Abortion law in the United States by state
![A state map of the United States color-coded for abortion access. A number of U.S. states in the center and especially south of the country have banned abortion apart from certain medical exceptions. In contrast, abortion is available on demand without a mandated time limit in Alaska, Colorado, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington, D. C. Because the situation is changing rapidly, please see the article text for details.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gestational_limits_for_elective_abortion_in_the_United_States.svg/370px-Gestational_limits_for_elective_abortion_in_the_United_States.svg.png)
Illegal, limited exceptions[a] Legal but no providers Legal through 12th week LMP* Legal through 15th week LMP* (1st trimester) Legal through 18th week LMP* Legal through 20th week LMP* Legal through 22nd week LMP* (5 months) Legal through 24th week LMP* (5½ months) Legal through second trimester[d] Legal at any stage *LMP is the time since the last menstrual period began. |
The legality of abortion in the United States is subject to individual state laws. In 1973, Roe v. Wade made the first abortion case to be taken to the Supreme Court, which had made it federally legal. In 1992, Roe was partially overturned by Planned Parenthood v. Casey, which stated that states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus."[1] In 2022, both Roe and Casey were overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, and abortions are now subject to regulations based on state laws once again.[2] Individual states can regulate and limit the use of abortion, some of which already have through the use of "trigger laws", which made abortion illegal within the first and second trimesters when Roe was overturned.[3][4][5]
Eight states—Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Oklahoma, West Virginia and Wisconsin—still have pre-Roe abortion bans in their laws, which may be enforced too.[4]
Current legal status nationwide
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2 Illinois's parental notification law will be repealed June 1, 2022.
3 Massachusetts' parental consent law only applies to minors under the age of 16. South Carolina's law only apples to minors under 17.
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Under the current judicial interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, states have broad discretion to prohibit or regulate abortion. In Dobbs v. Jackson (2022), the Supreme Court of the United States reversed its landmark ruling protecting abortion in Roe v. Wade (1973) and subsequent decisions that held that abortion must be legal for much of a pregnancy but may be restricted by the states to varying degrees. States have passed laws to restrict late-term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate the disclosure of abortion risk information to patients prior to the procedure. Currently, legislatures in 22 states state they would move to ban or further restrict abortion laws throughout the U.S.
The key deliberated article of the US Constitution is the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that:
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.[6]
The official report of the US Senate Judiciary Committee, issued in 1983 after extensive hearings on the Human Life Amendment (proposed by Senators Orrin Hatch and Thomas Eagleton), stated:
Thus, the [Judiciary] Committee observes that no significant legal barriers of any kind whatsoever exist today in the United States for a woman to obtain an abortion for any reason during any stage of her pregnancy.[7]
One aspect of the legal abortion regime now in place has been determining when the fetus is "viable" outside the womb as a measure of when the "life" of the fetus is its own (and therefore subject to being protected by the state). In the majority opinion delivered by the court in Roe v. Wade, viability was defined as "potentially able to live outside the woman's womb, albeit with artificial aid. Viability is usually placed at about seven months (28 weeks, approx. 196 days) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks." When the court ruled in 1973, the then-current medical technology suggested that viability could occur as early as 24 weeks. Advances over the past three decades have allowed fetuses that are a few weeks less than 24 weeks old to survive outside the womb. These scientific achievements, while life-saving for premature babies, have made the determination of what is "viable" somewhat more complicated. The youngest child thought to have survived a premature birth in the United States was Amillia Taylor (born on October 24, 2006, in Miami, Florida, at 21 weeks and 6 days gestational age, approx. 153 days vs. possibly expected gestational period of 40 weeks, approx. 280 days).[8]
Compared to other developed countries, the procedure is more available in the United States in terms of how late the abortion can legally be performed. However, in terms of other aspects such as government funding, privacy for non-adults, or geographical access, some US states are far more restrictive. In most European countries abortion-on-demand is allowed only during the first trimester, with abortions during later stages of pregnancy allowed only for specific reasons (e.g. physical or mental health reasons, risk of birth defects, if the woman was raped etc.). The reasons that can be invoked by a woman seeking an abortion after the first trimester vary by country, for instance, some countries, such as Denmark, provide a wide range of reasons, including social and economic ones.[9]
There are no laws or restrictions regulating abortion in Canada, while the law on abortion in Australia varies by state/territory. In many countries, abortion has been legalized by respective parliaments, while in the US abortion has been deemed a constitutional right by the Supreme Court.
Because of the split between federal and state law, legal access to abortion continues to vary somewhat by state. Geographic availability, however, varies dramatically, with 87 percent of US counties having no abortion provider.[10] Moreover, due to the Hyde Amendment, many state health programs which poor women rely on for their health care do not cover abortions; currently only 17 states (including California, Illinois and New York) offer or require such coverage.[11]
The 1992 case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey overturned Roe's strict trimester formula, but reemphasized the right to abortion as grounded in the general sense of liberty and privacy protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution: "If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child." Advancements in medical technology meant that a fetus might be considered viable, and thus have some basis of a right to life, at 22 or 23 weeks rather than at the 28 that was more common at the time Roe was decided. For this reason, the old trimester formula was ruled obsolete, with a new focus on viability of the fetus.
