on 25 February 2022,[141][103] and the United Kingdom condemned Russia's "unprovoked attack" and promised that Britain and her allies would respond decisively.[142] Calling the attack "unprovoked and unjustified", Biden noted that his administration would be considering further possible actions.[143] The French presidency issued a statement condemning Russia's actions.[144][145] Spain, Japan, Italy, Nepal and Norway have also condemned the invasion.[146][147][148] The government of Andorra announced that it was working to repatriate its four nationals in Ukraine.[149]

Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia triggered NATO security consultations under Article 4. The Estonian government issued a statement by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas: "Russia's widespread aggression is a threat to the entire world and to all NATO countries, and NATO consultations on strengthening the security of the Allies must be initiated to implement additional measures for ensuring the defense of NATO Allies. The most effective response to Russia's aggression is unity."[150]

On the morning of 24 February, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen announced "massive" EU sanctions to be adopted by the bloc. The sanctions will target technological transfers, Russian banks and Russian assets.[151] Israel has officially condemned the Russian invasion and said it is ready to provide humanitarian aid to Ukraine. [152]

Market reactions

The Moscow Exchange temporarily suspended all trading on its markets on 24 February at 08:05 Moscow Time,[153][154] before resuming at 10:00.[155][156] The Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange has also suspended trading until further notice.[157] As a result of the invasion, Brent oil prices rose above $100 a barrel for the first time since 2014[158] while markets in Asia dipped.[159][160] Similarly, Oceanian markets plunged, with the Australian Securities Exchange and New Zealand Exchange both closing down more than 3%.[161][162] India's Nifty index closed more than 5% low while Sensex was down by more than 2700 points.[163]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Donetsk People's Republic is a separatist state that declared its independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from its neighbouring partially recognised quasi-state, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[1]
  2. ^ The Luhansk People's Republic is a separatist state that declared its independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from its neighbouring partially recognised quasi-state, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[2][3]

