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Governor of Massachusetts

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Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Seal of the governor
Seal of the governor
Standard of the governor
Standard of the governor
Maura Healey Official Photo
Incumbent
Maura Healey
since January 5, 2023
Government of Massachusetts
Style
StatusHead of state
Head of government
Member ofGovernor's Council
Cabinet
ResidenceNone official
SeatState House, Boston, Massachusetts
NominatorPolitical parties
AppointerPopular vote
Term lengthFour years, no term limits[1]
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Massachusetts
FormationOriginal post:
April 30, 1629
Current form:
October 25, 1780
First holderJohn Endecott
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
Salary$185,000 (2018)[2]
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata

The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.

Massachusetts has a republican system of government that is akin to a presidential system. The governor acts as the head of government while having a distinct role from that of the legislative branch. The governor has far-reaching political obligations, including ceremonial and political duties. The governor also signs bills into law and has veto power. The governor is a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council, a popularly elected council with eight members who provide advice and consent on certain legal matters and appointments.[3]

Beginning with the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629, the role of the governor has changed throughout its history in terms of powers and selection. The modern form of the position was created in the 1780 Constitution of Massachusetts, which called for the position of a "supreme executive magistrate".[4]

Governors of Massachusetts are elected every four years during state elections that are held on the first Tuesday of November after November 1. As of November 2022, the most recent Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held in 2022. Following each gubernatorial election, the elected governor is inaugurated on the Thursday after the first Wednesday in January following the election.[5] There are no term limits restricting how long a governor may serve.[6][7][8] The longest-serving Massachusetts governor is Michael Dukakis, who served 12 years; Dukakis was in office from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1991. The current governor is Maura Healey, a Democrat who won the 2022 gubernatorial election.

Qualifications

Any person seeking to become governor of Massachusetts must meet the following requirements:[9]

  • Be at least eighteen years of age
  • Be a registered voter in Massachusetts
  • Be a Massachusetts resident for at least seven years when elected
  • Receive 10,000 signatures from registered voters on nomination papers

Election and term

The governor is an elected position. The term of office is four years, with no term limit.

Elections for governor are held on a four-year basis concurrently with elections for the offices of lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of the commonwealth, state treasurer, and state auditor.

History

The role of governor has existed in Massachusetts since the Royal Charter of 1628. The original role was one of a president of the board of a joint-stock company, namely the Massachusetts Bay Company. The governor would be elected by freemen, who were shareholders of the company. These shareholders were mostly colonists themselves who fit certain religious requirements. The governor acted in a vice-regal manner, overseeing the governance and functioning of the colony. Originally they were supposed to reside in London, as was the case with other colonial company governors, although this protocol was broken when John Winthrop was appointed governor. The governor served as the executive of the colony, originally elected annually, they were joined by a Council of Assistants. This council was a group of magistrates who performed judicial functions, acted as an upper house of the General Court, and provided advice and consent to the governor. The early governors of Massachusetts Bay were staunchly Puritan colonists who wished to form a state that coincided with religious law.[10]

With the founding of the Dominion of New England, the New England colonies were combined with the Province of New York, Province of West Jersey, and the Province of East Jersey. During this period (1686-1689) Massachusetts had no governor of its own. Instead there existed a royally appointed governor who resided in Boston and served at the King's pleasure. Though there existed a council which served as a quasi-legislature, however the logistics of calling the council to meet were so arduous that the Dominion was essentially governed by the Crown through the royal governor. The reason for the creation of such a post was there existed tremendous hostility between the Kingdom of England and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay. In an effort to bring the colonies under tighter control the Crown dismantled the old assembly system and created the Viceroy system based on the Spanish model in New Spain. This model of government was greatly disliked by the colonists all throughout British North America but especially in New England where colonists at one time did have some semblance of democratic and local control. With the Glorious Revolution and the Boston Revolt the Dominion was abolished in 1689.[11]

With the creation of the Massachusetts Charter in 1691, the role of civilian governor was restored in Massachusetts Bay. Now the Province of Massachusetts Bay, the colony then encompassed the territory of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, and areas of what is now the state of Maine. The governor however would not be chosen by the electorate, instead the position would remain a royal appointment. In order to ease tensions with royal authorities and the colonists the General Court was reestablished and given significant powers. This created acrimony between the governors and the assembly of the General Court. The governor could veto any decision made by the assembly and had control over the militia, however the General Court had authority of the treasury and provincial finances. This meant that in the event the governor did not agree with or consent with the rulings and laws of the General Court then the assembly would threaten to withhold any pay for the governor and other Royal Officers.[12]

From 1765 on the unraveling of the Province into a full political crisis only increased the tensions between the governor and the people of Massachusetts Bay. Following the passage of the Stamp Act Governor Thomas Hutchinson had his home broken into and ransacked. The early stages of the American Revolution saw political turmoil in Massachusetts Bay. With the passage of the Intolerable Acts the then Royal Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the General Court and began to govern the province by decree. In 1774 the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was formed as an alternative revolutionary government to the royal government in Boston. With Massachusetts Bay declaring its independence in May 1776 the role of governor was vacant for four years. The executive role during this time was filled by the Governor's Council, the Committee of Safety, and the president of the Congress when in session.[12]

With the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780 the role of an elected civilian governor was restored. John Hancock was elected as the first governor of the independent commonwealth on October 25, 1780.[12]

Constitutional role

Part the Second, Chapter II, Section I, Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution reads,

There shall be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be styled, The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and whose title shall be – His Excellency.

The governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other state officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a two-year term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion or other official residence and resides in their own private residence. The governor does receives a housing allowance/stipend for $65,000. The title "His Excellency" is a holdover from the royally appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699; since he was an Earl, it was thought proper to call him "Your Excellency." The title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title.[13]

The governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's armed forces.

Succession

See also: Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States § Massachusetts

According to the Massachusetts State Constitution:

Whenever the chair of the governor shall be vacant, by reason of his death, or absence from the commonwealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy, perform all the duties incumbent upon the governor, and shall have and exercise all the powers and authorities, which by this constitution the governor is vested with, when personally present.[14]

The Constitution does not use the term "acting governor", but the practice in Massachusetts has been that the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as "lieutenant governor" and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as "the lieutenant-governor, acting governor" in official documents.[15]

Despite this terminology, the Massachusetts courts have found that the full authority of the office of the governor devolves to the lieutenant governor upon vacancy in the office of governor, and that there is no circumstance short of death, resignation, or impeachment that would relieve the acting governor from the full gubernatorial responsibilities.[citation needed]

The first use of the succession provision occurred in 1785, five years after the constitution's adoption, when Governor John Hancock resigned the post, leaving Lieutenant Governor Thomas Cushing as acting governor. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci.

When the constitution was first adopted, the Governor's Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7, 1799, leaving Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill as acting governor. Acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20, 1800, between that year's election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governor's Council served as the executive for ten days; the council's chair, Thomas Dawes was at no point named governor or acting governor.

Article LV of the Constitution, enacted in 1918, created a new line of succession:

# Office Current officeholder
Governor of Massachusetts Maura Healey (D)
1 Lieutenant Governor Kim Driscoll (D)
2 Secretary of the Commonwealth William F. Galvin (D)
3 Attorney General Andrea Campbell (D)
4 Treasurer and Receiver-General Deb Goldberg (D)
5 Auditor Diana DiZoglio (D)

Cabinet

The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration (as opposed to independent executive agencies). See Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing.

Traditions

The front doors of the State House are only opened when a governor leaves office, a head of state or the president of the United States comes to visit the State House, or for the return of flags from Massachusetts regiments at the end of wars. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door and walked out by himself in 1884.

Incoming governors usually choose at least one past governor's portrait to hang in their office.

Immediately before being sworn into office, the governor-elect receives four symbols from the departing governor: the ceremonial pewter "Key" for the governor's office door, the Butler Bible, the "Gavel", and a two-volume set of the Massachusetts General Statutes with a personal note from the departing governor to their successor added to the back of the text. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the President of the Senate before a joint session of the House and Senate.[16]

Lone walk

Upon completion of their term, the departing governor takes a "lone walk" down the Grand Staircase, through the House of Flags, into Doric Hall, out the central doors, and down the steps of the Massachusetts State House. The governor then crosses the street into Boston Common, thereby symbolically rejoining the commonwealth as a private citizen. Benjamin Butler started the tradition in 1884.[17] Some walks have been modified with some past governors having their wives, friends, or staff accompany them.[18] A 19-gun salute is offered during the walk, and frequently the steps are lined by the outgoing governor's friends and supporters.[19]

In January 1991, outgoing lieutenant governor Evelyn Murphy, the first woman elected to statewide office in Massachusetts, walked down the stairs before Governor Michael Dukakis. In a break from tradition, the January 2007 inauguration of Governor Deval Patrick took place the day after outgoing governor Mitt Romney took the lone walk down the front steps.[19]

Governor's residence

Despite several proposals for establishing an official residence for the governor of Massachusetts, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts does not have a governor's mansion.

In 1955, Governor Foster Furcolo turned down a proposal to establish the Shirley–Eustis House in Roxbury, built by royal Governor William Shirley, as the official residence.[20]

At one time, Governor John A. Volpe accepted the donation of the Endicott Estate in Dedham from the heirs of Henry Bradford Endicott. He intended to renovate the 19th-century mansion into a splendid governor's residence.[21] After Volpe resigned to become United States Secretary of Transportation in the Nixon administration, the plan was aborted by his successor in consideration of budgetary constraints and because the location was considered too far from the seat of power, the State House in Boston.

Prior to their respective demolitions in 1922 and 1863, the Province House and the Hancock Manor[21] were also proposed as official residences.

Since the governor has no official residence, the expression "corner office", rather than "governor's mansion", is commonly used in the press as a metonym for the office of governor. This refers instead to the governor's office on the third floor of the State House.[22]

List of governors

Since 1780, 65 people have been elected governor, six to non-consecutive terms (John Hancock, Caleb Strong, Marcus Morton, John Davis, John Volpe, and Michael Dukakis), and seven lieutenant governors have acted as governor without subsequently being elected governor. Thomas Talbot served a stint as acting governor, but later was elected governor several years later. Prior to 1918 constitutional reforms, both the governor's office and that of lieutenant governor were vacant on one occasion, when the state was governed by the Governor's Council.

Colonial Massachusetts

Further information: List of colonial governors of Massachusetts

The colonial history of Massachusetts begins with the founding first of the Plymouth Colony in 1620, and then the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628. The Dominion of New England combined these and other New England colonies into a single unit in 1686, but collapsed in 1689. In 1692 the Province of Massachusetts Bay was established, merging Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, which then included the territory of present-day Maine.

