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List of governors of Connecticut

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Governor of Connecticut
Seal of the Governor
Seal of the Governor
Portrait
Incumbent
Ned Lamont
since January 19, 2019
Government of Connecticut
StyleGovernor
(informally)
His Excellency
(formal)
TypHead of state
Head of government
Member ofCabinet
ResidenceGovernor's Residence
SeatConnecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut
NominatorPolitical parties
AppointerPopular vote
Term lengthFour years, no limit
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Connecticut
PrecursorGovernor of Saybrook (merged with Connecticut, 1644)
Governor of New Haven (merged with Connecticut, 1665)
Formation1639; 385 years ago (1639)
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Connecticut
Salary$150,000 (2013)[1]
WebsiteOffice of the Governor

The governor of Connecticut is the head of government of Connecticut, and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly and to convene the legislature.[2] Unusual among governors, the governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon.[3] The governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the state's Bonding Commission. He is an ex-officio member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut and Yale University.

There have been 69 post-Revolution governors of the state, serving 73 distinct spans in office. Four have served non-consecutive terms: Henry W. Edwards, James E. English, Marshall Jewell, and Raymond E. Baldwin. The longest terms in office were in the state's early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The longest was that of the first governor, Jonathan Trumbull, who served over 14 years, but 7 of those as colonial governor; the longest-serving state governor — with no other position included in the term — was his son, Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who served over 11 years. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served only one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the United States Senate. Additionally, Lowell Weicker is noted for a rare third party win in American politics, having been elected to a term in 1990 representing A Connecticut Party.

The current governor is Ned Lamont, a Democrat who took office on January 9, 2019.

Governors

For the period before independence, see List of colonial governors of Connecticut.

Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9, 1788.[4] Before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Connecticut did not create a state constitution for itself until several decades after it became a state; until 1818, the state operated under the provisions of its colonial charter. The charter called for the election of a governor every year, but not more than once every two years, with the term commencing on the second Thursday in May.[5]

The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a four-year term for the governor,[6] commencing on the Wednesday after the first Monday in the January following an election.[7] The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a one-year term for governor; this was increased to two years in 1875,[8] and four years in 1948.[9] The 1875 amendment also set the start date of the term to its current date; before then, it was the first Wednesday in the May following an election.[10] The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the same ticket; this provision was added in 1962.[11] In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor.[12] Before the adoption of the 1965 constitution, the lieutenant governor only acted as governor.[13] There is no limit of any kind on the number of terms one may serve.

Governors of the State of Connecticut
No.[a] Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[b][c]
16   Jonathan Trumbull
(1710–1785)
[15] 		October 1, 1769
–
May 13, 1784
(did not run) 		No party 1776[d]   Matthew Griswold[e]
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
17 Matthew Griswold
(1714–1799)
[16] 		May 13, 1784
–
May 11, 1786
(lost election) 		Federalist 1784   Samuel Huntington[f]
1785
18 Samuel Huntington
(1731–1796)
[18][19][20] 		May 11, 1786
–
January 5, 1796
(died in office) 		Federalist 1786 Oliver Wolcott
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
19 Oliver Wolcott
(1726–1797)
[21][22] 		January 5, 1796
–
December 1, 1797
(died in office) 		Federalist Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1796 Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
1797
20 Jonathan Trumbull Jr.
(1740–1809)
[23][24] 		December 1, 1797
–
August 7, 1809
(died in office) 		Federalist Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1798 John Treadwell
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
21 John Treadwell
(1745–1823)
[25][26][27] 		August 7, 1809
–
May 9, 1811
(lost election) 		Federalist Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1810 Roger Griswold
22 Roger Griswold
(1762–1812)
[28][29] 		May 9, 1811
–
October 25, 1812
(died in office) 		Federalist 1811 John Cotton Smith
1812
23 John Cotton Smith
(1765–1845)
[30][31] 		October 25, 1812
–
May 8, 1817
(lost election) 		Federalist Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1813 Chauncey Goodrich
(died August 18, 1815)
1814
1815
Vacant
1816 Jonathan Ingersoll[g]
(died January 12, 1823)