Since 1995, led by Congressional Republicans, the US House of Representatives and US Senate have moved several times to pass measures banning the procedure of intact dilation and extraction, also commonly known as partial birth abortion. After several long and emotional debates on the issue, such measures passed twice by wide margins, but President Bill Clinton vetoed those bills in April 1996 and October 1997 respectively, on the grounds that they did not include health exceptions. Congressional supporters of the bill argued that a health exception would render the bill unenforceable, since the Doe v. Bolton decision defined "health" in vague terms, justifying any motive for obtaining an abortion. Subsequent Congressional attempts at overriding the veto were unsuccessful.
On October 2, 2003, with a vote of 281–142, the House again approved a measure banning the procedure, called the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. Through this legislation, a doctor could face up to two years in prison and face civil lawsuits for performing such an abortion. A woman who undergoes the procedure cannot be prosecuted under the measure. The measure contains an exemption to allow the procedure if the woman's life is threatened.
On October 21, 2003, the United States Senate passed the same bill by a vote of 64–34, with a number of Democrats joining in support. The bill was signed by President George W. Bush on November 5, 2003, but a federal judge blocked its enforcement in several states just a few hours after it became public law. The Supreme Court upheld the nationwide ban on the procedure in the case Gonzales v. Carhart on April 18, 2007. The 5–4 ruling said the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act does not conflict with previous Court decisions regarding abortion.
The decision marked the first time the court allowed a ban on any type of abortion since 1973. The swing vote, which came from moderate justice Anthony Kennedy, was joined by Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and the two recent appointees, Samuel Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.
State regulatory initiatives regarding abortion
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The following states have or had initiatives regarding abortion. The fetal heartbeat bill legislative approach picked up momentum in 2018 and 2019.
Alabama
Following the Supreme Court overruling of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion is illegal in Alabama.[12]
A pre-Roe abortion ban, last amended in 1951, remains on the books. The law bans abortions in all cases except to preserve the life of the mother. Those convicted under the statute would face a maximum fine of $1,000 and a maximum jail time of 12 months.
Performing an abortion is a Class A felony with up to 99 years in prison, and attempted abortion is a Class C felony punishable by 1 to 10 years in prison, under a pending law passed in May 2019. The law was enjoined, but now that Roe has been overturned, the law could go into effect.[13]
Abortion is a divisive issue in the state, with 37% of adults believing it should be legal in all or most cases and 58% believing it should be illegal in all or most cases. Alabama's political and overarching religious beliefs has presented Alabama residents with limited access to abortion services. As of 2021, only three clinics remain in Alabama, all of which are located in metropolitan areas of the state.
Alaska
As long as a licensed physician performs the procedure, abortion is legal in Alaska. People under the age of 17 must have parental consent.[14]
In 2019, House Bill 178 was proposed, which would have banned abortion with no exceptions.[14] The Bill was withdrawn.[15]
Arizona
Abortion is legal up to 24 weeks of pregnancy. Patients must meet with a physician at least 24 hours before the procedure, and a licensed physician must perform the procedure. Minors must receive parental consent.[14]
Arkansas
After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, a 2021 trigger law took effect in Arkanas that banned abortions.[16][12] The ban has an exception for abortions performed to save the life of the mother, though it is possible an exception will be made in rape and incest cases in the future.[16] Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.[16]
California
Abortion is legal in California. Nurse-midwives and other non-physician medical personnel with proper training may perform the procedure. Public universities are required by law to provide Mifepristone at no cost to students.[14]
Colorado
Abortion is legal in Colorado. Minors' parents or legal guardians must receive notice before the procedure.[14]
In 2008, Kristine and Michael Burton of Colorado for Equal Rights proposed Colorado Amendment 48, an initiative to amend the definition of a person to "any human being from the moment of fertilization."[17][18] On November 4, 2008, the initiative was turned down by 73.2 percent of the voters.[19]
The state passed the Reproductive Health Equity Act into law in April 2022, which protects abortion rights and assures "every individual has a fundamental right to make decisions about the individual's reproductive health care, including the fundamental right to use or refuse contraception; a pregnant individual has a fundamental right to continue a pregnancy and give birth or to have an abortion and to make decisions about how to exercise that right; and a fertilized egg, embryo, or fetus does not have independent or derivative rights under the laws of the state."[20]
Connecticut
The 1821 abortion law of Connecticut is the first known law passed in America to restrict abortion.
Although this law did not completely outlaw abortions, it placed heavier restrictions as it prevented women from attempting or receiving abortions, which was generally through the consumption of poison, during the first four months of a woman's pregnancy.
Delaware
Abortion in Delaware is legal. 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. As of May 14, 2019, the state prohibited abortions after the fetus was viable, generally some point between week 24 and 28. This period uses a standard defined by the US Supreme Court in 1973 with the Roe v. Wade ruling.
Florida
Abortion in Florida is legal up to the 24th week of pregnancy. 56% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. An abortion ban with therapeutic exception was in place by 1900. Such laws were in place after the American Medical Association sought to criminalize abortion in 1857. By 2007, the state had a customary informed consent provision for abortions. By 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions. Attempts to ban abortion took place in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the Florida Legislature in 2019.