Colonial governors of Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were elected annually by a limited subset of the male population (known as freemen), while Dominion officials and those of the 1692 province were appointed by the British crown. In 1774 General Thomas Gage became the last royally appointed governor of Massachusetts. He was recalled to England after the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775, by which time the Massachusetts Provincial Congress exercised de facto control of Massachusetts territory outside British-occupied Boston. Between 1775 and the establishment of the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1780 the state was governed by the provincial congress and an executive council.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present

The constitution of Massachusetts created the offices of governor[23] and lieutenant governor,[24] to be elected annually.[25] Terms were lengthened to two years in 1918, to last until their successor was inaugurated, which would be at least the first Wednesday in the January after their election.[26] This was changed to the Thursday following the first Wednesday in the January after the election in 1950,[27] and terms were lengthened to four years in 1996.[28]

Governors of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[a]
1   John Hancock
(1737–1793)
[29][30] 		October 25, 1780[31][32]
–
February 18, 1785
(resigned)[b] 		None 1780   Thomas Cushing
1781
1782
1783
1784
— Thomas Cushing
(1725–1788)
[36] 		February 18, 1785[31]
–
May 27, 1785
(lost election) 		None Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
2 James Bowdoin
(1726–1790)
[37] 		May 27, 1785[31]
–
June 1, 1787
(lost election) 		None 1785 Thomas Cushing
1786
3 John Hancock
(1737–1793)
[29][30] 		June 1, 1787[c]
–
October 8, 1793
(died in office) 		None 1787
1788 Benjamin Lincoln
1789 Samuel Adams
1790
1791
1792
1793
4 Samuel Adams
(1722–1803)
[38][39] 		October 8, 1793[31]
–
June 2, 1797
(did not run) 		None Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1794 Moses Gill[d]
1795
1796
5 Increase Sumner
(1746–1799)
[40][41] 		June 2, 1797[31]
–
June 7, 1799
(died in office) 		Federalist 1797
1798
1797
— Moses Gill
(1733–1800)
[42] 		June 7, 1799[31]
–
May 20, 1800
(died in office) 		None Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
— Governor's Council
chaired by Thomas Dawes
[43] 		May 20, 1800[31]
–
May 30, 1800 		— Governor's
Council
acting 		Vacant
6 Caleb Strong
(1745–1819)
[44][45] 		May 30, 1800[31][46]
–
May 29, 1807
(lost election) 		Federalist 1800
1801 Samuel Phillips Jr.
1802 Edward Robbins[e]
1803
1804
1805
1806
7 James Sullivan
(1744–1808)
[47][48] 		May 29, 1807[31][49]
–
December 10, 1808
(died in office) 		Democratic-
Republican 		1807 Levi Lincoln Sr.
1808
— Levi Lincoln Sr.
(1749–1820)
[50][51] 		December 10, 1808[31]
–
June 3, 1809
(lost election) 		Democratic-
Republican 		Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
8 Christopher Gore
(1758–1827)
[52][53] 		June 3, 1809[31][54]
–
June 2, 1810
(lost election) 		Federalist 1810 David Cobb
9 Elbridge Gerry
(1744–1814)
[55][56] 		June 2, 1810[57]
–
May 30, 1812
(lost election) 		Democratic-
Republican 		1810 William Gray
1811
10 Caleb Strong
(1745–1819)
[44][45] 		May 30, 1812[31][58]
–
June 1, 1816
(did not run) 		Federalist 1812 William Phillips Jr.[e]
1813
1814
1815
11 John Brooks
(1752–1825)
[59][60] 		June 1, 1816[61]
–
May 30, 1823
(did not run) 		Federalist 1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
12 William Eustis
(1753–1825)
[62][63] 		May 30, 1823[64]
–
February 6, 1825
(died in office) 		Democratic-
Republican 		1823 Marcus Morton
1824
— Marcus Morton
(1784–1864)
[65][66] 		February 6, 1825[67]
–
May 27, 1825
(did not run) 		Democratic-
Republican 		Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
13 Levi Lincoln Jr.
(1782–1868)
[68][69] 		May 27, 1825[70]
–
January 21, 1834
(did not run) 		National
Republican 		1825 Thomas L. Winthrop[e]
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
Apr. 1831
Nov. 1831
1832
14 John Davis
(1787–1854)
[71][72] 		January 21, 1834[73]
–
March 3, 1835
(resigned)[f] 		National
Republican 		1833 Samuel Turell Armstrong[g]
1834
— Samuel Turell Armstrong
(1784–1850)
[74][75] 		March 3, 1835[76]
–
January 13, 1836