24 Oliver Wolcott Jr.
(1760–1833)
[33][34] 		May 8, 1817
–
May 2, 1827
(lost election) 		Toleration
Republican 		1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
Vacant
1823   David Plant[f]
1824
1825
1826
25 Gideon Tomlinson
(1780–1854)
[35][36][37] 		May 2, 1827
–
March 2, 1831
(resigned)[h] 		Democratic-
Republican 		1827 John Samuel Peters[i]
National Republican 1828
1829
1830
26 John Samuel Peters
(1772–1858)
[38][39] 		March 2, 1831
–
May 1, 1833
(lost election) 		National Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1831 Vacant
1832   Thaddeus Betts[f]
27 Henry W. Edwards
(1779–1847)
[40][41] 		May 1, 1833
–
May 7, 1834
(lost election) 		Democratic 1833   Ebenezer Stoddard[f]
28 Samuel A. Foot
(1780–1846)
[42][43] 		May 7, 1834
–
May 6, 1835
(lost election) 		Whig 1834   Thaddeus Betts[f]
29 Henry W. Edwards
(1779–1847)
[40][41] 		May 6, 1835
–
May 2, 1838
(did not run) 		Democratic 1835   Ebenezer Stoddard[f]
1836
1837
30 William W. Ellsworth
(1791–1868)
[44][45] 		May 2, 1838
–
May 4, 1842
(lost election) 		Whig 1838   Charles Hawley[f]
1839
1840
1841
31 Chauncey Fitch Cleveland
(1799–1887)
[46][47] 		May 4, 1842
–
May 1, 1844
(lost election) 		Democratic 1842   William S. Holabird[f]
1843
32 Roger Sherman Baldwin
(1793–1863)
[48][49][50] 		May 1, 1844
–
May 6, 1846
(did not run) 		Whig 1844   Reuben Booth[f]
1845
33 Isaac Toucey
(1792–1869)
[51][52][53] 		May 6, 1846
–
May 5, 1847
(lost nomination)[j] 		Democratic 1846   Noyes Billings[f]
34 Clark Bissell
(1782–1857)
[54][55] 		May 5, 1847
–
May 2, 1849
(lost nomination)[k] 		Whig 1847   Charles J. McCurdy[f]
1848
35 Joseph Trumbull
(1782–1861)
[56][57] 		May 2, 1849
–
May 4, 1850
(did not run) 		Whig 1849   Thomas Backus[f]
36 Thomas H. Seymour
(1807–1868)
[58][59] 		May 2, 1850[l]
–
October 13, 1853
(resigned)[m] 		Democratic 1850 Charles H. Pond
1851 Green Kendrick[n]
1852 Charles H. Pond
1853
37 Charles H. Pond
(1781–1861)
[61][62] 		October 13, 1853
–
May 3, 1854
(did not run) 		Democratic Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
38 Henry Dutton
(1796–1869)
[63][64] 		May 3, 1854
–
May 3, 1855
(lost election) 		Whig 1854 Alexander H. Holley
39 William T. Minor
(1815–1889)
[65][66] 		May 3, 1855[67]
–
May 6, 1857
(did not run) 		American 1855 William Field[o]
1856 Albert Day
40 Alexander H. Holley
(1804–1887)
[68][69] 		May 6, 1857
–
May 5, 1858
(did not run) 		Republican[p] 1857 Alfred A. Burnham
41 William Alfred Buckingham
(1804–1875)
[70][71][72] 		May 5, 1858
–
May 2, 1866
(did not run) 		Republican 1858 Julius Catlin
1859
1860
1861 Benjamin Douglas
1862 Roger Averill[q]
1863
National Union 1864
1865
42 Joseph Roswell Hawley
(1826–1905)
[73][74] 		May 2, 1866
–
May 1, 1867
(lost election) 		Republican 1866 Oliver Winchester
43 James E. English
(1812–1890)
[75][76] 		May 1, 1867
–
May 5, 1869
(lost election) 		Democratic 1867 Ephraim H. Hyde
1868
44 Marshall Jewell
(1825–1883)
[77][78] 		May 5, 1869
–
May 4, 1870
(lost election) 		Republican 1869 Francis Wayland III
45 James E. English
(1812–1890)
[75][76] 		May 4, 1870
–
May 16, 1871
(lost election)[r] 		Democratic 1870 Julius Hotchkiss
46 Marshall Jewell
(1825–1883)
[77][78] 		May 16, 1871
–
May 7, 1873
(did not run)[s] 		Republican 1871[r] Morris Tyler
1872
47 Charles Roberts Ingersoll
