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Chopan ibn Buday (Kumyk: Чопан Будайны уланы, 1569–1588) was a Kumyk[1] shamkhal of Tarki[2][3][4] from 1569 to 1588.[5]
Biography
He descended from the Kumyk dynasty of Shamkhals and was the son of Alibek, according to another version, the son of Budai and thus the nephew of the previous khan, after whose death in 1569 he became the new ruler of Gazikumukh. From the very beginning, in the confrontation against the Russian troops, Chopan II decided to rely on the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, with whom an allied treaty was concluded. In 1570, Chopan Shamkhal with his troops took part in the campaign of the Ottoman-Crimean Tatar troops against Astrakhan. However, the campaign was unsuccessful, Astrakhan could not be captured, and, in the end, Shamkhal's allies retreated to Azov.[6]
At the same time, Chopan's troops destroyed the fortress built by the Russians on the Sunzha river, broke into Kabarda, then took part in the battle against the troops of tsar Ivan the Terrible on the side of the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray.
In addition to relations with the Ottoman Sultan Selim II and the Crimean Khan Devlet, he had allies among noble families in Kabarda and is in family ties with the Kaitag utsmis.[7]
In 1576, after the death of Tahmasp I, he supported Ismail II during the struggle for power, but after his death, Chopan went over to the side of the Ottoman Empire. In the same year, together with his brother Tunji-Alav, the Tabasaran Bek Gazi Salih and the Shirvans, he opposed the Persian troops of the Kizilbash, who were forced to leave Shirvan. For these actions he received an award from the Ottoman Sultan, at whose invitation he visited the empire in 1578. On October 17 of the same year, the shamkhal was received by Sardar Lala Mustafa Pasha, who was presented with an honorary robe, a saber and a war horse with full equipment. In addition, for merits in the war against the Qizilbash, Chopan II was given the Shaburan sanjak as an inheritance, and his brother Tundzhi-Alav received the sanjaks of Akhty and Ikhir. For this, the shamkhal undertook to defend Shirvan and supply the Ottoman troops with provisions.
In 1578, together with the Ottoman detachments, Chopan occupied Shemakha, but there were not enough forces to develop the offensive. Soon Shamkhal with allies went on the defensive from the Persian troops led by Aras Khan. In the end, on November 30, he retreated to Derbent. In August 1579 he ended up with a new Ottoman army led by Mehmet-bek and the Crimean Tatars. In 1580, all these troops went on the offensive. The army of Chopan II participated in the admiration of Shirvan, Karabakh, Armenian cities along with Erivan, Tabriz (one of the capitals of Persia).
In 1585, relations with the Ottomans suddenly deteriorated, as a result of the intention of the sultans to turn Dagestan into one of their vilayets and the construction of fortresses on the Terek. Not wanting to enter into an open conflict, Chopan prevented this plan in every possible way. Relations between the Gazikumukh shamkhalate and Persia begin to recover. At the same time, back in 1586, Chopan II sent an embassy led by his sons Surkhaem and Sultan-Muta to the Moscow Tsar in order to improve relations between states. However, he failed to fully improve relations with his neighbors: Muscovy began to prepare for the resumption of control over the lands in the basin of the Terek and Sunzha rivers, the Kakhetian king Alexander II supported some of the sons of Chopan II with demands for power.
In 1588, the Russians built a fortress on the Terek River - the Terek city. In this regard, Chopan II saw a threat to his possession and began activities against them alone. He died in 1589, after his death, the disintegration of the Gazikumukh shamkhalate began. According to other sources, Chopan was the ruler of the country from Gaytag, the Kura valley, Avaristan, the Circassians and the Terek River to the Caspian Sea and died in Buynak in 1574.[4][8][9][10][11]
Family
He had 4[12] or 5 sons,[9] 4 of them were from the daughter of utsmi (ruler) of Kaitag Sultan Ahmed:
- Andiy-shamkhal
- Eldar-shamkhal
- Muhammad-shamkhal
- Giray-shamkhal
One of his sons was considered illegitimate from the daughter of the Kabardian ruler Uzun-Cherkess:[9][13]
He was born in Gazi-Kumukh in the family of Gazikumuk shamkhal Umal Muhammad I.[15] The first written mention of Buday I dates back to 1557, when Kabardian princes complained about him to tsar Ivan IV. He, in alliance with the Tyumen Tatars, made active attacks on the possessions of Temryuk Idar, the ruler of Kabardia.[16] In response, in 1560, the Astrakhan governor Ivan Chemerisov, on the orders of the tsar, attacked the possessions of Buday, ruining Tarki.[16] However, the latter eventually forced them to retreat.[17]
After that, in alliance with Kazi-Mirza, bey of the Lesser Nogai Horde, Pshepshuko Kaytukin, the Grand Duke of the Kabardia, decided to oppose Russian encroachments.[18] In 1567, at the confluence of the Sunzha and the Terek, Buday and later his brother Surkhay were killed on the battlefield,[16] as evidenced by their gravestones at the Shamkhal cemetery in Gazikumukh.[19][20][21]
[22][23][22][24][25][26][27][25][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][52][54][55][52][56][57][58][59][53][60][61][44][62][60][63][44][64][65][66][67][68]
- ^ Gadzhiev, Vladilen (1965). The role of Russia in the history of Dagestan. "Mountain sovereign prince, Tarkovsky Buday Shevkal and Kumytsky Chepalai and all city owners". Makhachkala: Наука. p. 92.