(lost election)[h] 		Whig Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
15 Edward Everett
(1794–1865)
[77][78] 		January 13, 1836[79]
–
January 18, 1840
(lost election) 		Whig 1835 George Hull[g]
1836
1837
1838
16 Marcus Morton
(1784–1864)
[65][66] 		January 18, 1840[80]
–
January 9, 1841
(lost election) 		Democratic 1839
17 John Davis
(1787–1854)
[71][72] 		January 9, 1841[81]
–
January 18, 1843
(lost election) 		Whig 1840
1841
18 Marcus Morton
(1784–1864)
[65][66] 		January 18, 1843[82]
–
January 9, 1844
(lost election) 		Democratic 1842 Henry H. Childs
19 George N. Briggs
(1796–1861)
[83][84] 		January 9, 1844[85]
–
January 13, 1851
(lost election) 		Whig 1843 Henry W. Cushman
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
20 George S. Boutwell
(1818–1905)
[86][87] 		January 13, 1851[88]
–
January 14, 1853
(did not run) 		Democratic 1850
1851
21 John H. Clifford
(1809–1876)
[89][90] 		January 14, 1853[91]
–
January 12, 1854
(did not run) 		Whig 1853 William C. Plunkett
22 Emory Washburn
(1800–1877)
[92][93] 		January 12, 1854[94]
–
January 9, 1855
(lost election) 		Whig 1853
23 Henry Gardner
(1819–1892)
[95][96] 		January 9, 1855[97]
–
January 2, 1858
(lost election) 		Know Nothing 1854 Simon Brown
1855 Henry Wetherby Benchley[i]
1856
24 Nathaniel P. Banks
(1816–1894)
[98][99] 		January 2, 1858[100]
–
January 2, 1861
(did not run) 		Republican 1857 Eliphalet Trask
1858
1859
25 John Albion Andrew
(1818–1867)
[101][102] 		January 2, 1861[103]
–
January 6, 1866
(did not run) 		Republican 1860 John Z. Goodrich
1861 John Nesmith
1862 Joel Hayden
1863
1864
26 Alexander Bullock
(1816–1882)
[104][105] 		January 6, 1866[106]
–
January 9, 1869
(did not run) 		Republican 1865 William Claflin
1866
1867
27 William Claflin
(1818–1905)
[107][108] 		January 9, 1869[109]
–
January 5, 1872
(did not run) 		Republican 1868 Joseph Tucker
1869
1870
28 William B. Washburn
(1820–1887)
[110][111] 		January 5, 1872[112]
–
April 30, 1874
(resigned)[j] 		Republican 1871
1872 Thomas Talbot
1873
— Thomas Talbot
(1818–1885)
[113][114] 		April 30, 1874[115]
–
January 7, 1875
(lost election) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
29 William Gaston
(1820–1894)
[116][117] 		January 7, 1875[118]
–
January 6, 1876
(lost election) 		Democratic 1874 Horatio G. Knight[i]
30 Alexander H. Rice
(1818–1895)
[119][120] 		January 6, 1876[121]
–
January 2, 1879
(did not run) 		Republican 1875
1876
1877
31 Thomas Talbot
(1818–1885)
[113][114] 		January 2, 1879[122]
–
January 8, 1880
(did not run) 		Republican 1879 John Davis Long
32 John Davis Long
(1838–1915)
[123][124] 		January 8, 1880[125]
–
January 4, 1883
(did not run) 		Republican 1879 Byron Weston
1880
1881
33 Benjamin Butler
(1818–1893)
[126][127] 		January 4, 1883[128]
–
January 3, 1884
(lost election) 		Democratic 1882 Oliver Ames[i]
34 George D. Robinson
(1834–1896)
[129][130] 		January 3, 1884[131]
–
January 6, 1887
(did not run) 		Republican 1883
1884
1885
35 Oliver Ames
(1831–1895)
[132][133] 		January 6, 1887[134]
–
January 2, 1890
(did not run) 		Republican 1886 John Q. A. Brackett
1887
1888
36 John Q. A. Brackett
(1842–1918)
[135][136] 		January 2, 1890[137]
–
January 8, 1891
(lost election) 		Republican 1889 William H. Haile[i]
37 William E. Russell
(1857–1896)
[138][139] 		January 8, 1891[140]
–
January 4, 1894
(did not run) 		Democratic 1890
1891
1892 Roger Wolcott[i]
38 Frederic T. Greenhalge
(1842–1896)
[141][142] 		January 4, 1894[143]
–
March 5, 1896
(died in office) 		Republican 1893
1894
1895
39 Roger Wolcott
(1847–1900)
[144][145] 		March 5, 1896[146]
–
January 4, 1900
(did not run) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1896 Winthrop M. Crane
1897
1898
40 Winthrop M. Crane
(1853–1920)
[147][148] 		January 4, 1900[149]
–
January 8, 1903
(did not run) 		Republican 1899 John L. Bates
1900
1901
41 John L. Bates
(1859–1946)
[150][151] 		January 8, 1903[152]
–
January 5, 1905
(did not run) 		Republican 1902 Curtis Guild Jr.[i]
1903
42 William Lewis Douglas
(1845–1924)
[153][154] 		January 5, 1905[155]
–
January 4, 1906
(did not run) 		Democratic 1904
43 Curtis Guild Jr.
(1860–1915)
[156][157] 		January 4, 1906[158]
–
January 7, 1909
(did not run) 		Republican 1905 Eben Sumner Draper
1906
1907
44 Eben Sumner Draper
(1858–1914)
[159][160] 		January 7, 1909[161]