Georgien
Georgia passed an abortion law on May 7, 2019[update], which prohibits abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detected, usually six weeks following the last menstrual period.[12] The law makes no exception for cases of rape or incest.[21] The constitutionality of the law was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union, Planned Parenthood, and the Center for Reproductive Rights. In October 2019, the federal judge overseeing the case blocked enforcement of the ban, which was to take effect in January 2020, stating that the plaintiffs have shown a likelihood of winning the case.[22]
Hawaii
As of 2017, there are 28 clinics in Hawaii that will perform abortions. As of January 2021, an abortion can be performed after viability if the patients life or overall health is in danger.[23]
Idaho
Abortion is expected to be legal until thirty days following the overruling of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022. After the trigger law goes into effect, doctors who perform abortions will serve at least two years in prison, and up to five years.[16][24] Exceptions to the ban will include saving the life of the mother, as well as lawful evidence that the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest.[16]
Some state leaders, including Lt. Gov. Janice McEachin "are calling for even stricter laws, including eliminating the exceptions for rape, incest and the life of the mother and pushing to classify abortion as felony murder."[16]
Illinois
Abortion is legal in Illinois up to 24 weeks. Parental consent is not required for minors, however a guardian over the age of 21 must be notified unless over turned by a judge in special cases.[25] Illinois has 40 facilities that can perform abortions as of 2017.[26]
Indiana
Abortion is legal up to 22 weeks in Indiana. New 2021 laws put in place in the state require an ultrasound be done and shown to the patient 18 plus hours before the procedure as well as state mandated counseling for the patient. If the patient seeking an abortion is a minor, they must receive parental consent before moving forward.[27]
Iowa
Abortion is legal in Iowa up to six weeks following an individual's last menstrual cycle, with exceptions pertaining to the mother's health.[12]
On March 26, 2020, Governor Kim Reynolds expanded upon previous COVID-19 disaster proclamations to halt elective and non-essential surgeries.[28] The following day her office asserted: "[The] Proclamation suspends all nonessential or elective surgeries and procedures until April 16th, that includes surgical abortion procedures".[29]
Kansas
Kansas lawmakers approved sweeping anti-abortion legislation (HB 2253) on April 6, 2013, that says life begins at fertilization, forbids abortion based on gender and bans Planned Parenthood from providing sex education in schools.[30]
In 2015 Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure.[31] But the new law was later struck down by the Kansas Court of Appeals in January 2016 without ever having gone into effect.[32] In April 2019, the Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, and ruled that the right to abortion is inherent within the state's constitution and bill of rights, such that even if Roe v. Wade is overturned and the federal protection of abortion rights is withdrawn, the right would still be allowed within Kansas, barring a change in the state constitution.[33] After both Houses of the Kansas State Legislature passed a constitutional amendment to overturn the Kansas Supreme Court's ruling, Kansas voters will decide whether to overturn the Kansas Constitution's right to an abortion in a referendum on August 2, 2022.[34]
Kentucky
After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, a 2019 trigger law took effect in Kentucky that banned abortions.[35][12] The law makes all abortions illegal except when medically mandatory to prevent the patient from dying or getting a "life-sustaining organ" permanently impaired.[12]
Performing an abortion is now a Class C felony, with imprisonment of 5 to 10 years and fines of $1,000 to $10,000.[36]
The ACLU announced plans to sue the state in court, claiming that the state constitution recognizes abortion as a right.[37][38] On June 30, 2022, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mitch Perry issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's abortion ban pending further hearings to determine if the ban violates the Kentucky Constitution. This order temporarily allows both elective abortion providers, which are both located in Louisville, to temporarily resume elective abortions.[39]
Louisiana
On June 19, 2006, Governor Kathleen Blanco signed into law a trigger ban on most forms of abortion (unless the life of the mother was in danger or her health would be permanently damaged) once it passed the state legislature. Although she felt exclusions for rape or incest would have "been reasonable," she felt she should not veto based on those reasons. The trigger law would only go into effect if the United States Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade. The law would allow the prosecution of any person who performed or aided in an abortion. The penalties include up to 10 years in prison and a maximum fine of $100,000.[40]
When the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Louisiana immediately banned all abortions except those performed to save the mother's life or in the case of a fetal anomaly.[16][12] On June 27, in response to a lawsuit by Hope Medical Group for Women and Medical Students for Choice, a judge issued a temporary restraining order which allowed abortions to resume in the state.[41]
Earlier in 2022, "Republicans in the state legislature considered legislation classifying abortion as a homicide," which would mean that women who obtained abortions could be charged with murder.[16]
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan has a pre-Roe abortion ban on the books, that has an exception to protect the life of the patient.[42] The law could become enforceable again.