- ^ The Peasant War in Russia in 1670–1671: The Rise of Stepan Razin. Vol. 1.
- ^ Gutnov, Feliks (1989). Genealogical legends of Ossetians as a historical source. Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz). p. 66.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Dubrovin, Nikolay (1871). History of war and domination of Russians in the Caucasus. The peoples inhabiting the Caucasus. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg. pp. 291, 621.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Adjamatov, Bagautdin (2022-05-15). The history of the Turks and Kumyks from ancient times (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-255795-8.
- ^ Adjamatov, Bagautdin (2022-05-15). Istambuldan Endireye (From Istanbul to Endirey) (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-256031-6.
- ^ Daniyalov, Gadzhi-Ali (1967). History of Dagestan. Vol. 1. Makhachkala: Institute of Language, Literature and Art named after Gamzat Tsadasa. p. 281.
- ^ a b Bakikhanov, Abbasgulu (1991). Golestan-e Eram. Baku: Elm. pp. 108–110.
- ^ a b c Adjamatov, Bagaurdin (2022-05-15). History of the first Caucasian war. Sultan Mut the Great (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-256764-3.
- ^ Ahmadov, Yavus (1988). Essays on the political history of the peoples of the North Caucasus in the 16th–17th centuries. Grozny: Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во. p. 36. ISBN 978-5-7666-0006-0.
- ^ Gadzhiev, Sakinat (1961). Kumyks: historical and ethnographic research. Изд-во Академии наук СССР. p. 48.
- ^ Orazaev G. M.-R. (2003). Historical writings of Dagestan: in Turkic languages: texts and comments. Makhachkala: Эпоха. p. 79.
- ^ Barazbiev, Muslim (2000). Ethno-cultural relations of the Balkars and Karachays with the peoples of the Caucasus in the 18th – beginning of the 20th century. Nalchik: Elbrus. p. 105. ISBN 978-5-7680-1562-6.
- ^ Adjamatov, Bagaurdin (2005). Shrines of Dagestan. Эпоха. p. 69. ISBN 978-5-98390-010-3.
- ^ Marzoev, Islam-Bek (2009). Genealogy of the peoples of the Caucasus: traditions and modernity. IPO SOIGSI. ISBN 978-5-91480-293-3.
- ^ a b c Gadzhiev, Vladilen (2013). History of Dagestan. Vol. 1. Tbilisi: Рипол Классик. p. 281. ISBN 978-5-458-34487-6.
- ^ Miziev, Ismail (2010-03-07). The history of Balkaria and Karachay in the writings of Ismail Miziev. Nalchik: Publishing house of M. and V. Kotlyarovs. pp. 277, 335. ISBN 978-5-93680-337-6.
- ^ Magomedov, Murad (1997). History of Dagestan from ancient times to the end of the 20th-century. Makhachkala: Dagestan State University. p. 231. ISBN 978-5-7788-0138-7.
- ^ Kayaev, Ali (1890). Materials on the history of Lak people. Tbilisi. p. 256.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Shikhsaidov, Amri (2021). Dagestan shrines. Book two. Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-68716-5.
- ^ Gadzhiev, Vladilen; Musaev S. A. (2005). History of Dagestan: chronology: from ancient times to 1917. p. 60.
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: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Dubrovin, Nikolay (2022-05-15). History of war and domination of Russians in the Caucasus. Appointment of Aleksey Yermolov as viceroy in the Caucasus. Vol. 6. Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-153922-1.
- ^ Gadzhiev, Bulach (2022-03-25). Царские и шамилевские крепости в Дагестане (in Russian). Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-67538-4.
- ^ Kurbanov, Ahmed (2009). The activities of Aslan-bek Kyurinsky in the context of the political history of Russia in the Caucasus (late 18th – early 19th century). Herzen University. p. 89.
- ^ a b Manatilov, Zoya (2003). Kura Khanate and its entry into Russia.
- ^ Murdalov, Muslim (2019-10-27). Shamil is the Imam of Chechnya and Dagestan. Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-195216-7.
- ^ Potto, Vasily (2022-05-15). Caucasian war. Persian War 1826–1828 (in Russian). Vol. 3. Litres. ISBN 978-5-4250-8099-8.
- ^ Potto, Vasily (2022-05-15). Caucasian war. The time of Paskevich or the rebellion of Chechnya. Vol. 5. Litres. ISBN 978-5-4250-8101-8.
- ^ Gryumberg G. E.; Bushuev, Semyon (1940). Materials on the history of Dagestan and Chechnya. Vol. 3. Makhachkala: Даггиз. p. 189.
