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Chopan ibn Buday (Kumyk: Чопан Будайны уланы, 1569–1588) was a Kumyk[1] shamkhal of Tarki[2][3][4] from 1569 to 1588.[5]

Biography

He descended from the Kumyk dynasty of Shamkhals and was the son of Alibek, according to another version, the son of Budai and thus the nephew of the previous khan, after whose death in 1569 he became the new ruler of Gazikumukh. From the very beginning, in the confrontation against the Russian troops, Chopan II decided to rely on the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, with whom an allied treaty was concluded. In 1570, Chopan Shamkhal with his troops took part in the campaign of the Ottoman-Crimean Tatar troops against Astrakhan. However, the campaign was unsuccessful, Astrakhan could not be captured, and, in the end, Shamkhal's allies retreated to Azov.[6]

At the same time, Chopan's troops destroyed the fortress built by the Russians on the Sunzha river, broke into Kabarda, then took part in the battle against the troops of tsar Ivan the Terrible on the side of the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray.

In addition to relations with the Ottoman Sultan Selim II and the Crimean Khan Devlet, he had allies among noble families in Kabarda and is in family ties with the Kaitag utsmis.[7]

In 1576, after the death of Tahmasp I, he supported Ismail II during the struggle for power, but after his death, Chopan went over to the side of the Ottoman Empire. In the same year, together with his brother Tunji-Alav, the Tabasaran Bek Gazi Salih and the Shirvans, he opposed the Persian troops of the Kizilbash, who were forced to leave Shirvan. For these actions he received an award from the Ottoman Sultan, at whose invitation he visited the empire in 1578. On October 17 of the same year, the shamkhal was received by Sardar Lala Mustafa Pasha, who was presented with an honorary robe, a saber and a war horse with full equipment. In addition, for merits in the war against the Qizilbash, Chopan II was given the Shaburan sanjak as an inheritance, and his brother Tundzhi-Alav received the sanjaks of Akhty and Ikhir. For this, the shamkhal undertook to defend Shirvan and supply the Ottoman troops with provisions.

In 1578, together with the Ottoman detachments, Chopan occupied Shemakha, but there were not enough forces to develop the offensive. Soon Shamkhal with allies went on the defensive from the Persian troops led by Aras Khan. In the end, on November 30, he retreated to Derbent. In August 1579 he ended up with a new Ottoman army led by Mehmet-bek and the Crimean Tatars. In 1580, all these troops went on the offensive. The army of Chopan II participated in the admiration of Shirvan, Karabakh, Armenian cities along with Erivan, Tabriz (one of the capitals of Persia).

In 1585, relations with the Ottomans suddenly deteriorated, as a result of the intention of the sultans to turn Dagestan into one of their vilayets and the construction of fortresses on the Terek. Not wanting to enter into an open conflict, Chopan prevented this plan in every possible way. Relations between the Gazikumukh shamkhalate and Persia begin to recover. At the same time, back in 1586, Chopan II sent an embassy led by his sons Surkhaem and Sultan-Muta to the Moscow Tsar in order to improve relations between states. However, he failed to fully improve relations with his neighbors: Muscovy began to prepare for the resumption of control over the lands in the basin of the Terek and Sunzha rivers, the Kakhetian king Alexander II supported some of the sons of Chopan II with demands for power.

In 1588, the Russians built a fortress on the Terek River - the Terek city. In this regard, Chopan II saw a threat to his possession and began activities against them alone. He died in 1589, after his death, the disintegration of the Gazikumukh shamkhalate began. According to other sources, Chopan was the ruler of the country from Gaytag, the Kura valley, Avaristan, the Circassians and the Terek River to the Caspian Sea and died in Buynak in 1574.[4][8][9][10][11]

Family

He had 4[12] or 5 sons,[9] 4 of them were from the daughter of utsmi (ruler) of Kaitag Sultan Ahmed:

  1. Andiy-shamkhal
  2. Eldar-shamkhal
  3. Muhammad-shamkhal
  4. Giray-shamkhal

One of his sons was considered illegitimate from the daughter of the Kabardian ruler Uzun-Cherkess:[9][13]

  1. Sultanmut[8][14]




He was born in Gazi-Kumukh in the family of Gazikumuk shamkhal Umal Muhammad I.[15] The first written mention of Buday I dates back to 1557, when Kabardian princes complained about him to tsar Ivan IV. He, in alliance with the Tyumen Tatars, made active attacks on the possessions of Temryuk Idar, the ruler of Kabardia.[16] In response, in 1560, the Astrakhan governor Ivan Chemerisov, on the orders of the tsar, attacked the possessions of Buday, ruining Tarki.[16] However, the latter eventually forced them to retreat.[17]

After that, in alliance with Kazi-Mirza, bey of the Lesser Nogai Horde, Pshepshuko Kaytukin, the Grand Duke of the Kabardia, decided to oppose Russian encroachments.[18] In 1567, at the confluence of the Sunzha and the Terek, Buday and later his brother Surkhay were killed on the battlefield,[16] as evidenced by their gravestones at the Shamkhal cemetery in Gazikumukh.[19][20][21]






[22][23][22][24][25][26][27][25][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][52][54][55][52][56][57][58][59][53][60][61][44][62][60][63][44][64][65][66][67][68]

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  9. ^ a b c Adjamatov, Bagaurdin (2022-05-15). History of the first Caucasian war. Sultan Mut the Great (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-256764-3.
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