(1821–1903)
[79][80] 		May 7, 1873
–
January 3, 1877
(did not run) 		Democratic 1873 George G. Sill[t]
1874
1875
Apr. 1876[u]
48 Richard D. Hubbard
(1818–1884)
[82][83] 		January 3, 1877
–
January 9, 1879
(lost election) 		Democratic Nov. 1876[v] Francis Loomis
49 Charles B. Andrews
(1834–1902)
[84][85] 		January 9, 1879[w]
–
January 5, 1881
(did not run) 		Republican 1878 David Gallup
50 Hobart B. Bigelow
(1834–1891)
[87][88] 		January 5, 1881
–
January 3, 1883
(did not run) 		Republican 1880 William H. Bulkeley
51 Thomas M. Waller
(1839–1924)
[89][90] 		January 3, 1883
–
January 8, 1885
(lost election) 		Democratic 1882 George G. Sumner
52 Henry Baldwin Harrison
(1821–1901)
[91][92] 		January 8, 1885[x]
–
January 6, 1887
(did not run) 		Republican 1884 Lorrin A. Cooke
53 Phineas C. Lounsbury
(1841–1925)
[94][95] 		January 6, 1887[y]
–
January 10, 1889
(did not run) 		Republican 1886 James L. Howard
54 Morgan Bulkeley
(1837–1922)
[97][98][99] 		January 10, 1889[z]
–
January 4, 1893
(did not run) 		Republican 1888 Samuel E. Merwin
1890[aa]
55 Luzon B. Morris
(1827–1895)
[101][102] 		January 4, 1893
–
January 9, 1895
(did not run) 		Democratic 1892 Ernest Cady
56 Owen Vincent Coffin
(1836–1921)
[103][104] 		January 9, 1895
–
January 6, 1897
(did not run) 		Republican 1894 Lorrin A. Cooke
57 Lorrin A. Cooke
(1831–1902)
[105][106][107] 		January 6, 1897
–
January 4, 1899
(did not run) 		Republican 1896 James D. Dewell
58 George E. Lounsbury
(1838–1904)
[108][109] 		January 4, 1899
–
January 9, 1901
(did not run) 		Republican 1898 Lyman A. Mills
59 George P. McLean
(1857–1932)
[110][111] 		January 9, 1901
–
January 7, 1903
(did not run) 		Republican 1900 Edwin O. Keeler
60 Abiram Chamberlain
(1837–1911)
[112][113] 		January 7, 1903
–
January 4, 1905
(did not run) 		Republican 1902 Henry Roberts
61 Henry Roberts
(1853–1929)
[114][115] 		January 4, 1905
–
January 9, 1907
(did not run) 		Republican 1904 Rollin S. Woodruff
62 Rollin S. Woodruff
(1854–1925)
[116][117] 		January 9, 1907
–
January 6, 1909
(did not run) 		Republican 1906 Everett J. Lake
63 George L. Lilley
(1859–1909)
[118][119] 		January 6, 1909
–
April 21, 1909
(died in office) 		Republican 1908 Frank B. Weeks
64 Frank B. Weeks
(1854–1935)
[120][121] 		April 21, 1909
–
January 4, 1911
(did not run) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
65 Simeon Eben Baldwin
(1840–1927)
[122][123][124] 		January 4, 1911
–
January 6, 1915
(did not run)[ab] 		Democratic 1910 Dennis A. Blakeslee[ac]
1912 Lyman T. Tingier
66 Marcus H. Holcomb
(1844–1932)
[125][126][127] 		January 6, 1915
–
January 5, 1921
(did not run) 		Republican 1914 Clifford B. Wilson
1916
1918
67 Everett J. Lake
(1871–1948)
[128][129][130] 		January 5, 1921
–
January 3, 1923
(did not run) 		Republican 1920 Charles A. Templeton
68 Charles A. Templeton
(1871–1955)
[131][132][133] 		January 3, 1923
–
January 7, 1925
(did not run) 		Republican 1922 Hiram Bingham III
69 Hiram Bingham III
(1875–1956)
[134][135] 		January 7, 1925
–
January 8, 1925
(resigned)[ad] 		Republican 1924 John H. Trumbull
70 John H. Trumbull
(1873–1961)
[136][137][138] 		January 8, 1925
–
January 7, 1931
(did not run) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor[ae]
1926 J. Edwin Brainard
1928 Ernest E. Rogers
71 Wilbur Lucius Cross
