Jump to content

List of conflicts in the Philippines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Oneskies (talk | contribs) at 03:16, 26 September 2022. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This list of conflicts in the Philippines is a timeline of events that includes pre-colonial wars, Spanish–Moro conflict, Philippine revolts against Spain, battles, skirmishes, and other related items that have occurred in the Philippines' geographical area.[1]

List

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Precolonial period
Southern Expansion of Tundun (c. 1220) Tundun Kumintang (ancient Batangas)
  • Kumintang forces
Tundun Victory

Fall of Kumintang to Tundun.

Tamil Rebellion (1300 CE.)
Visayan Nobles
Sri Lumay
Sri Alho
Sri Ukob
Chola Dynasty Successful Escape of Sri Lumay

Establishment of the Rajahnate of Cebu[2][page needed]

Battle of Maynila (1365) Majapahit - Luzon conflict Tundun
  • Rajah Alon
    • Tundun Naval forces
Majapahit
  • Majapahit Naval forces
Tundun Decisive Victory
Unspecified and disputed battle[3] according to the Nagarakretagama.
Moro raid - Po-ni province (modern day Brunei-1369 AD) Sulu
  • Sulu forces
Majapahit Empire
  • Majapahit Fleet
Suluan Victory
  • Po-ni was left weaker
  • Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulu[4]
Moro Expeditions (ca. 1440 CE.)
A Karakoa ancient warship with Lantaka Cannons.
Confederation of Madja-as
  • Datu Padojinog
    • Madja-as forces
Sultanate of Sulu[5] Madja-as victory[a]
  • Withdrawal of Sultanate's forces.
Bruneian Invasion of Palawan - Expansion of Bruneian Empire (ca. 1477 CE.)
Bruneian Empire
  • Forces from Brunei

Sultanate of Sulu

  • Sulu forces
Brunei - Sulu Victory

The southern and central portion of Palawan was annexed by Brunei.[5]

Bruneian Invasion of Mindoro (c. 1500 C.E.) Ma-i
  • Gat Sa-Lighan
    • Ma-i forces
Brunei Fall of Ma-i
Bruneian Invasion of Tundun - Expansion of Brunei c.(1500 CE.) Tundun Brunei Defeat of Tundun
Foundation of Kota Selurong (Maynila), a vassal state of Kingdom of Brunei.[7][8]
Moro Expeditions (ca. 1450 CE.) Confederation of Madja-as
  • Datu Padojinog
Sultanate of Maguindanao Madja-as Victory[a]
Chinese Expeditions (ca. 1457 CE.) Confederation of Madja-as
  • Datu Padojinog
Chinese pirates Madja-as Victory[a]
  • Withdrawal of pirate forces.
Muslim Expansion of Mindanao- Battle of Malabang and the Battle of Lanao del Sur , 1475 AD. Sultanate of Maguindanao Lumads Maguindanao Victory[9]
Visayan Coalition (1500 CE.)[10]
A Visayan Royal couple.

Supported by:

Madja-as Victory
  • Failure to conquer the Visayan confederation.
  • Escape of the hostaged Visayan villagers and slaves.
Battle of Mactan (1521)
Lapulapu, datu of Mactan, slaying Ferdinand Magellan.
Kedatuan of Mactan Mactan Victory
  • Death of Ferdinand Magellan
  • Departure of the Spanish expedition
Bool-Ternate War (1563) Kingdom of Bool Sultanate of Ternate Ternatean Victory
  • Death of Datu Dailisan
  • 10,000 people in the Kingdom of Bool flee to Dapitan.[11]
Spanish colonial period
Spanish Conquest of Luzon and the Visayas
(1565-1571)
Maynila
Namayan
Tondo
Cainta
Madja-as
Spanish Empire
Battle of Manila (1574) Spanien Spanish Empire Chinese pirates
Wokou
Spanish victory
  • Limahong retreated and abandoned his plans to invade Manila and instead settled in Pangasinan.
1582 Cagayan battles Spanien Spanish Empire Wokou Spanish victory
  • Pirate activity became sparse
  • Establishment of the city of Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo)
Battles of Playa Honda (1610-1624) Spanien Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Spanish victory
Battles of La Naval de Manila (1646) Spanien Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Spanish victory
Battle of Puerto de Cavite (1647) Spanien Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Spanish victory
Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639 CE) Sultanates of Lanao
  • Sultans of Lanao
    • Datus of Lanao
Spanish Empire
  • Spanish Conquistadors
    • Hurtado-de Curcuera
    • Captain Francesco Atienza
    • Captain Pedro Bermudez de Castr
    • Pedro Fernandez del Rio
  • 500 Visayan soldiers
  • Failure of the conquest and Christianize the Maranao people.
Battle of Manila (1762)
(part of Seven Years' War)
Spanien Spanish Empire  Great Britain Spanish Defeat
  • Manila and Cavite was occupied by the British until 1764 when a treaty concluded the war.
Spanish Conquest of Mindanao
The Moros on their proas.
 Spanish Empire
  • Maguindanao is confined into the interior of Mindanao.
  • Spain conquers portions of Mindanao and Jolo and imposes protectorate status over the Moros of Sulu.
  • Spain failed to completely subjugate Moros.
Philippine revolts against Spain
Dagami Revolt
(1565)
Rajahnate of Cebu Spanish Conquistadors Ceasefire
Tondo Conspiracy[15]
(1587)
Tondo
Maynila
Bulacan
Pampanga
Palawan
  • Maginoos
    • Agustin de Legazpi, Lakan of Tondo
    • Martin Pangan, datu of Tondo
    • Magat Salamat, datu of Tondo
    • Pitonggatan, datu of Tondo
    • Luis Amanicalao, datu of Tondo
    • Calao, datu of Tondo
    • Geronimo Bassi, datu of Tondo
    • Gabriel Tuambacar, datu of Tondo
    • Francisco Acta, datu of Tondo
    • Amarlangagui, datu of Tondo
    • Joan Banal, datu of Tondo
    • Alonso Lea, datu of Tondo
    • Esteban Taes, datu of Bulacan
    • Pedro Balinguit, datu of Pandacan
    • Agustín Manuguit, datu of Maysilo
    • Felipe Salalila, datu of Maysilo
    • Felipe Salonga, datu of Polo
    • Felipe Amarlangagui, datu of Catangalan
    • Omaghicon, datu of Navotas
    • Juan Basi, datu of Taguig
    • Daulat, datu of Castilla
    • Luis Balaya, datu of Bañgos
    • Dionisio Capolo (Kapulong), datu of Candaba
    • Amaghicon, datu of Cuyo
  • Dionisio Fernandez, Japanese Interpreter

Supported by:

Spanish Empire Conspiracy Failed
  • The uprising failed when they were betrayed to the Spanish authorities by Spanish Encomendero Pedro Sarmiento that pretended cooperation but turned traitor and Antonio Surabao (Susabau), datu of Calamianes.
  • The rebels were arrested, tried and found guilty of treason.
    • Executed and their properties wholly or partly confiscated are Agustín de Legazpi, Martín Pangan, Dionisio Fernandez, Omaghicon, Gerónimo Bassi, Felipe Salalila, Esteban Taes, and Magát Salamat.
    • Five leading members were exiled to Mexico: Pedro Balinguit, Pitonggatan, Felipe Salonga , Calao, and Agustín Manuguit. They were the very first natives of the Philippines to settle in New Spain (Mexico).
    • Exiled from their respective villages and fined were Felipe Amarlangagui, Daulat, Juan Basi, Dionisio Capolon, Luis Balaya, Luis Amanicalao, and five other Tondo chiefs namely Francisco Acta, Gabriel Tuambacar, Calao, Amarlangagui, and Joan Banál. Alonso Lea was acquitted. Still to be sentenced was Amaghicon.
Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute
(1589)
Ilocanos and Ibanag Spanish conquistadors Ceasefire
  • Rebels pardoned.
  • The tax system was reformed.
Magalat Revolt (1596) Datu Magalat of Cagayan Spanish and Filipino colonial troops
  • Pedro de Chaves
Revolutionary Defeat
  • Death of Datu Magalat
Igorot Revolt (Cordillera 1601) Igorot clans and tribes Spanish conquistadors Ceasefire
  • The Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.
Sangley Rebellion (1603) Sangleys Spanish Empire Sangley Defeat
Caquenga's Revolt (1607) Babaylan Caquenga Spanish Empire Rebellion failed
Bankaw revolt (1621-1622) Spanish Empire Rebels defeated
Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650) Agustin Sumuroy
  • Don Juan Ponce
  • Don Pedro Caamug
  • David Dula y Goiti
Spanish conquistadors
  • Spanish and Filipino colonial troops
Revolutionary Defeat
  • Agustin Sumuroy was killed by his own men.
Silang Revolt (1762–1763) Diego Silang
Gabriela Silang
Spanish Empire Spanish Victory
  • Defeat of the Ilocanos.
  • Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.
Palmero Conspiracy (1828) Palmero brothers Spanish Empire Spanish victory
  • Conspiracy was discovered
  • Main conspirators exiled
Cavite Mutiny (1872) Filipino mutineers
  • Fernando La Madrid
Colonial government
  • Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
    • Sgt. Ferdinand La Madrid
Mutineer Defeat
  • Aftermath of the mutiny, all Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile in Mindanao.
  • Execution of Gomburza and other 44 mutineers.
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
(1896-1898)
Regular soldiers of the Philippine army stand at attention for the inspection.

Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Miguel was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno.
1896-97

Sovereign Tagalog Nation

1897
 Republic of Biak-na-Bato
1898
Filipino Revolutionaries
Supported by:
 Vereinigte Staaten

 Spanien Peace Treaty (1897)

Victory (1898)

Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien
Battle of Pasong Tamo (August 28–29, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien
  • Manuel Ros
Filipino Defeat
  • Katipuneros retreat to Balara
  • Major revolts and uprisings began in other Provinces
Battle of Manila (1896) (Manila, Philippines August 29, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino Defeat
Battle of San Juan del Monte (August 30, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Spanish victory
  • Start of the revolution in Luzon
Battle of Noveleta (August 30, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino victory
Battle of San Francisco de Malabon (August 31, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino victory
  • Katipuneros capture San Francisco De Malabon
Kawit revolt (August 31, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino victory
Battle of Imus (Imus, Cavite September 1–3, 1896)
Katipunan  Spanien Filipino Victory
  • Death of General Ernesto de Aguirre.
Cry of Nueva Ecija (September 2–5, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Tactical Filipino victory
Strategic Spanish victory
  • Start of the Philippine Revolution in Central Luzon
Battles of Batangas (October 23, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Tactical Spanish victory
Battle of San Mateo and Montalban (November 7, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Tactical Spanish victory
  • Start of the revolution in Morong
Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican (November 9–11, 1896) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino victory[17][18][19]'
Battle of Sambat (November 15–16, 1896) Katipunan
  • Severino Taino[21]
  • Francisco Abad 
 Spanien Spanish victory
  • Defeat of Maluningning Katipunan Chapter
Battle of Pateros (December 31, 1896 – January 3, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino tactical victory
Spanish strategic victory
Battle of Kakarong de Sili (January 1, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Spanish victory
  • Katipunan rebels wage guerrilla warfare in Bulacan province
  • Dissolution of the Kakarong Republic
Cry of Tarlac (January 24, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino victory
Battle of Perez Dasmariñas (January 24, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Spanish victory
Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897)
The Zapote Bridge (1899) two years after the battle
Katipunan  Spanien Filipino Victory
Retreat to Montalban (May 3, 1897 - June 14, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Tactical Spanish victory
Strategic Filipino victory
Raid on Paombong (September 3, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Tactical Filipino victory
Battle of Aliaga (September 4-5, 1897) Katipunan  Spanien Filipino victory
Battle of Tres de Abril (April 3–8, 1898) Katipunan  Spanien Spanish victory
Battle of Manila Bay (near Manila, Philippines May 1, 1898)
Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron against the Spanish fleet off Cavite. A vignette portrait of Rear Admiral George Dewey is featured in the lower left.
 Vereinigte Staaten  Spanien American Victory
Battle of Alapan (Imus, Cavite May 28, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spanien
  • Leopoldo García Peña  Surrendered
Decisive Filipino victory
Battle of Tayabas (June 24 – August 15, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spanien
  • Joaquin Pacheco Yanguas
Filipino Victory
  • Filipino revolutionaries recapture Tayabas province
Mock Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines August 13, 1898)
"Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.
 Vereinigte Staaten