References

  1. ^ "South Ossetia recognises independence of Donetsk People's Republic". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  2. ^ Alec, Luhn (6 November 2014). "Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states". The Guardian. Donetsk. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022. The two 'people's republics' carved out over the past seven months by pro-Russia rebels have not been recognised by any countries, and a rushed vote to elect governments for them on Sunday was declared illegal by Kiev, Washington and Brussels.
  3. ^ "Общая информация" [General Information]. Official site of the head of the Lugansk People's Republic (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018. 11 июня 2014 года Луганская Народная Республика обратилась к Российской Федерации, а также к 14 другим государствам, с просьбой о признании её независимости. К настоящему моменту независимость республики признана провозглашенной Донецкой Народной Республикой и частично признанным государством Южная Осетия. [Translated: On June 11, 2014, the Luhansk People's Republic turned to the Russian Federation, as well as to 14 other states, with a request to recognize its independence. To date, the republic's independence has been recognized by the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and the partially recognized state of South Ossetia.]
  4. ^ a b Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders". CNN. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d The military balance 2021. Abingdon, Oxon: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2021. ISBN 978-1032012278.
  6. ^ Julian E., Barnes; Michael, Crowley; Eric, Schmitt (10 January 2022). "Russia Positioning Helicopters, in Possible Sign of Ukraine Plans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022. American officials had expected additional Russian troops to stream toward the Ukrainian border in December and early January, building toward a force of 175,000.
  7. ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  8. ^ "Russia-Ukraine live news: Moscow launches full-scale invasion". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
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  11. ^ a b "Ukraine says more than 40 of its soldiers, 10 civilians killed". www.timesofisrael.com. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Ukraine FM says Russia carrying out 'full-scale attack'". Al Arabiya English. 24 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Explosions heard across Ukraine as Russian military operation begins". Al Arabiya English. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
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  16. ^ Morin, Rebecca (24 February 2022). "World leaders condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine; EU promises 'harshest' sanctions - live updates". usatoday.com. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  18. ^ Harding, Luke; Borger, Julian; Chrisafis, Angelique (2 April 2008). "Bush-Putin row grows as pact pushes east". The Guardian. Moscow; Bucharest; Paris. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  19. ^ Dawar, Anil (4 April 2008). "Putin warns Nato over expansion". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. The Russian president, Vladimir Putin, today repeated his warning that Moscow would view any attempt to expand NATO to its borders as a 'direct threat'.
  20. ^ Chifu, Iulian; Nantoi, Oazu; Sushko, Oleksandr (2009). "Russia–Georgia War of August 2008: Ukrainian Approach" (PDF). The Russian Georgian War: A trilateral cognitive institutional approach of the crisis decision-making process. Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche. p. 181. ISBN 978-973-1983-19-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2016. Conceptually, Russia sees Ukraine within the sphere of own 'privileged interests'; in fact, it means a modernized version of Brezhnev's doctrine of 'limited sovereignty', realized after the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
  21. ^ Remarks concerning Ukraine, Vladimir Putin, Putin makes a statement following the Security Council meeting on Donbass recognition on YouTube, RT, 21 February 2022, minutes 41:17–42:58. Quote: "Because of the openness and goodwill, our goodwill, relations between Russia and the West were at a high level. Russia fulfilled all its obligations, we withdrew troops from Germany, from the central and European countries, and it made a huge contribution in overcoming the legacy of the Cold War. We consistently suggested all kinds of cooperation, including in the form of the NATO council and OECD. ... [When I asked], how would America see Russia joining NATO? ... How did Americans really look at this possibility? You can see it in their practical steps, in regard for a country: Open support of the terrorists in North Caucasus; Ignoring our demands and our concerns in the security area; Withdrawing from the arms treaties, and so on and so forth. It still begs the question, why? Why did they do that? What for? Okay, you don't want to see a friend in us, an ally in us. But why do you want to make an enemy out of us?"
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  24. ^ Feffer, John (14 March 2014). "Who Are These 'People,' Anyway?". HuffPost. Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014. At that point, his own party abandoned him and called for a vote to take place. Parliament then voted to remove Yanukovych from office by a margin of 328 to 0.
  25. ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Robinson, Matt; Baczynska, Gabriela; Goettig, Marcin; Graff, Peter; Elgood, Giles (22 February 2014). Roche, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kiev in "coup"". Reuters. Kyiv: Thomson Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2020. Underscoring Ukraine's regional divisions, leaders of Russian-speaking eastern provinces loyal to Yanukovich voted to challenge anti-Yanukovich steps by the central parliament.
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  27. ^ Grytsenko, Oksana; Vlasova, Anastasia (12 April 2014). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid". Kyiv Post. Luhansk: Businessgroup LLC. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ... their top aim is federalization of the country through all-Ukrainian referendum, one step from secession from the nation. 'It should be a federation in the borders of Ukraine, but with the right to separate if people demand this,' Kariakin said, confident that 85 percent of people in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine's seventh most populous with 2.2 million people, support him.
  28. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". aljazeera.com. Riga: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022. Putin framed the invasion and eventual annexation of Crimea as an act of salvation rather than a clear violation of international law and turned a revolution which could have marked the end of his rule into a much-needed popularity booster ... {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 May 2020 suggested (help)
  29. ^ Duggal, Hanna (25 January 2022). "Infographic: Military capabilities of Russia and Ukraine". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Relations with Ukraine". NATO. NATO. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. In September 2020, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO.
  31. ^ Getmanchuk, Alyona (30 September 2020). "Russia as aggressor, NATO as objective: Ukraine's new National Security Strategy". atlanticcouncil.org. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Zelensky enacts strategy for de-occupation and reintegration of Crimea". Ukrinform. Government of Ukraine. 24 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022. Decree No. 117/2021 of March 24 on enactment of the relevant decision of the National Security and Defense Council was published on the website of the Head of State.
  33. ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". The Kremlin. Government of Russia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022. During the recent Direct Line, when I was asked about Russian-Ukrainian relations, I said that Russians and Ukrainians were one people – a single whole. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 25 January 2022 suggested (help)
  34. ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine". Thinking about... (newsletter). Substack. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.
  35. ^ Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite". The Times. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  36. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour". The Guardian. Moscow. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. But that fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.
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