–
January 5, 1911
(lost election) 		Republican 1908 Louis A. Frothingham[i]
1909
45 Eugene Foss
(1858–1939)
[162][163] 		January 5, 1911[164]
–
January 8, 1914
(lost election) 		Democratic 1910
1912 Robert Luce[i]
1914 David I. Walsh
46 David I. Walsh
(1872–1947)
[165][166] 		January 8, 1914[167]
–
January 6, 1916
(lost election) 		Democratic 1913 Edward P. Barry
1914 Grafton D. Cushing[i]
47 Samuel W. McCall
(1851–1923)
[168][169] 		January 6, 1916[170]
–
January 2, 1919
(did not run) 		Republican 1915 Calvin Coolidge
1916
1917
48 Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[171][172] 		January 2, 1919[173]
–
January 6, 1921
(did not run) 		Republican 1918 Channing H. Cox
1919
49 Channing H. Cox
(1879–1968)
[174][175] 		January 6, 1921[176]
–
January 8, 1925
(did not run) 		Republican 1920 Alvan T. Fuller
1922
50 Alvan T. Fuller
(1878–1958)
[177][178] 		January 8, 1925[179]
–
January 3, 1929
(did not run) 		Republican 1924 Frank G. Allen
1926
51 Frank G. Allen
(1874–1950)
[180][181] 		January 3, 1929[182]
–
January 8, 1931
(lost election) 		Republican 1928 William S. Youngman[i]
52 Joseph B. Ely
(1881–1956)
[183][184] 		January 8, 1931[185]
–
January 3, 1935
(did not run) 		Democratic 1930
1932 Gaspar G. Bacon[i]
53 James Michael Curley
(1874–1958)
[186][187] 		January 3, 1935[188]
–
January 7, 1937
(did not run) 		Democratic 1936 Joseph L. Hurley
54 Charles F. Hurley
(1893–1946)
[189][190] 		January 7, 1937[191]
–
January 5, 1939
(lost nomination) 		Democratic 1936 Francis E. Kelly
55 Leverett Saltonstall
(1892–1979)
[192][193] 		January 5, 1939[194]
–
January 4, 1945
(did not run) 		Republican 1938 Horace T. Cahill
1940
1942
56 Maurice J. Tobin
(1901–1953)
[195][196] 		January 4, 1945[197]
–
January 2, 1947
(lost election) 		Democratic 1944 Robert F. Bradford[i]
57 Robert F. Bradford
(1902–1983)
[198][199] 		January 2, 1947[200]
–
January 6, 1949
(lost election) 		Republican 1946 Arthur W. Coolidge
58 Paul A. Dever
(1903–1958)
[201][202] 		January 6, 1949[203]
–
January 8, 1953
(lost election) 		Democratic 1948 Charles F. Sullivan
1950
59 Christian Herter
(1895–1966)
[204][205] 		January 8, 1953[206]
–
January 3, 1957
(did not run) 		Republican 1952 Sumner G. Whittier
1954
60 Foster Furcolo
(1911–1995)
[207][208] 		January 3, 1957[209]
–
January 5, 1961
(did not run) 		Democratic 1956 Robert F. Murphy
1958
Vacant
61 John A. Volpe
(1908–1994)
[210][211] 		January 5, 1961[212]
–
January 3, 1963
(lost election) 		Republican 1960 Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.[k]
62 Endicott Peabody
(1920–1997)
[213][214] 		January 3, 1963[215]
–
January 7, 1965
(lost nomination) 		Democratic 1962 Francis Bellotti
63 John A. Volpe
(1908–1994)
[210][211] 		January 7, 1965[216]
–
January 22, 1969
(resigned)[l] 		Republican 1964 Elliot Richardson
1966 Francis Sargent
64 Francis Sargent
(1915–1998)
[217][218] 		January 22, 1969[219]
–
January 2, 1975
(lost election) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1970 Donald Dwight
65 Michael Dukakis
(b. 1933)
[220][221] 		January 2, 1975[222]
–
January 4, 1979
(lost nomination) 		Democratic 1974 Thomas P. O'Neill III
66 Edward J. King
(1925–2006) 		January 4, 1979[223]
–
January 6, 1983
(lost nomination) 		Democratic 1978
67 Michael Dukakis
(b. 1933)
[220][221] 		January 6, 1983[224]
–
January 3, 1991
(did not run) 		Democratic 1982 John Kerry
Vacant
1986 Evelyn Murphy
68 Bill Weld
(b. 1945)
[225] 		January 3, 1991[226]
–
July 29, 1997
(resigned)[m] 		Republican 1990 Paul Cellucci
1994
69 Paul Cellucci
(1948–2013)
[227] 		July 29, 1997[228]
–
April 10, 2001
(resigned)[n] 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
1998 Jane Swift
— Jane Swift
(b. 1965)
[229] 		April 10, 2001[230]
–
January 2, 2003
(did not run) 		Republican Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
70 Mitt Romney
(b. 1947)
[231] 		January 2, 2003[232]
–
January 4, 2007
(did not run) 		Republican 2002 Kerry Healey
71 Deval Patrick
(b. 1956)
[233] 		January 4, 2007[234]
–
January 8, 2015
(did not run) 		Democratic 2006 Tim Murray
2010
Vacant
72 Charlie Baker
(b. 1956)
[235] 		January 8, 2015[236]
–
January 5, 2023
(did not run) 		Republican 2014 Karyn Polito
2018
73 Maura Healey
(b. 1971)
[237] 		January 5, 2023[238]
–
Incumbent[o] 		Democratic 2022 Kim Driscoll