- ^ Kusheva, Ekaterina (1963). The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia. 16–30s of the 17th-century. Makhachkala. p. 44.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Aliev, Kamil (2008). Shamkhals of Tarki. Pages of the Kumyk genealogy. Makhachkala. pp. 84–85.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Umakhanov, Magomed-Salam (1973). Relations between feudal estates and the liberation struggle of the peoples of Dagestan in the 17th-century. Makhachkala. pp. 22–25.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Genichutlinsky, Haydarbek (1992). Historical-biographical and historical essays. Makhachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 40.
- ^ Potto, Vasily (1991). Caucasian War. Stavropol. p. 199.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Note of the temporary commision on the possessions of the Mehtuli Khanate and the duties served by the residents to khan". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ "Letter from General Yermolov to Mustafa Khan Shirvansky on the results of a punitive expedition to Dagestan". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ РГИА РГ. Ф. 2. Оп. 1. Д. 17. Russian State Historical Archive. p. 19.
- ^ Kasumov S. M. "Socio-economic and political situation of the war of the Avar Khanate in the first third of the 19th-century". science-education.ru. Modern problems of science and education. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ Aitberov, Timur (1986). Materials on the chronology and genealogy of the rulers of the Avaria. Makhachkala: Study of medieval Dagestan. pp. 153–154.
- ^ "History of the Khundzia Khans". khunzakh.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
- ^ "Тептар - 21 Июля 2015 - Ваштарой. Нохчийн тайп". web.archive.org. 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ^ Mallachikhanov B. (1965). On the issue of the Khazar Semender in Dagestan. Vol. 14. Historical series. Makhachkala: Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Dagfilial of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Historical series. pp. 194–195.
- ^ Genichutlinsky, Khaidarbek (1992). Historical, biographical and historical essays. Makhachkala.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c Aitberov, Timur. "Ancient Khundzia". mylektsii.su. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ^ Shikhsaidov, Amri; Aitberov, Timur; Orazaev, Hasan (1993). Dagestan historical writings. Makhachkala.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Magomedov, Rasul (1977). Through the villages of Dagestan (PDF). Makhachkala: Дагучпедгиз. pp. 44, 85.
- ^ Rafi, Muhammad (2014-07-15). "Tarikhi Dagestan — History of Dagestan". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ^ Alikhanov, Maksud (2005). In the mountains of Dagestan. Travel impressions and stories of highlanders. Makhachkala.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Shikhsaidov, Amri (1977). Dagestan historical chronicle "Tarikhi Dagestan" by Muhammad Rafi. Makhachkala: Written monuments of the East.
- ^ Ataev M. M. (1995). Avar lands in the 10th–15th centuries. Makhachkala.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kazambiyev, Patimat (2016). "The Avar Khanate in the history of Dagestan: a historical digression". Историческая и социально-образовательная мысль. 8 (6–2): 44–47. ISSN 2075-9908.
- ^ a b c Rafi, Muhammad. "Tarikhi Dagestan". drevlit.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
- ^ a b Shikhsaidov, Amri (1969). Tarikhi Dagestan. Makhachkala. pp. 110–111.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Aliev, Bagmomed (2002). The struggle of the peoples of Dagestan against foreign invaders (PDF). Makhachkala: ДНЦ РАН. p. 97. ISBN 5-94434-009-6.
- ^ Aitberov, Timur. "Ancient Khundzia". mylektsii.su. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
- ^ Aliev, Bagmomed (2002). The struggle of the peoples of Dagestan against foreign invaders (PDF). Makhachkala: ДНЦ РАН. p. 69. ISBN 5-94434-009-6.
- ^ Abaev, Vladimir (1985). Turkic elements in Ossetian anthroponymy // Theory and practice of etymological research. pp. 24, 26.
- ^ Semyonov, Nanu (1895). Natives of the northeastern Caucasus. St. Petersburg. p. 502.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Crishtopa, Alexander (2007). Dagestan in the 13th – early 15th centuries (PDF). МАМОНТ. p. 6. ISBN 978-5-903-011-17-9.
- ^ a b Notes of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Vol. 7 (1st ed.). Tbilisi. 1866. p. 52.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Aliev, Bagmomed (2002). The struggle of the peoples of Dagestan against foreign invaders (PDF). Makhachkala: ДНЦ РАН. p. 67. ISBN 5-94434-009-6.
- ^ Bakikhanov, Abbasgulu (1926). Golestan-e Eram. Baku. p. 99.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Crishtopa, Alexander (2007). Dagestan in the 13th – early 15th centuries (PDF). Moscow: МАМОНТ. p. 87. ISBN 978-5-903-011-17-9.
- ^ Shikhsaidov, Amri (1969). Islam in medieval Dagestan. Makhachkala. p. 108.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Masud ibn Namdar (1970). Collection of stories, letters and poems. pp. 177–180, 187.
- ^ Aitberov, Timur; Ivanov A. A. (1981). New Arabic inscriptions of the 12th-16th centuries. from Dagestan // Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. pp. 38–41.
- ^ Mallachikhanov, Bahadur (1965). The discussion of the Khazar Semender in Dagestan. Makhachkala: Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Dagfilial of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Historical series. p. 194.
- ^ Crishtopa, Alexander (2007). Dagestan in the 13th – early 15th centuries (PDF). pp. 166, 184. ISBN 978-5-903-011-17-9.