Minnesota
Mississippi
In 2007, Mississippi implemented a trigger law that would ban abortions within 10 days following the overruling of Roe v. Wade, which occurred on June 24, 2022.[16] The laws provides exceptions when the mother's life is in danger, as well as in rape cases.[16] Attempted or completed abortion is punishable with a maximum of 10 years imprisonment.[43]
Missouri
After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Missouri banned abortions.[44][12] The ban has no exceptions, including for rape or incest, unless the life of the mother is severely at risk.[44][12] Those who induce an abortion will face felony charges with up to 15 years in prison.[44] While doctors are prohibited from performing abortions except in cases of medical emergency under Missouri law, Section 188.017, the law "protects any woman who receives an illegal abortion from being prosecuted in violation of the Act."[45] In addition, providers who perform or induce "an abortion because of a medical emergency . . . shall have the burden of persuasion that the defense is more probably true than not."[46]
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
New York is known in the U.S. as a reproductive sanctuary state. This means that abortion is legal and seen as health care provided by the state. There are approximately 252 facilities in New York that perform abortions.[47] In 2019 New York codified abortions laws and protection in state law. New York state Senator Alessandra Biaggi has proposed a bill that allows the option for taxpayers in New York to contribute to the abortion access fund on their tax forms. This essentially helps create more access to reproductive health care in the state.[48]
North Carolina
North Dakota
After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, North Dakota moved to ban "almost all abortions except in the case of rape, incest or the where mother’s life is at risk."[16] The ban will take 30 days to go into effect.[49] Performing an abortion will be a Class C felony,[50] punishable by up to five years in prison and up to a $10,000 fine.[51]
Ohio
Ohio has multiple layers of law which makes abortion illegal, resulting from multiple passed laws over the decades. The list below ranges from most strict to least.
ORC 2919.198 went into effect July 2019 that made abortion illegal after a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected, which is usually between five or six weeks after the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. No exceptions are made for rape, incest, or a fetus determined to have down syndrome. However, an exception is made for medical emergencies, defined as a "serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman."[52]
Included in this law is a section called "immunity of pregnant woman," which overrides penalties for pregnant women who undertake an abortion after a "fetal heartbeat" has been detected.[53] This release of penalties does not extend to physicians or doctors who administers the abortion past a detectable heartbeat.
According to ORC 2919.17, abortion may not be performed after viability,[54] which, per ORC 2919.16, "means the stage of development of a human fetus at which in the determination of a physician, based on the particular facts of a woman's pregnancy that are known to the physician and in light of medical technology and information reasonably available to the physician, there is a realistic possibility of the maintaining and nourishing of a life outside of the womb with or without temporary artificial life-sustaining support."[55] Viability tends to occur in the 24th week of pregnancy.
According to ORC 2919.201, abortion may not be performed if "the probable post-fertilization age of the unborn child is twenty weeks or greater."[56] Immunity is not provided in a separate section similar to ORC 2919.198.
Oklahoma
In 2016, Oklahoma state legislators passed a bill to criminalize abortion for providers, potentially charging them with up to three years in prison.[57] On May 20, 2016, Governor Mary Fallin vetoed the bill before it could become law, citing its wording as too vague to withstand a legal challenge.[58]
Governor Kevin Stitt signed three bills in 2021 that introduced new restrictions on abortion. One bill would revoke a medical license for people who perform abortions, another would ban abortions if a heartbeat is detected, and the third would require board-certified OB-GYN doctors be the only ones who can perform abortions.[59]
As of 2022, abortion is currently illegal in most cases in Oklahoma. On April 12, 2022, Governor Kevin Stitt signed into law a bill that banned abortion indefinitely, unless the life of the mother was at stake, with no exceptions to rape and incest.[60][12] The penalty for performing an abortion is two to five years imprisonment.[61]
Oregon
Abortion is fully legal in Oregon. In 2017 there were 20 facilities providing abortions in Oregon. As of January 2021, they do not have any major restriction on abortion, including no waiting period or parental consent.[62]
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Abortion is legal in Rhode Island. 71% of residents reported support of passing laws to protect safe abortion in 2018. There are restrictions in Rhode Island such as parental consent and clinic regulations in order to perform the precedure.[63]
South Carolina
South Dakota
After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, South Dakota banned abortions.[35][12] The trigger law for the ban had been enacted in 2005.[64] Under the new law, anyone who induces an abortion is "guilty of a Class 6 felony,"[64] with a maximum of two years imprisonment and $4,000 in fines.[65] An exception is included to "preserve the life of the pregnant female," given "appropriate and reasonable medical judgment."[64]
Tennessee
In 2019, Tennessee enacted a trigger law that would ban abortions 30 days after the overruling of Roe v. Wade.[16] The law includes an exception to save the life of the mother.[16] Anyone determined to have induced an abortion could face 3–15 years in prison, as well as up to $10,000 in fines.[16]
Texas
The Roe v. Wade case, tried in Texas, stands at the center of years of national debate about the issue of abortion.[66] Henry Wade was serving as District Attorney of Dallas County at the time.
On August 29, 2014, US District Judge Lee Yeakel struck down as unconstitutional two provisions of Texas' omnibus anti-abortion bill, House Bill 2 that was to come into effect on September 1. The regulation would have closed about a dozen abortion clinics, leaving only eight places in Texas to get a legal abortion, all located in major cities. Judge Lee Yeakel ruled that the state's regulation was unconstitutional and would have placed an undue burden on women, particularly on poor and rural women living in west Texas and the Rio Grande Valley.[67] The legal challenge to the law eventually reached the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) which ruled that the law was unconstitutional, its burden of requiring abortion doctors to have admission privileges at a local hospital within 30 miles of the center to interfere with a woman's right to an abortion from Roe v. Wade.