(1862–1948)
[140][141][142] 		January 7, 1931
–
January 4, 1939
(lost election) 		Democratic 1930 Samuel R. Spencer[ac]
1932 Roy C. Wilcox[ac]
1934 T. Frank Hayes
1936
72 Raymond E. Baldwin
(1893–1986)
[143][144][145] 		January 4, 1939
–
January 8, 1941
(lost election) 		Republican 1938 James L. McConaughy
73 Robert A. Hurley
(1895–1968)
[146][147][148] 		January 8, 1941
–
January 6, 1943
(lost election) 		Democratic 1940 Odell Shepard
74 Raymond E. Baldwin
(1893–1986)
[143][144][145] 		January 6, 1943
–
December 27, 1946
(resigned)[af] 		Republican 1942 William L. Hadden
1944 Charles Wilbert Snow[ag]
75 Charles Wilbert Snow
(1884–1977)
[149][150] 		December 27, 1946
–
January 8, 1947
(successor took office) 		Democratic Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
76 James L. McConaughy
(1887–1948)
[151][152] 		January 8, 1947
–
March 7, 1948
(died in office) 		Republican 1946 James C. Shannon
77 James C. Shannon
(1896–1980)
[153][154] 		March 7, 1948
–
January 5, 1949
(lost election) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor[ah]
78 Chester B. Bowles
(1901–1986)
[156][157] 		January 5, 1949
–
January 3, 1951
(lost election) 		Democratic 1948 William T. Carroll
79 John Davis Lodge
(1903–1985)
[158][159] 		January 3, 1951
–
January 5, 1955
(lost election) 		Republican 1950[ai] Edward N. Allen
80 Abraham Ribicoff
(1910–1998)
[160][161] 		January 5, 1955
–
January 21, 1961
(resigned)[aj] 		Democratic 1954 Charles W. Jewett[ac]
1958 John N. Dempsey
81 John N. Dempsey
(1915–1989)
[162][163] 		January 21, 1961
–
January 6, 1971
(did not run) 		Democratic Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor[ak]
1962 Samuel J. Tedesco
(resigned January 15, 1966)
Fred J. Doocy
1966 Attilio R. Frassinelli
82 Thomas Meskill
(1928–2007)
[164][165] 		January 6, 1971
–
January 8, 1975
(did not run) 		Republican 1970 T. Clark Hull
(resigned June 1, 1973)
Peter L. Cashman
83 Ella Grasso
(1919–1981)
[166][167][168] 		January 8, 1975
–
December 31, 1980
(resigned)[al] 		Democratic 1974 Robert K. Killian
1978 William A. O'Neill
84
W A ONeill.jpg
 William A. O'Neill
(1930–2007)
[169][170] 		December 31, 1980
–
January 9, 1991
(did not run) 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Joseph J. Fauliso
1982
1986
85 Lowell Weicker
(b. 1931)
[171][172] 		January 9, 1991
–
January 4, 1995
(did not run) 		A Connecticut Party 1990 Eunice Groark
86 John G. Rowland
(b. 1957)
[173] 		January 4, 1995
–
July 1, 2004
(resigned)[am] 		Republican 1994 Jodi Rell
1998
2002
87 Jodi Rell
(b. 1946)
[176] 		July 1, 2004
–
January 5, 2011
(did not run) 		Republican Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Kevin Sullivan[ag]
2006 Michael Fedele
88 Dannel Malloy
(b. 1955)
[177] 		January 5, 2011
–
January 9, 2019
(did not run) 		Democratic 2010 Nancy Wyman
2014
89 Ned Lamont
(b. 1954)
[178] 		January 9, 2019
–
Incumbent[an] 		Democratic 2018 Susan Bysiewicz
2022

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to the Connecticut State Library, the official listing goes back to the first governor of Connecticut Colony in 1639, and did not include repeat governors serving non-consecutive terms in the colonial period; this makes Trumbull the 16th governor.[14] The official numbering since statehood includes repeat and acting governors.