Notes

  1. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  2. ^ Hancock resigned abruptly in a "winter of increasing economic distress, political controversy, and social discord",[33] and was suffering ill health, particularly gout.[34] He announced his intention to resign on January 29, and left office on February 18.[35]
  3. ^ Modern sources say Hancock took office on May 30,[29] but a contemporary source says it was June 1.[31]
  4. ^ Represented no party
  5. ^ a b c Represented the Democratic-Republican Party
  6. ^ Davis resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[71]
  7. ^ a b Represented the Whig Party
  8. ^ Armstrong either did not receive or did not expect the Whig nomination, and so ran as an independent.[74]
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Represented the Republican Party
  10. ^ Washburn resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[110]
  11. ^ Represented the Democratic Party
  12. ^ Volpe resigned to be United States Secretary of Transportation.[210]
  13. ^ Weld resigned when nominated to be United States Ambassador to Mexico, but was not confirmed.[225]
  14. ^ Cellucci resigned to be United States Ambassador to Canada.[227]
  15. ^ Healey's term will expire on January 7, 2027.

References

General
  • Lincoln, William, ed. (1838). Journals of each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775 and of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions_Narratives of the Events of the Nineteenth of April, 1775-Paper relating to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and other documents. Dutton and Wentworth, Printers to the State.
  • Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York: The States History Company. OCLC 1543273. (five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century; volume 3 deals with the provisional period and post-independence history until 1820)
  • Morison, Samuel (1917). A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts. Harvard University Library: Wright & Potter Printing Co.
  • Truslow Adams, James (1913). The Founding of New England. Stanford University Library: Atlantic Monthly Press.
  • "Former Massachusetts Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. II. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Massachusetts - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
Specific
  1. ^ "Which States Have Term Limits On Governor?". Term Limits.com. Washington, DC: U.S. Term Limits. Retrieved December 3, 2020. Thirty-six states have some form of term limit on the office of governor. Fourteen states do not. They are: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.
  2. ^ Michaels, Matthew (June 22, 2018). "Here's the salary of every governor in the United States". Business Insider.
  3. ^ Morison 1917, p.22-28.
  4. ^ "Massachusetts Constitution".
  5. ^ William, Galvin. "Elected Officials' Effective Dates of Office". Elected Officials’ Effective Dates of Office. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  6. ^ "A Third Term For Governor Charlie Baker?". News. June 8, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  7. ^ "What Charlie Baker faces should he seek a third term". Boston Herald. July 4, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  8. ^ "Term Limits on Governor". U.S. Term Limits. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  9. ^ "How to Run for Office in Massachusetts" (PDF). Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. March 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  10. ^ Adams 1913, p.444-445.
  11. ^ Adams 1913, p.430-445
  12. ^ a b c Morison 1917, p.9-22.
  13. ^ Frothingham, Louis Adams. A Brief History of the Constitution and Government of Massachusetts, p. 74. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916.
  14. ^ Constitution of Massachusetts, Chapter II, Section II, Article III.
  15. ^ An example of this is found in Chapter 45 of the Acts of 2001, where a veto by Swift was overridden by the General Court.
  16. ^ Massachusetts State Library Information, Governor Transfer of Power, Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  17. ^ "A Tour of the Grounds of the Massachusetts State House". Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  18. ^ Braun, Stephen (December 3, 2011). "Mitt Romney not alone in destroying records". The Herald News.
  19. ^ a b "Romney takes 'lone walk' out of office". Bangor Daily News. January 4, 2007.
  20. ^ "Shirley Eustis House". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  21. ^ a b "Commonwealth Magazine, Fall 1999".
  22. ^ "State House 3rd Floor information, floor plan, and room listing". The 191st General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
  23. ^ MA Const. chp II, § 1, art. I
  24. ^ MA Const. chp II, § 2, art. I
  25. ^ MA Const. chp II, § 1, art. II
  26. ^ MA Const. amendment LXIV
  27. ^ MA Const. amendment LXXX
  28. ^ MA Const. amendment LXXXII
  29. ^ a b c Sobel pp. 689–690
  30. ^ a b "John Hancock". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Burdick, William (1814). The Massachusetts Manual, Or, Political and Historical Register. C. Callender. p. 27.
  32. ^ "John Hancock". Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  33. ^ "Cotton Tufts to Abigail Adams, 11 April 1785", Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-06-02-0028. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 6, December 1784 – December 1785, ed. Richard Alan Ryerson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993, pp. 81–82.] Accessed March 6, 2023
  34. ^ "John Hancock". History. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  35. ^ "James Warren to John Adams, 28 January 1785", Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-16-02-0295. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 16, February 1784–March 1785, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Robert Karachuk, Hobson Woodward, Margaret A. Hogan, Sara B. Sikes, Sara Martin, Sara Georgini, Amanda A. Mathews, and James T. Connolly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012, pp. 498–500.] Accessed March 8, 2023
  36. ^ United States Congress. "Thomas Cushing (id: C001017)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  37. ^ "Bowdoin, James II". Maine: An Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  38. ^ Sobel pp. 690–691
  39. ^ "Samuel Adams". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  40. ^ Sobel pp. 691–692
  41. ^ "Increase Sumner". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  42. ^ "To George Washington from Moses Gill, 15 May 1793", Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-12-02-0460. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 12, 16 January 1793 – 31 May 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick and John C. Pinheiro. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005, pp. 576–577.] Accessed March 7, 2023
  43. ^ Sobel p. 692
  44. ^ a b Sobel pp. 692–693
  45. ^ a b "Caleb Strong". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  46. ^ "Strong to be inaugurated May 30". The Recorder. June 7, 1800. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  47. ^ Sobel pp. 693–694
  48. ^ "James Sullivan". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  49. ^ "Sullivan inaugurated May 29". The Pittsfield Sun. June 6, 1807. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  50. ^ Sobel p. 694
  51. ^ "Levi Lincoln Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  52. ^ Sobel p. 695
  53. ^ "Christopher Gore". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  54. ^ "Gore inaugurated". The Pittsfield Sun. June 10, 1809. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  55. ^ Sobel pp. 695–696