Filipino Revolutionaries

 Spanien American Victory
Siege of Masbate (Masbate, Philippines - August 19, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spanien
  • Don Luis Cubero
Filipino Victory
  • Establishment of Masbate revolutionary government
Negros Revolution (Negros Island, Philippines - November 3, 1898 - November 24, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries Spanien Spanish Empire Decisive Filipino victory
Battle of Barrio Yoting (Pilar Capiz, Visayas - December 3, 1898)
the Katipuneros.
Filipino Revolutionaries  Spanien
  • Spanien Diego de los Rios
    Spanien Juan Lopez y Herrero
Filipino Victory
Siege of Baler (Baler, Aurora July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899)
Filipino troops of Colonel Tecson in Baler, May 1899. Tecson is to the right of the cannon, Novicio to the left.
1898
Filipino Revolutionaries

1899
 República Filipina

  • Teodorico Novicio Luna
  • Calixto Villacorta
  • Cirilo Gómez
  • Simón Tecson
 Spanien

 Vereinigte Staaten

Filipino victory[27]
Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War
February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902
Moro Rebellion: 1899-1913
Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

Wounded American soldiers at Santa Mesa, Manila in 1899
1899-1902
 República Filipina

Limited Foreign Support:
 Empire of Japan

1902-1906
Tagalog Republic

1899-1913
 Sulu Sultanate

1899-1902
 Vereinigte Staaten

1902-1913
 Vereinigte Staaten

Filipino Defeat
Battle of Manila
(Manila, Philippines February 4–5, 1899)
U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten FIlipino Defeat
Battle of Caloocan
(Caloocan, Philippines February 10, 1899)
Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur observing the battle.
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Defeat
Second Battle of Caloocan
(Caloocan, Philippines February 22–24, 1899)
Filipinos attack the barracks of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers.
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Defeat
Battle of Balantang
(Balantang, Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines March 10, 1899)
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Victory
  • Filipino troops retaking Jaro from the Americans.
Capture of Malolos
(Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines March 31, 1899)
Filipino soldiers in Malolos
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Defeat
  • Capture of the capital of Malolos, Bulacan.
Battle of Quingua
(Quingua - now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines April 23, 1899)
Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten 1st Phase: Filipino Victory

2nd Phase: Filipino Defeat

  • Filipinos retreated to the North.
Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers
(Calumpit, Bulacan, Philippines April 25–27, 1899)
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten FIlipino Defeat
Battle of Tirad Pass[30]
(Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 2, 1899)
Gen.Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898.
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Strategic FIlipino Victory
Tactical Filipino Defeat
  • Death of General Gregorio del Pilar
  • Fall of the defence line
  • Filipino forces successfully delay the American advance
Battle of Paye
(San Mateo, Manila (now Rizal), Philippines December 19, 1899)
Death of Major-General Henry Lawton during the battle.
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Initial Filipino Victory
  • Death of General Henry Ware Lawton
  • American's 29th Battalion successfully crossed the river at 11 am
  • Filipino forces retreated from San Mateo.
Battle of Pulang Lupa
(Marinduque, Philippines September 13, 1900)
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Victory
Battle of Mabitac
(Mabitac, Laguna, Philippines September 17, 1900)
Gen. Juan Cailles.
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Victory
Siege of Catubig
(Catubig, Philippines April 15–19, 1900)
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Victory
  • Filipino guerrillas force US from town after 4 days but at high cost
Battle of Makahambus Hill
(Cagayan de Oro City, Mindanao, Philippines June 4, 1900)
 República Filipina  Vereinigte Staaten Filipino Victory
Second World war
Japanese invasion of the Philippines
(1941-1942)
Japanese occupation of the Philippines
(1942-1944)
Allied liberation of the Philippines
(1944-1945)
Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division.
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Philippinen
Hukbalahap (Co-belligerent)
 Japan Allied Defeat (1941-1942)

Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)

Allied Victory (1944-1945)

Battle of Bataan (January 7-April 9, 1942)
Battle of Corregidor (May 5–6, 1942)
 Philippinen
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Japan Allied Defeat
  • Fall of Bataan and Corregidor during the Japanese Invasion.
  • Surrender of Filipino-American forces to the Japanese.
Battle of Manila (February 3-March 3, 1945)
.
 Philippinen
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Japan Allied Victory
  • American troops and Filipino resistance liberate Santo Tomas Internment Camp, while the Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army units are did not send and operated.
  • Liberated Malacanang Palace from the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division and the Filipino guerrillas, while the Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army units are did not send and operated.
  • Sending of all 48,000 to 85,000 Filipino troops and military officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camp Base in Central and Southern Luzon and become to combat operated for the liberating battles in Manila and aiding guerrillas and Americans was attacking invaded from the Japanese Imperial Marines and Army forces.
  • Fall of Old Spanish Walled City of Intramuros from the joint American and Filipino ground troops aiding resistance force.
  • End for the Battle for the Liberation of Manila was finally cleared, U.S. and Filipino troops liberated around the capital city from the Japanese.
Battle of Bessang Pass (June 14, 1945)  Philippinen
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Japan Victory
  • Notable of First Filipino military victory during the liberation campaign
The Cold War
Hukbalahap Rebellion
(1942-1954)
 Philippinen
 Vereinigte Staaten
Hukbalahap Government Victory
  • End of the Hukbalahap Rebellion.
Korean War
(1950-1953)
United Nations United Nations Command including forces from:
 Südkorea
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Vereinigtes Königreich
 Kanada
 Türkei
 Australien
 Äthiopien
 Philippinen
 Neuseeland
 Thailand
 Griechenland
 Frankreich
 Kolumbien
 Belgien
 Südafrika
 Niederlande
 Luxemburg
 North Korea
 Soviet Union
 China
Armistice
Battle of Yultong (Yultong, South Korea 1951) UN Command:
 Philippinen
  • 10th Bn Combat Team, PEFTOK
    • Dionisio S. Ojeda
 China UN Victory

US 3rd Infantry Division successfully withdraws

Vietnam War
(1964–1973)
Masscared villager in hong Nhi and Phong Nut village, Quang Nam Province
 South Vietnam
 Vereinigte Staaten
 Südkorea
 Thailand
 Australien
 Neuseeland
 Philippinen
Kingdom of Laos
 Kambodscha
 North Vietnam
Viet Cong
Khmer Rouge
Laos Pathet Lao
 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union
Defeat

Paris Peace Accords lead to withdrawal of American forces from Indochina. Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

Contemporary Era
Moro insurgency
(March 29, 1969 – present)
Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – ongoing)
M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao.
 Philippinen

 Vereinigte Staaten (advisers)

Moro National Liberation Front (until 1996)
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2014)
Islamic State Abu Sayyaf
Other Islamist groups
Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF
  • Ongoing conflict between the Government and Jihadist groups — Abu Sayyaf, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, and others
Communist rebellion in the Philippines (1969–present)[citation needed]  Philippinen Communist Party of the Philippines

New People's Army
National Democratic Front

Ongoing
1990 Mindanao crisis
(October 4 – 6, 1990)
 Philippinen Federal Republic of Mindanao Government Victory
  • Arrest of Col. Alexander Noble
  • Disestablishment of the Federal Republic of Mindanao
Capture of UN peacekeepers - Golan Heights, March 6 and May 7, 2013 by Syrian rebel forces

(part of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force)