In May 2021, Texas lawmakers passed the Texas Heartbeat Act, banning abortions as soon cardiac activity can be detected, typically as early as six weeks into pregnancy and often before women know they are pregnant. In order to avoid traditional constitutional challenges based on Roe v. Wade, the law provides that any non-government employee or official, excepting sexual perpetrators who conceived the fetus, may sue anyone that performs or induces an abortion in violation of the statute, as well as anyone who "aids or abets the performance or inducement of an abortion, including paying for or reimbursing the costs of an abortion through insurance or otherwise." The lawsuit may be filed by people either with or without any vested interest. The law contains an exception for abortions performed to save the mother's life.[68] The law was challenged in courts, though had yet to have a full formal hearing as its September 1, 2021, enactment date came due. Plaintiffs sought an order from the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the law from coming into effect, but the Court issued a denial of the order late on September 1, 2021, allowing the law to remain in effect. While unsigned, Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Stephen Breyer wrote dissenting opinions joined by Justices Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor that they would have granted an injunction on the law until a proper judicial review.[69][70]
On September 9, 2021, Attorney General Merrick Garland, the United States Department of Justice sued the State of Texas over the Texas Act on the basis that "the law is invalid under the Supremacy Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment, is preempted by federal law, and violates the doctrine of intergovernmental immunity".[71] Garland further noted that the United States government has “an obligation to ensure that no state can deprive individuals of their constitutional rights.”[72] The Complaint avers that Texas enacted the law "in open defiance of the Constitution".[73] The relief requested from the U.S. District Court in Austin, Texas includes a declaration that the Texas Act is unconstitutional, and an injunction against state actors as well as any and all private individuals who may bring a SB 8 action.[73][72] The suit was met with controversy, with critics citing concerns over the suit's politicized nature and the possible infringements on civilian rights.[74][75]
After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Texas banned abortions except when the mother's life is at risk.[12][44] Completed or attempted providing of abortion "will be charged with a first- or second-degree felony, and will be subject to a civil penalty of at least $100,000" for each abortion.[76] A first degree felony in Texas is punishable by 5 to 99 years in prison, while a second degree felony is punishable by 2 to 20 years in prison, with "fines of up to $10,000" being possible.[77][78]
Utah
Following the Supreme Court overruling of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion is illegal in Utah, though the state includes exceptions if the mother's life is at risk, as well as in cases of lethal fetal anomalies, severe brain anomalies, rape, or incest.[12] It is a second-degree felony to perform it,[79] punishable by 1 to 15 years in prison, and a maximum possible fine of $10,000.[80] On June 27, a Utah judge issued a 14-day restraining order to block enforcement of the law.[81]
Vermont
Virginia
Abortion is legal up to 25 weeks. Some limitations include insurance coverage depending in cases of sexual assault or serious health conditions. Parental consent is also required for minors in Virginia. In 2020, Virginia governor, Ralph Northam signed laws that removed many of the restrictions on abortion that had been in place for decades. Virginia became the first state to codify new protections for abortion in 2020.[82]
Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia has a pre-Roe abortion ban, with an exception for protecting the life of the patient, which could become enforceable again.[83]
Wisconsin
In 2013, Act 37 was passed into law, necessitating admitting privileges for all abortion providers within the state. Admitting privileges allow physicians the right to directly admit a patient to a nearby hospital. The state maintained this was necessary for women's health and safety, however, public health officials and the medical community – including the American College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, Wisconsin Medical Society, and American Public Health Association – oppose these requirements as unnecessary and are not grounded in evidence-based practice.[84] Not only are these privileges difficult for abortion physicians to obtain given the controversial nature of abortion, the Wisconsin law required admitting privileges to be obtained within one day of the law's passage. After Governor Walker signed the bill into law, a federal district court judge in the Western District of Wisconsin immediately granted a preliminary injunction, preventing its implementation. A trial was held, and the court imposed a permanent injunction against the law, with the Judge noting that clinic closure was clearly the purpose of the law as there was only one day granted for physicians to obtain compliance. Further, the ruling found that abortion complications "are rare and are rarely dangerous", thus it seems to undermine the argument that this law is needed for women's health and safety.[85]
The case was appealed by the state's attorney, yet the US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the earlier ruling, and the permanent injunction. The appeals court declared, as did the trial court judge, that the state had failed to demonstrate any obvious need for this legislation.[86] The state further appealed to the Supreme Court, however, this appeal was rejected, maintaining the permanent injunction of the law. The rejection by the Supreme Court to hear the case came rather quickly after the ruling in the state of Texas' case also involving admitting privileges. The Supreme Court's ruling in Whole Women's Health v. Hellerstedt found that the admitting privileges requirement created an undue burden for women, and thus interfered with the rights established in Roe v. Wade.