  56. ^ "Elbridge Gerry". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  57. ^ "Gerry inaugurated". The Recorder. June 12, 1810. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  58. ^ "Strong inaugurated". The Recorder. June 9, 1812. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  59. ^ Sobel pp. 696–697
  60. ^ "John Brooks". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  61. ^ "Brooks inaugurated June 1". The Recorder. June 11, 1816. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  62. ^ Sobel pp. 697–698
  63. ^ "William Eustis". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  64. ^ "Eustis inaugurated May 30". The Pittsfield Sun. June 5, 1823. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  65. ^ a b c Sobel pp. 698–699
  66. ^ a b c "Marcus Morton". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  67. ^ The Pittsfield Sun. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. February 17, 1825. p. 1.
  68. ^ Sobel p. 699
  69. ^ "Levi Lincoln Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  70. ^ "Lincoln inaugurated May 27". New England Farmer. June 3, 1825. p. 6. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  71. ^ a b c Sobel p. 700
  72. ^ a b "John Davis". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  73. ^ "Davis inaugurated January 21". Boston Post. January 22, 1834. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  74. ^ a b Sobel pp. 700–701
  75. ^ "Samuel Turell Armstrong". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  76. ^ The Pittsfield Sun. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. March 19, 1835. p. 2.
  77. ^ Sobel pp. 701–702
  78. ^ "Edward Everett". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  79. ^ "Everett inaugurated January 13". Fall River Monitor. January 16, 1836. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  80. ^ "Morton inaugurated January 18". The Pittsfield Sun. January 23, 1840. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  81. ^ "Davis inaugurated January 9". The Recorder. January 19, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  82. ^ "Morton inaugurated January 18". The Recorder. January 24, 1843. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  83. ^ Sobel pp. 702–703
  84. ^ "George Nixon Briggs". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  85. ^ "Briggs inaugurated January 9". The Recorder. January 16, 1844. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  86. ^ Sobel pp. 703–704
  87. ^ "George Sewall Boutwell". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  88. ^ "Boutwell inaugurated January 13". New England Farmer. January 18, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  89. ^ Sobel pp. 704–705
  90. ^ "John Henry Clifford". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  91. ^ "Clifford inaugurated January 14". Boston Evening Transcript. January 14, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  92. ^ Sobel p. 705
  93. ^ "Emory Washburn". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  94. ^ "Washburn inaugurated". New England Farmer. January 14, 1854. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  95. ^ Sobel p. 706
  96. ^ "Henry Joseph Gardner". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  97. ^ "Gardner inaugurated Jan 9". Boston Evening Transcript. January 9, 1855. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  98. ^ Sobel pp. 706–707
  99. ^ "Nathaniel Prentice Banks". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  100. ^ "Banks inaugurated". New England Farmer. January 9, 1858. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  101. ^ Sobel pp. 707–708
  102. ^ "John Albion Andrew". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  103. ^ "Andrew inaugurated January 2". New England Farmer. January 5, 1861. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  104. ^ Sobel pp. 708–709
  105. ^ "Alexander Hamilton Bullock". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  106. ^ "Bullock inaugurated January 6". Fall River Daily Evening News. January 8, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  107. ^ Sobel pp. 709–710
  108. ^ "William Claflin". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  109. ^ "Claflin inaugurated". Fall River Daily Evening News. January 11, 1869. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  110. ^ a b Sobel pp. 710–711
  111. ^ "William Barrett Washburn". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  112. ^ "Washburn inaugurated January 5". Fall River Daily Evening News. January 6, 1872. p. 2. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  113. ^ a b Sobel p. 711
  114. ^ a b "Thomas Talbot". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  115. ^ The Journal of the Senate, for the Year 1874. Massachusetts Senate. 1874. p. 401.
  116. ^ Sobel p. 712
  117. ^ "William Gaston". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  118. ^ "Gaston inaugurated". Boston Post. January 8, 1875. p. 4. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  119. ^ Sobel pp. 712–713
  120. ^ "Alexander Hamilton Rice". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  121. ^ "Rice inaugurated". Boston Post. January 7, 1876. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  122. ^ "Talbot inaugurated". The Boston Globe. January 2, 1879. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  123. ^ Sobel pp. 713–714
  124. ^ "John Davis Long". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  125. ^ The Journal of the Senate, for the Year 1880. Massachusetts Senate. 1880. p. 12. OCLC 04366117. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  126. ^ Sobel pp. 714–715
  127. ^ "Benjamin Franklin Butler". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  128. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1883). The Journal of the Senate, for the Year 1883. p. 12.
  129. ^ Sobel p. 715
  130. ^ "George Dexter Robinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  131. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1884). The Journal of the Senate, for the Year 1884. p. 12.
  132. ^ Sobel p. 716
  133. ^ "Oliver Ames". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  134. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1887). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1887. p. 13.
  135. ^ Sobel pp. 716–717
  136. ^ "John Quincy Adams Brackett". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  137. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1890). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1890. p. 14.
  138. ^ Sobel pp. 717–718
  139. ^ "William Eustis Russell". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  140. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1891). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1891. p. 16.
  141. ^ Sobel p. 718
  142. ^ "Frederic Thomas Greenhalge". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  143. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1894). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1894. p. 15.
  144. ^ Sobel pp. 718–719
  145. ^ "Roger Wolcott". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  146. ^ "Wolcott becomes acting governor". The North Adams Transcript. March 5, 1896. p. 1. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  147. ^ Sobel pp. 719–720
  148. ^ "Winthrop Murray Crane". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  149. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1900). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1900. p. 14.
  150. ^ Sobel pp. 720–721