PhilippinenUnited Nations UN peacekeeping forces - Philippine contingent Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade Filipino peacekeepers released after UN intervention.[31]
Zamboanga City crisis
(September 9–28, 2013)
The Zamboanga City Hall where the MNLF intended to hoist the Bangsamoro Republik flag.
 Philippinen Bangsamoro Republik / Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Government Victory
Siege of Marawi
(May 23 – October 23, 2017)
A building in Marawi is set ablaze by airstrikes carried out by the Philippine Air Force.
 Philippinen
  • Supported by:
    • Non-state supporters:
    • Foreign supporters:
 Islamic State Government Victory
  • Failure of the militants to establish a provincial ISIL territory (wilayat)
  • Isnilon Hapilon, Abu Sayyaf leader and ISIL Emir in Southeast Asia killed by the Philippine Army
  • All seven Maute brothers killed by the Philippine Army

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel López de Legazpi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.
  1. ^ Grace Estela C. Mateo. "The Philippines : A Story of a Nation" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
  2. ^ Abellana, Jovito (1952). Aginid Bayok sa Atong Tawarik.
  3. ^ Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies. 34 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–55. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003589. JSTOR 313111. S2CID 145722369.
  4. ^ History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
  5. ^ a b c "Historical Timeline Of The Royal Sultanate Of Sulu Including Related Events Of Neighboring Peoplesby Josiah C". Seasite.niu.edu. 2000-08-30. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  6. ^ "Ma-i / Ma-Yi- / Mindoro". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
  7. ^ *Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  8. ^ del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  9. ^ Halili 2004, The Natural Setting and its People, pp. 52–53.
  10. ^ "Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo". Ilongo.weebly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
  11. ^ "Significant battles in Bohol: Battle of the Bo-ol Kingdom". 20 October 2019.
  12. ^ Gardner, Robert (1995-04-20). "Manila – A History". Philippine Journeys. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  13. ^ General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 59. Letter from Gonzalo Ronquillo, Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of Mexico, 1st of June, 1582
  14. ^ Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63.
  15. ^ "Forgotten heroes: Datus who first struck for independence".
  16. ^ "Pio del Pilar & Matea Rodriguez - CENTRAL LUZON & NCR, Philippines Unsung Heroes". www.msc.edu.ph.
  17. ^ "Second Look at America". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  18. ^ Halili 2004, pp. 145–146.
  19. ^ Quirino, Carlos (2004). The Young Aguinaldo, from Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato. Manila : Aguinaldo Centennial Year. p. 89.
  20. ^ Root, Elihu (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. United States War Department.
  21. ^ "Why Laguna deserves a ray of sun in the Philippine National Flag - Provincial Government of Laguna". www.laguna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  22. ^ "Photo" (JPG). farm8.static.flickr.com.
  23. ^ "Marcela Marcelo died in battle of Pasong Santol March 21, 1897". The Kahimyang Project.
  24. ^ Alvarez, S.V. (1992). Recalling the Revolution. Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 100. ISBN 9781881261056.
  25. ^ United States War Department (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. ISBN 9780332735498. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  26. ^ Official Gazette of the Philippines. "The Philippine Flag". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  27. ^ "6th Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day - Philstar.com". philstar.com.
  28. ^ Quirino, Carlos (1978). Alfredo Roces (ed.). Epic Stand in Baler. Filipino Heritage. Vol. 8. Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc.
  29. ^ "The end of an empire – 1898: The Last Garrison of the Philippines". 5 January 2017.
  30. ^ Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
  31. ^ Pinoy peacekeepers will remain in Golan Heights
Bibliography
  • Villahermosa, Gilberto N. (2009), Honor and Fidelity: The 65th Infantry in Korea, 1950-1953, Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, retrieved 2010-11-09
  • Chae, Han Kook; Chung, Suk Kyun; Yang, Yong Cho (2001), Yang, Hee Wan; Lim, Won Hyok; Sims, Thomas Lee; Sims, Laura Marie; Kim, Chong Gu; Millett, Allan R. (eds.), The Korean War, vol. II, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-7795-3
  • Chinese Military Science Academy (2000), History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争史) (in Chinese), vol. II, Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House, ISBN 7-80137-390-1
  • Hu, Guang Zheng (胡光正); Ma, Shan Ying (马善营) (1987), Chinese People's Volunteer Army Order of Battle (中国人民志愿军序列) (in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese People's Liberation Army Publishing House, OCLC 298945765
  • War History Compilation Committee (1977), The History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War, vol. 6, Seoul: Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense, OCLC 769331231