Wyoming
Wyoming has a trigger law, which will take effect upon certification by the Governor, who is advised by the Attorney General by July 24, 2022 (within 30 days of the Supreme Court ruling).[87] Performing an abortion will be punishable by up to 14 years in prison.[88]
Other polities
District of Columbia
The District of Columbia has no law with respect to abortion. The previous statute making abortion a criminal offense was repealed in 2004. The consequence of this repeal is that abortion is completely unregulated in the District throughout the period of pregnancy.
Amerikanisch-Samoa
Abortion was effectively illegal in AS before Roe was overturned.
Guam
Abortion is legal in Guam, despite several attempts at restriction, but hasn't been available since 2016 when the last provider retired.
Nördliche Marianen
Abortion was illegal in the NMI since before Roe was overturned.
Puerto Rico
Abortion is legal in Puerto Rico without a gestational limit. A bill limiting abortions to 22 weeks passed the Senate in June 2022 and was sent to the House.
US Virgin Islands
Abortion is legal to 24 weeks. Residents of the British Virgin Islands travel to the USVI for abortions.
State table
Bans of abortion
State | Current legality | Status before "Roe" | Current status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Legal status in 2022 | Completely illegal | Illegal with limits | Trigger law on any abortion | Trigger law on late term abortion | |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | Yes* | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
legal | No | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Banned (as SB1457) | Yes* | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | Banned (as SB6)* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No[89] | No[89] |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
legal | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
illegal | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | Yes* | No | No |
![]() |
legal | No | No | No | No |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | Yes |
![]() |
legal | Yes | No | No | No |
Limits on abortion
State | On-demand gestational limit[90] | Waiting period | Mandatory ultrasound[91] | Counseling | % of counties without provider[92] | Parental notification for minors | Parental consent for minors[93] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
fertilization | Yes | Yes | Yes | 59% | No | One |
![]() |
None | None | No | Yes | 37% | No | No |
![]() |
Viability | Yes | 24 hours | Yes | 19% | No | One |
![]() |
fertilization | Yes | No | Yes | 77% | No | One |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 5% | No | No |
![]() |
None | None | No | None | 27% | Yes[94] | No |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 5% | No | No |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | Yes | 33% | Yes | No |
![]() |
24 weeks | None | Yes | None | 20% | Yes | No |
![]() |
Yes | No | Yes | 58% | Yes | No | |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 5% | No | No |
![]() |
Viability | Yes | No | Yes | 68% | No | One [95] |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 40% | No[96] | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | No | Yes | 66% | No | One |
![]() |
20 weeks | None | No | None | 42% | Yes | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | Yes | Yes | 56% | No | One |
![]() |
fertilization[97][98] | Yes | Yes | Yes | 74% | No | One |
![]() |
fertilization[99] | Yes | 24 hours[100] | Yes | 63% | No | One |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 55% | No | No |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 24% | Yes | No |
![]() |
27 weeks | None | No | Yes | 14% | No | One |
![]() |
Viability | Yes | No | Yes | 40% | No | One |
![]() |
Viability | Yes | No | Yes | 59% | Yes | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | Yes | Yes | 91% | No | Both |
![]() |
fertilization | Yes | No | Yes | 94% | No | Both |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 55% | No | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | No | Yes | 41% | No | One |
![]() |
24 weeks | None | No | None | 9% | No | No |
![]() |
None | None | No | None | 30% | Yes | No |
![]() |
None | None | No | None | 23% | No | No |
![]() |
None | None | No | None | 48% | No | No |
![]() |
Viability or 24 weeks[101] | None | No | None | 10% | No | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | None | No | None | 53% | No | One |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | No | Yes | 73% | Yes | Both |
![]() |
Viability | Yes | No | Yes | 56% | No | One |
![]() |
fertilization | Yes | No | Yes | 54% | Yes | One |
![]() |
None | None | No | None | 30% | No | No |
![]() |
24 weeks | Yes | No | Yes | 48% | No | One |
![]() |
24 weeks | None | No | Yes | 36% | No | One |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | No | Yes | 71% | No | One |
![]() |
fertilization | None | No | None | 77% | Yes | No |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 63% | No | One |
![]() |
fertilization[102][103] | Yes | 24 hours | Yes | 43% | Yes | One |
![]() |
fertilization | Yes | No | Yes | 62% | Yes | One |
![]() |
None | None | No | None | 38% | No | No |
![]() |
25 weeks | Yes | 24 hours | Yes | 78% | Yes | One |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 15% | No | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | No | Yes | 90% | Yes | No |
![]() |
20 weeks | Yes | 24 hours[104] | Yes | 67% | No | One |
![]() |
Viability | None | No | None | 96% | Yes | One |
Protections of abortion
State | Freedom Act[105] | State constitutional protection[106] |
---|---|---|
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes[107][108] | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No[109] |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | Yes |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
Yes | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
![]() |
No | No |
See also
- Abortion statistics in the United States
- Abortion by country
- Abortion and religion
- Abortion debate
- Heartbeat bill
- Types of abortion restrictions in the United States
References
- ^ Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) at 877.
- ^ Breuninger, Dan Mangan,Kevin (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights". CNBC. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ What if Roe Fell?, Center for Reproductive Rights (February 21, 2019).