  151. ^ "John Lewis Bates". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  152. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1903). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1903. p. 16.
  153. ^ Sobel p. 721
  154. ^ "William Lewis Douglas". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  155. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1905). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1905. p. 17.
  156. ^ Sobel pp. 721–722
  157. ^ "Curtis Guild". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  158. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1906). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1906. p. 16.
  159. ^ Sobel pp. 722–723
  160. ^ "Ebenezer Sumner Draper". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  161. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1909). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1909. p. 24.
  162. ^ Sobel pp. 723–724
  163. ^ "Eugene Noble Foss". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  164. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1911). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1911. p. 26.
  165. ^ Sobel p. 724
  166. ^ "David Ignatius Walsh". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  167. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1914). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1914. p. 19.
  168. ^ Sobel p. 725
  169. ^ "Samuel Walker McCall". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  170. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1916). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1916. p. 19.
  171. ^ Sobel pp. 725–726
  172. ^ "John Calvin Coolidge". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  173. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1919). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1919. p. 20.
  174. ^ Sobel pp. 726–727
  175. ^ "Channing Harris Cox". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  176. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1921). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1921. p. 21.
  177. ^ Sobel p. 727
  178. ^ "Alvan Tufts Fuller". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  179. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1925). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1925. p. 22.
  180. ^ Sobel pp. 727–728
  181. ^ "Frank G. Allen". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  182. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1929). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1929. p. 24.
  183. ^ Sobel pp. 728–729
  184. ^ "Joseph Buell Ely". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  185. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1931). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1931. p. 29.
  186. ^ Sobel pp. 729–730
  187. ^ "James Michael Curley". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  188. ^ Massachusetts House of Representatives (1935). Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1935. p. 32.
  189. ^ Sobel p. 730
  190. ^ "Charles Francis Hurley". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  191. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1937). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1937. p. 31.
  192. ^ Sobel pp. 730–731
  193. ^ "Leverett Saltonstall". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  194. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1939). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1939. p. 25.
  195. ^ Sobel p. 731
  196. ^ "Maurice Tobin". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  197. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1945). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1945. p. 43.
  198. ^ Sobel p. 732
  199. ^ "Robert Fiske Bradford". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  200. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1947). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1947. p. 36.
  201. ^ Sobel pp. 732–733
  202. ^ "Paul Andrew Dever". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  203. ^ Massachusetts House of Representatives (1949). Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1949. p. 25.
  204. ^ Sobel pp. 733–734
  205. ^ "Christian Archibald Herter". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  206. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1953). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1953. p. 208.
  207. ^ Sobel p. 734
  208. ^ "Foster John Furcolo". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  209. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1957). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1957. p. 14.
  210. ^ a b c Sobel pp. 734–735
  211. ^ a b "John Anthony Volpe". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  212. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1961). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1961. p. 14.
  213. ^ Sobel pp. 735–736
  214. ^ "Endicott Peabody". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  215. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1963). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1963. p. 16.
  216. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1965). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1965. p. 319.
  217. ^ Sobel pp. 736–737
  218. ^ "Francis Williams Sargent". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  219. ^ "Sargent in Governor Role As Volpe Sworn In at D.C." Transcript-Telegram. January 22, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  220. ^ a b Sobel p. 737
  221. ^ a b "Michael Stanley Dukakis". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  222. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1975). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1975. p. 299.
  223. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1979). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1979. pp. 254A.
  224. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1983). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1983. pp. 18A.
  225. ^ a b "William Floyd Weld". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  226. ^ Massachusetts Senate (1991). The Journal of the Senate for the Year 1991. pp. 334A.
  227. ^ a b "Argeo Paul Cellucci". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  228. ^ "'Citizen Weld' steps out; Cellucci steps forward". The Boston Globe. July 30, 1997. p. 1. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  229. ^ "Jane Maria Swift". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  230. ^ "'Her excellency': Swift is first woman to serve as Mass. governor". The Boston Globe. April 11, 2001. p. 1. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  231. ^ "Mitt Romney". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  232. ^ Massachusetts Senate (2003). The Journal of the Senate of the Years 2003-04 [Vol. 1]. p. 4.
  233. ^ "Deval Patrick". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  234. ^ Massachusetts Senate (2007). The Journal of the Senate of the Years 2007-08 [Vol. 1]. p. 9.
  235. ^ "Charlie Baker". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  236. ^ Miller, Joshua (January 8, 2015). "Charlie Baker takes over as 72d governor of Mass". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  237. ^ "Maura Healey". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  238. ^ Platoff, Emma; Stout, Matt (January 5, 2023). "'Massachusetts can, and will, lead the world': Maura Healey sworn in as state's 73rd governor". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 8, 2023.

External links

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