  2. ^ The office of Lieutenant Governor was known as Deputy-Governor under the colonial charter, but the name 'Lieutenant Governor' was predominantly used after independence.[5]
  3. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. ^ The Connecticut General Assembly approved the United States Declaration of Independence on October 10, 1776, and resolved that the state's government would continue as established under the charter. So, as colonial governor, Jonathan Trumbull became state governor, serving roughly 14 years total.[15]
  5. ^ Represented the Federalist Party
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The list of lieutenant governors supplied by the Connecticut Secretary of State marks these lieutenant governors as having no record of their party.[17]
  7. ^ Represented the Democratic-Republican Party until 1817, and the Toleration Party after that.[32]
  8. ^ Tomlinson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[36]
  9. ^ Represented the National Republican Party
  10. ^ Toucey lost the Democratic nomination to Thomas T. Whittlesey.[51]
  11. ^ Bissell lost the Whig nomination to Joseph Trumbull.[54]
  12. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1850 was May 1; the delay is likely because Seymour was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[60][59]
  13. ^ Seymour resigned to be United States Minister to Russia.[59]
  14. ^ Represented the Whig Party
  15. ^ Represented the Free Soil Party
  16. ^ Holley's party is described as "American Republican" by the state;[17] Whig by the National Governor's Association, due to early membership in that party;[69] and "Union Party", a coalition of Know Nothings and Republicans by Sobel.[68]
  17. ^ Averill represented the Unionist Party until 1864, when he and Buckingham were elected on a National Union fusion ticket.
  18. ^ a b James English won the popular vote, but a canvassing committee found the election was fraudulent, and named Jewell governor several days into the term.[76]
  19. ^ Jewell was instead appointed United States Minister to Russia.[78]
  20. ^ The list of lieutenant governors supplied by the Connecticut Secretary of State marks Sill as having represented the Republican Party, but contemporary news on his death reported him as having been a Democrat.[81]
  21. ^ This term was only from May 1876 to January 1877, due to a constitutional amendment moving the election schedule.[8]
  22. ^ First election under a constitutional amendment which lengthened terms to two years.[8]
  23. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1879 was January 8; the delay may be because Andrews was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[85][86]
  24. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1885 was January 7; the delay may be because Harrison was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[92][93]
  25. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1887 was January 5; the delay may be because Lounsbury was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[95][96]
  26. ^ The constitutional start date for the term in 1889 was January 9; the delay may be because Bulkeley was chosen by the legislature after a close election.[98][100]
  27. ^ Morgan Bulkeley did not run for re-election in 1890, but due to a close contest and controversies, the results were not certified, and the legislature spent two years debating the issue; Bulkeley essentially served as governor by default.[98]
  28. ^ Baldwin instead unsuccessfully ran for United States Senate.[124]
  29. ^ a b c d Represented the Republican Party
  30. ^ Bingham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[135]
  31. ^ Since Trumbull took over only one day into the term, nearly all sources describe J. Edwin Brainard as lieutenant governor during this term; however, constitutionally, he would have remained president of the senate and only acted as lieutenant governor. At least one contemporary news source described him as such.[139]
  32. ^ Baldwin resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[145]
  33. ^ a b Represented the Democratic Party
  34. ^ Robert E. Parsons is always listed as serving as lieutenant governor during this term, but constitutionally he likely would have remained president of the senate. However, questions were raised over whether or not they should fully succeed to the next office.[155]
  35. ^ First term under a constitution amendment which lengthened terms to four years.[9]
  36. ^ Ribicoff resigned to become United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.[161]
  37. ^ Anthony J. Armentano is always listed as serving as lieutenant governor during this term, but constitutionally he likely would have remained president of the senate. This is the last time such a confusion would exist, as the 1965 constitution established a solid line of succession.
  38. ^ Grasso resigned due to illness.[167]
  39. ^ Rowland resigned due to a federal corruption investigation;[174] he later pleaded guilty to corruption.[175]
  40. ^ Lamont's second term began on January 4, 2023, and will expire January 6, 2027.

