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Navaratnas

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Navaratnas (Sanskrit dvigu nava-ratna, Sanskrit pronunciation: [nɐʋɐrɐt̪nɐ]) (transl. Nine gems) or Nauratan was a term applied to a group of nine extraordinary people in an emperor's court in India. The well-known Nauratnas include the ones in the courts of the Hindu emperor Vikramaditya, the Mughal emperor Akbar, and the feudal lord Raja Krishnachandra.

Vikramaditya's Navaratnas

Vikramaditya was a legendary emperor, who ruled from Ujjain; he is generally identified with the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. According to folk tradition, his court had 9 famous scholars.

The earliest source that mentions this legend is Jyotirvidabharana (22.10), a treatise attributed to Kalidasa. According to this text, the following 9 scholars (including Kalidasa himself) attended Vikramaditya's court:[1]

  1. Amarasimha
  2. Dhanvantari
  3. Ghatkharpar
  4. Kalidasa
  5. Kshapanaka
  6. Shanku
  7. Varahamihira
  8. Vararuchi
  9. Vetala-Bhatta

However, Jyotirvidabharana is considered a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa by multiple scholars.[1] V. V. Mirashi dates the work to 12th century, and points out that it could not have been composed by Kalidasa, because it contains grammatical faults.[2] There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature. D. C. Sircar calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".[3]

There is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king.[2][4] Vararuchi is believed to have lived around 3rd or 4th century CE. The period of Kalidasa is debated, but most historians place him around 5th century CE. Varahamihira is known to have lived in 6th century CE. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary (Nighantu); his period is uncertain. Amarasimha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon utilizes the works of Dhanavantari and Kalidasa; therefore, he cannot be dated to 1st century BCE, when the legendary Vikramaditya is said to have established the Vikrama Samvat in 57 BCE. Not much is known about Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara. Some Jain writers identify Siddhasena Divakara as Kshapanaka, but this claim is not accepted by historians.[3]

Kalidasa is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than Jyotirvidabharana. Rajasekhara's Kāvyamimāṃsa (10th century), Bhoja's Sringara Prakasa (11th century) and Kshemendra's Auchitya-Vichara-Charcha (11th century) mention that Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (identified with present-day Uttara Kannada). The historicity of these legends is doubtful.[3]

Akbar's Navaratnas

Birbal

The Mughal ruler Akbar, despite his illiteracy, was a great lover of the artists and intellectuals. His passion for knowledge and interest in learning from great minds attracted him to men of genius to his court. Nine of these courtiers were known as Akbar's navaratnas (or nine jewels).[5][better source needed]

  1. Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
  2. Raja Todar Mal
  3. Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana
  4. Raja Birbal
  5. Faizi
  6. Tansen
  7. Raja Man Singh I
  8. Hamim Humam
  9. Shaikh Mubarak

Raja Krishnachandra's Nabaratnas

Raja Krishnachandra was a ruler of Bengal, who ruled over 1727 to 1772. According to legend, his court had 9 famous scholars, who are mentioned as ‘Nabaratnas’ (নবরত্ন). These included Gopal Bhar,[6][7] Bharatchandra Raygunakor,[8] Ramprasad Sen,[9] Baneshwar Bidyalankar,[10] Krishnananda Bachaspati,[10] Rammohan Goswami,[10] Madhusudan Nyayalankar,[10] Jagannath Tarkapanchanan[10] and Hariram Tarkasiddhanta.[10]

Similar groups

Many famous emperors in India had courtiers labeled in similar ways. For example, the valuable members of the court of Krishna Deva Raya were termed Astadiggajas, the eight scholars. Lakshmana Sena the ruler of the Sena Empire had Pancharatnas (meaning 5 gems who were Govardhana, Sarana, Jayadeva(author of Gita govinda), umapati, Dhoyi in his court. Ashtapradhan mandal was the title given to the council of Shivaji.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b M. Srinivasachariar (1974). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9788120802841.
  2. ^ a b Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works. Popular. pp. 8–29. ISBN 978-81-7154-468-4.
  3. ^ a b c D. C. Sircar (1969). Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 120–123. ISBN 978-8121503488. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17.
  4. ^ Kailash Chand Jain (1972). Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–165. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
  5. ^ Singh, Vipul (2006). The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Pearson Education India. ISBN 8131717534. p. 140.
  6. ^ "www.historyofbengal.com: Shivniwas". www.historyofbengal.com. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
  7. ^ Siegel, Lee (1987). Laughing Matters: Comic Tradition in India. ISBN 0-226-75691-2. pp. 314-318.
  8. ^ Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). Bangala Sahityer Itihas, Vol.II, (in Bengali), Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, ISBN 81-7215-025-3, pp.424-32
  9. ^ Harding 1998, p.220
  10. ^ a b c d e f "kotha to bolar jonyei (কথা তো বলার জন্যেই): নবরত্ন -- সুস্মিতা". kotha to bolar jonyei (কথা তো বলার জন্যেই). 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  11. ^ http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/may/engpdf/18-20.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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