- ^ a b Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe, Guttmacher Institute (May 1, 2019).
- ^ Abortion would automatically be illegal in these states if Roe v. Wade is overturned, CBS News (April 22, 2018).
- ^ "The Constitution of the United States of America: As Amended" (PDF). July 25, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ Report, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, on Senate Joint Resolution 3, 98th Congress", 98–149, June 7, 1983, p. 6.
- ^ "Most-premature baby allowed home". BBC News. February 21, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
- ^ "DENMARK". cyber.harvard.edu.
- ^ "Access to Abortion" (PDF). National Abortion Federation. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
- ^ ""Public Funding for Abortion" (map)" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "State Bans on Abortion Throughout Pregnancy". Guttmacher Institute. March 14, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ "Alabama Abortion Laws".
- ^ a b c d e "Abortion Laws By State 2021". World Population Review. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ "Bill History/Action for Legislature". Alaska State Legislature. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Blumenthal, Paul (June 14, 2022). "These States Will Ban Abortion Now That Roe Is Overturned". HuffPost. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ Statement of Sufficiency (pdf). Secretary of State. State of Colorado. May 29, 2008.
- ^ Personhood Initiative '08. Colorado for Equal Rights.
- ^ "48-Definition of Person - Results: Elections: The Denver Post". Denver Post Election Data.
- ^ Mizelle, Shanwa (April 4, 2022). "Colorado governor signs bill to protect access to abortion". CNN. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ Smith, Kate (May 13, 2019). "A pregnant 11-year-old rape victim in Ohio would no longer be allowed to have an abortion under new state law". CBS News. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Kelly, Caroline (October 1, 2019). "Federal judge blocks Georgia's controversial abortion ban". CNN. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
The law, House Bill 481, is one of the nation's most restrictive measures, outlawing the procedure as early as six weeks into pregnancy, when a fetal heartbeat is detected. That can come before many women know they're pregnant.
- ^ "State Facts About Abortion: Hawaii". Guttmacher Institute. January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ "Parental Notification of Abortion Law (age 17 and under)". www.plannedparenthood.org. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ "State Facts About Abortion: Illinois". Guttmacher Institute. January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ "State Facts About Abortion: Indiana". Guttmacher Institute. January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ Richardson, Ian. "Iowa orders additional retail closures, halts elective and nonessential surgeries and dental procedures". Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Rodriguez, Barbara. "Governor's office says order suspending 'non-essential' surgery includes halting surgical abortions". Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ News, U. S. "Kansas lawmakers pass sweeping anti-abortion legislation". U.S. News.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Kansas governor signs nation's 1st ban on abortion procedure - Yahoo News. News.yahoo.com (April 7, 2015). Retrieved on 2015-04-12.
- ^ Alter, Charlotte. "Kansas Court Strikes Down Second-Trimester Abortion Ban". Time. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^ Margolies, Dan; Llopis-Jepsen, Celia (April 26, 2019). "Kansas Supreme Court Rules State Constitution Protects Right To Abortion". NPR. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
- ^ "Kansas No Right to Abortion in Constitution Amendment (August 2022)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Mazziotta, Julie (June 24, 2022). "Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri and South Dakota Have Already Banned Abortions After the Roe Reversal". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ "Kentucky Abortion Laws".
- ^ Yetter, Deborah. "Abortion ends in Kentucky as Supreme Court strikes down Roe v. Wade due to trigger law". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ Rickert, Aprile (June 24, 2022). "After Dobbs decision, nearly all abortions now illegal in Kentucky". 89.3 WFPL News Louisville. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ Judge temporarily blocks KY’s trigger law banning abortions. Procedure can continue for now
- ^ Alford, Jeremy (June 7, 2006). "Louisiana Governor Plans to Sign Anti-Abortion Law". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ "Louisiana and Utah trigger laws banning abortions temporarily blocked by courts". NBC News. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ "Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe". March 14, 2016.
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Vagianos, Alanna (June 24, 2022). "Abortion Is Now Illegal In These States". HuffPost. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ "GOVERNOR PARSON SIGNS PROCLAMATION TO END ELECTIVE ABORTIONS IN MISSOURI IN RESPONSE TO U.S. SUPREME COURT DECISION". June 29, 2022.
- ^ "188.017. Right to Life of the Unborn Child Act". June 29, 2022.
- ^ "State Facts About Abortion: New York". Guttmacher Institute. January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ "The fight for abortion rights in New York is not over". NY State Senate. September 3, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ Huebner, Robin (June 24, 2022). "North Dakota's lone abortion clinic to move to Minnesota after Supreme Court ruling". InForum. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ "North Dakota Felony Crimes by Class and Sentences".
- ^ "Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.16: Post-viability abortion definitions". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.198: Immunity of pregnant woman". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.17: Terminating or attempting to terminate human pregnancy after viability". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.16: Post-viability abortion definitions". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Ohio Revised Code Section 2919.17: Abortion after gestational age of 20 weeks". Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules. March 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
- ^ "Oklahoma lawmakers approve bill to revoke licenses of abortion doctors". Reuters. April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
- ^ "Gov. Fallin vetoes bill that would make performing an abortion a felony". KFOR.com. May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
- ^ StateImpact Oklahoma (April 27, 2021). "Governor Stitt Signs Three Major Anti-Abortion Bills". KGOU. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
- ^ "Oklahoma governor signs near-total ban on abortion into law". CNN. Apr 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ "Oklahoma Abortion Laws".