References

Allgemein
  • "Governors of Connecticut". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • "Governors and Deputy or Lieutenant Governors". Secretary of the State of Connecticut. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  • Loomis, Dwight; Joseph Gilbert Calhoun (1895). The Judicial and Civil History of Connecticut. The Boston History Company. pp. 114–117. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  2. ^ CT Const. art. IV
  3. ^ "Pardons Power in Connecticut". Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  4. ^ "Today in History: January 9". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
  5. ^ a b 1662 Charter
  6. ^ CT Const. art. IV, § 1
  7. ^ CT Const. art. IV, § 2
  8. ^ a b c 1818 Const. amendment XVI
  9. ^ a b 1818 Const. amendment XLV
  10. ^ 1818 Const. art. IV § 1
  11. ^ 1818 Const. new amendment VII
  12. ^ CT Const. art. IV § 19
  13. ^ 1818 Const. art. IV § 14
  14. ^ "Roster of Connecticut Governors". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
  15. ^ a b "Jonathan Trumbull". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  16. ^ "Matthew Griswold". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Deputy or Lieutenant Governors". Secretary of the State of Connecticut. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  18. ^ Sobel p. 157
  19. ^ "Samuel Huntington". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  20. ^ "Samuel Huntington". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  21. ^ Sobel p. 158
  22. ^ "Oliver Wolcott Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  23. ^ Sobel pp. 158–159
  24. ^ "Jonathan Trumbull, Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  25. ^ Sobel pp. 159–160
  26. ^ "John Treadwell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  27. ^ "John Treadwell". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  28. ^ Sobel p. 160
  29. ^ "Roger Griswold". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  30. ^ Sobel p. 161
  31. ^ "John Cotton Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  32. ^ Finlay, Nancy (December 2, 2021). "The Revolution of 1817". CTHumanities. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  33. ^ Sobel pp. 162–163
  34. ^ "Oliver Wolcott Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  35. ^ Sobel pp. 163–164
  36. ^ a b "Gideon Tomlinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  37. ^ "Gideon Tomlinson". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  38. ^ Sobel p. 164
  39. ^ "John Samuel Peters". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  40. ^ a b Sobel p. 165
  41. ^ a b "Henry Waggaman Edwards". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  42. ^ Sobel p. 166
  43. ^ "Samuel Augustus Foot(e)". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  44. ^ Sobel p. 167
  45. ^ "William Wolcott Ellsworth". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  46. ^ Sobel p. 168
  47. ^ "Chauncey Fitch Cleveland". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  48. ^ Sobel p. 169
  49. ^ "Roger Sherman Baldwin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  50. ^ "Roger Sherman Baldwin". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  51. ^ a b Sobel p. 170
  52. ^ "Isaac Toucey". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  53. ^ "Isaac Toucey". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  54. ^ a b Sobel pp. 170–171
  55. ^ "Clark Bissell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  56. ^ Sobel pp. 171–172
  57. ^ "Joseph Trumbull". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  58. ^ Sobel pp. 172–173
  59. ^ a b c "Thomas H. Seymour". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  60. ^ "Election Ceremonies". Hartford Courant. 1850-05-03. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  61. ^ Sobel pp. 173–174
  62. ^ "Charles Hobby Pond". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  63. ^ Sobel pp. 174–175
  64. ^ "Henry Dutton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  65. ^ Sobel p. 175
  66. ^ "William Thomas Minor". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  67. ^ "no title". Hartford Courant. 1855-05-04. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  68. ^ a b Sobel p. 176
  69. ^ a b "Alexander Hamilton Holley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  70. ^ Sobel p. 177
  71. ^ "William Alfred Buckingham". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  72. ^ "William Alfred Buckingham". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  73. ^ Sobel p. 178
  74. ^ "Joseph Roswell Hawley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  75. ^ a b Sobel p. 179
  76. ^ a b c "James Edward English". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  77. ^ a b Sobel p. 180
  78. ^ a b c "Marshall Jewell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  79. ^ Sobel p. 181
  80. ^ "Charles Robert Ingersoll". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  81. ^ "Obituary Report". Yale Alumni Weekly. Vol. 16, no. 36. New Haven, Connecticut. May 29, 1907. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  82. ^ Sobel p. 182
  83. ^ "Richard Dudley Hubbard". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  84. ^ Sobel pp. 182–183
  85. ^ a b "Charles Bartlett Andrews". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  86. ^ "Governor Andrews' First Message". New York Herald. New York City. January 10, 1879. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  87. ^ Sobel p. 183
  88. ^ "Hobart Baldwin Bigelow". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  89. ^ Sobel pp. 183–184
  90. ^ "Thomas MacDonald Waller". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  91. ^ Sobel pp. 184–185
  92. ^ a b "Henry Baldwin Harrison". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  93. ^ "Governor Harrison Takes the Oath and Then Delivers His Message". The Morning Journal-Courier. 1885-01-09. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  94. ^ Sobel p. 185
