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Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

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  Areas and cities occupied by Russland and pro-Russian separatists
(For another, semi up-to-date, interactive map, see here)
Map showing the Russian Federation in dark red, with subdivisions of Ukraine claimed to be "annexed" in light red, numbered 4 through 8. (The map also shows Russian-occupied territories in Georgia and Moldova.)

The Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine are areas of Ukraine that are currently de facto controlled by the Russian government in the course of the Russo-Ukrainian war. In Ukrainian law, they are defined as the "temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine" (Ukrainian: Тимчасово окупована територія України, romanized: Tymchasovo okupovana terytoriia Ukrainy). Ukrainian law makes no distinction between Russian and "pro-Russian" administrations.

The occupation started in 2014 following the Russian invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula, along with the mostly unrecognized Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics capturing parts of the Donetsk[1] and Luhansk[2] Oblasts during the War in Donbas[3]. In 2022, Russian forces initiated a full-scale invasion of the nation and successfully occupied more territory throughout the country. However, due to continued fierce Ukrainian resistance, coupled with logistical challenges[4] (e.g. a column of stalled Russian convoy heading to Kyiv), Russia announced its withdrawal from its occupations of Chernihiv, Kyiv, Sumy, and Zhytomyr Oblasts in early April[5].

As of October 2022, Russian forces continued to occupy parts of Kharkiv, Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, as well as the entire territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with special status Sevastopol.

Background

Main articles: Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity

With the Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity since November 2013, popular protests across Ukraine ousted the pro-Russian then Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, who fled to Russia for safety[6]. Petro Poroshenko, one of the opposition leaders during Euromaidan, won a landslide victory in the election after the ousting to succeed Yanukovych[7]. The growing pro-European sentiment at the center of this period of upheaval caused unease in the Kremlin, and Russian president Vladimir Putin soon decided to mobilize Russian troops stationed in Crimea, and they swiftly took control of major government buildings across the peninsula[8]. Soon after, pro-Russian officials announced and carried out a referendum for the region to join Russia, which western and independent organizations labeled as illegitimate[9]. The Kremlin rejected these claims and soon officially annexed Crimea into Russia, with western nations issuing sanctions against Russia in response[10]. In addition, with pro-Russian counter-protests across Eastern and Southern Ukraine in response to the ousting of Yanukovych[11], Russia allegedly supported pro-Russian militant separatists in the Donbas region in taking control of major government buildings[12]. These separatists eventually created the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics[13], and have since been at conflict with the now-pro-European Ukrainian government, known as the War in Donbas.

In response to Russian military intervention, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted government laws (with further updates and extensions) to qualify the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories:

  1. Autonomous Republic of Crimea:
    • Law of Ukraine No. 1207-VII (15 April 2014) "Assurance of Citizens' Rights and Freedom, and Legal Regulations on Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine".[14]
  2. Separate Raions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts:
    • Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1085-р (7 November 2014) "A List of Settlements on Territory Temporarily Uncontrolled by Government Authorities, and a List of Landmarks Located at the Contact Line".[15]
    • Law of Ukraine No. 254-19-VIII (17 March 2015) "On Recognition of Separate Raions, Cities, Towns and Villages in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions as Temporarily Occupied Territories".[16]

Before February 2022

Further information: Russian occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast, and Russian occupation of Luhansk Oblast
See also: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and War in Donbas (2014–2022)
Ukraine (2014 – February 2022), with the annexed Crimea at bottom and two self-proclaimed separatist republics in Donbas at right

Since Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014, it administers the peninsula under two federal subjects: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Ukraine continues to claim the peninsula as an integral part of its territory, which is supported by most foreign governments through the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262,[17] even though Russia and some other UN member states have expressed support for the 2014 Crimean referendum, implying recognition of Crimea as part of the Russian Federation. In 2015, the Ukrainian parliament officially set 20 February 2014 as the date of "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia".[18]

The uncontrolled portions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts are commonly abbreviated as "ORDLO" from Ukrainian, especially among Ukrainian news media. ("certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts", Ukrainian: Окремі райони Донецької та Луганської областей, romanized: Okremi raiony Donetskoi ta Luhanskoi oblastei)[19] The term first appeared in Law of Ukraine №1680-VII (October 2014).[20] Documents of the Minsk Protocol and the OSCE refer to them as "certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions" (CADLR) of Ukraine.[21]

The Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories is the Ukrainian government ministry that oversees government policy towards the regions.[22] As of 2019, the government considered 7% of Ukraine's territory to be under occupation.[23] The United Nations General Assembly resolution 73/194, adopted on 17 December 2018, designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[24]

The Ukrainian army was concerned in 2019 about the deployment of 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles on Russian naval and coast guard vessels operating in the Sea of Azov, which is adjacent to the temporarily occupied territories. As a result, Mariupol and Berdiansk, two main Pryazovian seaports, suffer from an increase in insecurity[25] (both cities were captured in 2022).

Temryuk and Taganrog, two other ports on the Sea of Azov, have allegedly been used to disguise the provenance of anthracite coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the temporarily occupied territories.[25]

Territories affected

Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, the Government of Ukraine is issuing (as extension to government order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII) up-to-date "List of Temporarily Occupied Regions and Settlements" and a "List of Landmarks Bordering the Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone".[26] As of 16 September 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has made four updates to order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII:

  • Addendum No. 128-р as of 18 February 2015[27]
  • Addendum No. 428-р as of 5 May 2015[28]
  • Addendum No. 1276-р as of 2 December 2015[29]
  • Addendum No. 79-р as of 7 February 2018[30]
  • Addendum No. 410-р as of 13 June 2018[31]
  • Addendum No. 505-р as of 5 July 2019[32]
  • Addendum No. 1125-р as of 16 September 2020[33]

Some settlements' names are the result of 2016 Decommunization in Ukraine.[34][35]

The list below is based on the extension as of 7 February 2018. The borders of some raions have changed since 2015.

Since 2022 Invasion

Main articles: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Southern Ukraine campaign, and Eastern Ukraine offensive
See also: Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine

After Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022, the Russian military and pro-Russian forces further occupied additional Ukrainian territory. By early April, Russian forces withdrew from Northern Ukraine, including the capital Kyiv,[36] after stagnating progress amid fierce Ukrainian resistance in order to focus on consolidating control over Eastern and Southern Ukraine. On June 2, 2022, Zelenskyy announced that Russia occupied approximately 20% of Ukrainian territory.[37]

Kharkiv Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast

The occupation began on February 24, 2022, immediately after Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began seizing parts of the Kharkiv Oblast. Since April, Russian forces tried to consolidate control in the region and capture the major city of Kharkiv after their withdrawal from Northern Ukraine. However, by mid-May, the Ukrainian forces pushed the Russians back towards the periphery of the Russian border,[38] indicating that Ukrainians continue to garner stiff resistance against Russian advances. In early September 2022, Ukrainian forces began a major counteroffensive and by 11 September 2022, Russia had retreated from most of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast,[39] and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from nearly all of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway."[40][41] The last remaining Russian forces fled the oblast on 3 October 2022, though a small portion on the eastern part of the oblast is still controlled by Russia.

Kherson Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast

On February 24, 2022, Russian troops from Crimea invaded Henichesk and Skadovsk Raions. During the first days of the offensive, the Russians surrounded most of the cities and towns in the oblast, blocking the entrances to them with roadblocks, but not entering the cities themselves. Significant battles were fought for the Antonivskyi Bridge, which crosses the Dnipro River between Russian positions on the South bank and the Ukrainian city of Kherson on the North bank. The Ukrainian army was eventually forced to retreat under the onslaught of the enemy, and the city fell to Russian control on March 2.[42]On June 29, the Russian occupation authorities in Kherson Oblast announced preparations for holding a referendum of annexation.[43]On July 9, the Ukrainian government announced preparations for an imminent counteroffensive in the South, and urged the residents of occupied parts of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to shelter or evacuate to minimize civilian casualties in the operation.[44]

Raions of Kherson Oblast that are occupied:

Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast

On February 26, 2022, the city of Berdiansk came under the control of the Russian Federation, followed by Melitopol on March 1 after fierce fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces. Russian troops also besieged and captured the city of Enerhodar, where the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant is located, which came under the control of the Russian Federation on March 4. Since July, there have been increased tensions around the power plant as both Russia and Ukraine accuse each other of missile strikes around the plant,[45] causing fears of a potential repeat of the Chernobyl Disaster.

Raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast that are occupied:

Donetsk Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast

Since the invasion, the Russian military, along with the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic, built on territorial gains they have made during the War in Donbas and captured additional territory, most significantly the port of Mariupol after a prolonged siege.

By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were occupied:

After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were captured:

Luhansk Oblast

Read more: Luhansk People's Republic and Russian occupation of Luhansk Oblast

By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were occupied:

After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were captured:

On July 3, 2022, the Russian military claimed that the entire Luhansk Oblast has been "liberated",[46] suggesting that Russian forces has succeeded in occupying the entire oblast and marked a major milestone for their goal of capturing the Donbas in Eastern Ukraine.

However, by September 19, Ukraine recaptured Bilohorivka[47]. By early October, Ukrainian forces have liberated several more settlements as their counteroffensive operations move into the main territories of the Luhansk Oblast[48].

Mykolaiv Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast

The occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast began on February 26, 2022 with Russian troops crossing into the oblast through the Kherson Oblast from Crimea. In March, Russia attempted to advance towards Voznesensk, Mykolaiv and Nova Odesa, but were met with stiff resistance and failed. By May, Russia occupied Snihurivka, Tsentralne, Novopetrivka and numerous other small villages within the oblast.

Raions of Mykolaiv Oblast that are occupied:

Formerly Occupied Territories

Main articles: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kyiv offensive (2022), and Northeastern Ukraine campaign

After Russia's complete invasion in 2022 February, the Ukrainian military fiercely confronted the threat, and was able to prevent the Russians from capturing Kyiv and forming a pro-Russian puppet government. In addition to the failed offensive to the capital, by late March the Russians were also stalled in advances in other major cities like Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv, and Mariupol. As a result, the Russian Ministry of Defence decided to withdraw its military from the Northern and Northeastern offensives, instead focusing on consolidating control over Southern and Eastern Ukraine. By early April, both sides have confirmed the partial Russian withdrawal.

Chernihiv Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Chernihiv Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the Northeastern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a large part of the oblast, and eventually laid siege to the oblast capital, but failed to capture the city. Eventually, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Kyiv Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Kyiv Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a large part of the oblast, even approaching the borders of Kyiv city proper. However, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their failure to capture the Ukrainian capital, and eventually led to a complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Odesa Oblast

Read more: 2022 Snake Island campaign

From 24 February to 30 June of 2022, Russia occupied Snake Island in Odesa Oblast, but then it withdrew.

Sumy Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the Northeastern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a large part of the oblast, but failed to take the oblast capital. Eventually, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Zhytomyr Oblast

Read more: Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a small portion of the oblast, and never attempted to capture the oblast capital. Eventually, the Russians' stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

International reactions

See also: International reactions to the Euromaidan, International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic

On 20 April 2016 Ukraine officially established government Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons.[49] It was subsequently renamed the Temporarily Occupied Territories, IDPs and veterans and then the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. The current minister is Iryna Vereshchuk, appointed on 4 November 2021.[50]

In March 2014, in a vote at the United Nations, 100 member states out of 193[51] did not recognize the annexation of the Crimea by Russia, with only Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Russia, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, Zimbabwe voting against the resolution[52] (See United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262.)

A further resolution was passed by the United Nations in December 2016 regarding "human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol", which recognised these as part of Ukraine.[53]

Another resolution was passed by the United Nations in December 2017, also regarding "human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol", which recognised these as part of Ukraine.[54]

In April 2018 PACE's emergency assembly recognized occupied regions of Ukraine as "territories under effective control by the Russian Federation".[55][56] Chairman of the Ukrainian delegation to PACE, MP Volodymyr Aryev mentioned that recognition of the fact that part of the occupied Donbas is under Russia's control is so important for Ukraine. "The responsibility for all the crimes committed in the uncontrolled territories is removed from Ukraine. Russia becomes responsible", Aryev wrote on Facebook.[57]

United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, adopted on 17 December 2018, states:

Condemning the ongoing temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine, namely, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (hereinafter referred to as "Crimea"), by the Russian Federation, and reaffirming the non-recognition of its annexation[24]

In early March 2022, in response to Russia's invasion, the United Nations General Assembly convened an emergency special session to discuss the latest developments regarding the peace situation in Ukraine, and adopted the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 to condemn Russia's invasion and Belarus's involvement.[58]

See also

References

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