- ^ "State Facts About Abortion: Oregon". Guttmacher Institute. January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ "State Facts About Abortion: Rhode Island". Guttmacher Institute. January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
- ^ a b c Sneve, Joe; Ki, Nicole; Matzen, Morgan; Ellis, Jonathan (June 24, 2022). "Abortion is now illegal in South Dakota. Here's what you need to know". Argus Leader. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ "Abortion now illegal in South Dakota". June 24, 2022.
- ^ Sarah Weddington (February 11, 2013). "Roe v Wade". The Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ Feibel, Carrie (August 29, 2014). "Federal Judge Blocks Texas Restriction On Abortion Clinics". NPR. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ "Texas Legislature Online - 85(R) Text for SB 8". capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- ^ De Vogue, Ariane (September 1, 2021). "Texas abortion law: 6-week ban takes effect after Supreme Court inaction - CNNPolitics". CNN. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
- ^ Totenberg, Nina (September 2, 2021). "Supreme Court Upholds New Texas Abortion Law, For Now". NPR. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
- ^ "Docket for United States v. State of Texas, 1:21-cv-00796 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ a b Barrett, Devlin; Marimow, Ann E. (September 9, 2021). "Justice Department sues Texas to block six-week abortion ban". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ a b Johnson, Carrie; Sprunt, Barbara (September 9, 2021). "Justice Department Sues Texas Over New Abortion Ban". NPR News. Retrieved September 9, 2021. (includes full text of lawsuit)
- ^ Tierney Sneed. "The Justice Department's uphill battle against Texas' abortion ban". CNN. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ The Editorial Board (September 9, 2021). "Opinion | Merrick Garland's Texas Two-Step". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ "1st Degree Felony in Texas | James Gill, Austin Criminal & DWI Lawyer".
- ^ "Second Degree Felonies in Texas - Definition, Law, Penalties".
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ "What is a Second Degree Felony in Utah?". June 23, 2015.
- ^ "Louisiana and Utah trigger laws banning abortions temporarily blocked by courts". NBC News. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
- ^ Kelly, Caroline (April 10, 2020). "Virginia governor signs abortion protections into law". CNN. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
- ^ "Abortion Policy in the Absence of Roe". March 14, 2016.
- ^ "Opposition to Requirements for Hospital Admitting Privileges and Transfer Agreements for Abortion Providers". www.apha.org. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "Federal Appeals Court Strikes Down Wisconsin Abortion-related Restriction". WisBar. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "Appeals Court Upholds Decision Blocking Wisconsin Admitting Privileges Law". Rewire News Group. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ "13 States Have Abortion Trigger Bans—Here's What Happens when Roe is Overturned". June 6, 2022.
- ^ a b "Rauner pulls trigger: Signs bill to ensure abortion remains legal". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
- ^ "Where is abortion legal? Everywhere. But ..." USA Today. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
- ^ "Search Results". Guttmacher Institute.
- ^ Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017, Rachel K. Jones, Elizabeth Witwer and Jenna Jerman, Guttmacher Institute, 2019, Table 4, pp. 17-18
- ^ "An Overview of Abortion Laws". Guttmacher Institute. March 9, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
- ^ "Colorado :: NARAL Pro-Choice America".
- ^ "Idaho :: NARAL Pro-Choice America"
- ^ "Illinois General Assembly - Bill Status for HB0370".
- ^ "Kentucky's trigger law bans abortion immediately with Roe reversal".
- ^ "Kentucky's abortion trigger ban takes effect". June 25, 2022.
- ^ "Abortion in Louisiana is illegal immediately after Supreme Court ruling: Here's what it means".
- ^ "Requirements for Ultrasound" (PDF). March 14, 2016.
- ^ "New York State Senate Passes Bill Permitting Abortions up to Birth". National Review. January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Protesters stand against abortion ban in Texas, first to enact laws".
- ^ "Abortions in Texas have stopped after Attorney General Ken Paxton said pre-Roe bans could be in effect, clinics say". June 24, 2022.
- ^ Reilly, Mollie (June 14, 2013). "Wisconsin Mandatory Ultrasound Bill Passes State Assembly, Heads To Scott Walker's Desk". Huffington Post.
- ^ "The State of Legal Abortion :: NARAL Pro-Choice America" (PDF).
- ^ "The State of Legal Abortion :: NARAL Pro-Choice America" (PDF).
- ^ Jones, Sarah (January 23, 2019). "New York Has Finally Updated Its Archaic Abortion Law". Intelligencer.
- ^ "New York Dems Flex Muscles, Pass Reproductive Health Act". January 22, 2019.
- ^ Wadhwani, Anita. "Appeals court upholds vote count on Tennessee abortion measure Amendment 1". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
External links
- Legal
- Full Text of Roe v. Wade Decision
- Interactive maps comparing US abortion restrictions by state
- State Policies on Later-Term Abortions Guttmacher Institute
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