  95. ^ a b "Phineas Chapman Lounsbury". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  96. ^ "The Inaugural Ceremonies". The Morning Journal-Courier. 1887-01-07. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  97. ^ Sobel pp. 185–186
  98. ^ a b c "Morgan Gardner Bulkeley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  99. ^ "Morgan Gardner Bulkeley". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  100. ^ "no title". The Waterbury Democrat. 1889-01-10. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  101. ^ Sobel pp. 186–187
  102. ^ "Luzon Burritt Morris". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  103. ^ Sobel p. 187
  104. ^ "Owen Vincent Coffin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  105. ^ Sobel p. 188
  106. ^ "Lorrin Alamson Cooke". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  107. ^ "Lorrin Alanson Cooke". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  108. ^ Sobel pp. 188–189
  109. ^ "George Edward Lounsbury". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  110. ^ Sobel pp. 189–190
  111. ^ "George Payne McLean". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  112. ^ Sobel p. 190
  113. ^ "Abiram Chamberlain". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  114. ^ Sobel p. 191
  115. ^ "Henry Roberts". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  116. ^ Sobel pp. 191–192
  117. ^ "Rollin Simmons Woodruff". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  118. ^ Sobel pp. 192–193
  119. ^ "George Leavens Lilley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  120. ^ Sobel p. 193
  121. ^ "Frank Bentley Weeks". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  122. ^ Sobel p. 194
  123. ^ "Simeon Eben Baldwin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  124. ^ a b "Simeon Eben Baldwin". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  125. ^ Sobel pp. 194–195
  126. ^ "Marcus Hensey Holcomb". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  127. ^ "Marcus Hensey Holcomb". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  128. ^ Sobel pp. 195–196
  129. ^ "Everett John Lake". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  130. ^ "Everett John Lake". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  131. ^ Sobel pp. 196–197
  132. ^ "Charles Augustus Templeton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  133. ^ "Charles Augustus Templeton". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  134. ^ Sobel p. 197
  135. ^ a b "Hiram Bingham". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  136. ^ Sobel p. 198
  137. ^ "John Harper Trumbull". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  138. ^ "John Harper Trumbull". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  139. ^ "Our "Self-Made" Men". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. January 11, 1925. Retrieved February 16, 2023. Acting Lieutenant-Governor Brainard, once a foundry hand...
  140. ^ Sobel pp. 198–199
  141. ^ "Wilbur Lucius Cross". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  142. ^ "Wilbur Lucius Cross". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  143. ^ a b Sobel pp. 199–200
  144. ^ a b "Raymond Early Baldwin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  145. ^ a b c "Raymond Earl Baldwin". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  146. ^ Sobel pp. 200–201
  147. ^ "Robert Augustine Hurley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  148. ^ "Robert Augustine Hurley". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  149. ^ Sobel pp. 201–202
  150. ^ "Charles Wilbert Snow". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  151. ^ Sobel p. 202
  152. ^ "James Lukens McConaughy". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  153. ^ Sobel pp. 202–203
  154. ^ "James Coughlin Shannon". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  155. ^ "Doubt Cast on Parsons's Right to Title". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. March 31, 1948. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  156. ^ Sobel pp. 203–204
  157. ^ "Chester Bliss Bowles". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  158. ^ Sobel p. 204
  159. ^ "John Davis Lodge". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  160. ^ Sobel p. 205
  161. ^ a b "Abraham Alexander Ribicoff". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  162. ^ Sobel pp. 205–206
  163. ^ "John Dempsey". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  164. ^ Sobel pp. 206–207
  165. ^ "Thomas J. Meskill". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  166. ^ Sobel pp. 207–208
  167. ^ a b "Ella T. Grasso". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  168. ^ "Ella Giovanna Oliva (Tambussi) Grasso". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  169. ^ "William A. O'Neill". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  170. ^ "William Atchison O'Neill". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  171. ^ "Lowell P. Weicker". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  172. ^ "Lowell Weicker". Connecticut State Library. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  173. ^ "John G. Rowland". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  174. ^ Yardley, William (June 22, 2004). "Connecticut's Governor Steps Down". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  175. ^ Robert D. McFadden (December 24, 2004). "An Ex-Governor Says He's Guilty". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  176. ^ "M. Jodi Rell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  177. ^ "Dannel Malloy". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  178. ^ "Ned Lamont". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
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