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Indian athletes in formal clothings, 1951 Asian Games.
Indian contingent including the national football team marching into the National Stadium for opening ceremony of the 1st Asian Games held in New Delhi on 4th March 1951.

The Asian Games, also known as the Asiad,[1][2] is the continental multi-sport event of Asia, normally held once every four years. The Games are regulated by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) and are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Football was first introduced as an Asiad sports at the inaugural edition of the Asian Games held in India in 1951. The India national team participated as host along with five other national teams in this edition and went on to win the inaugural edition. This made them the first ever Asian Games gold medalists in football and also the first ever Asian football champions as well since AFC Asian Cup was only introduced in 1956, two years following the formation of Asian Football Confederation (AFC).[3][4][5] India competed in eleven Asian Games starting from 1951 to 1998 except the 1990 and the 1994 editions. India went on to win the gold medal at the 1962 Asiad and a bronze at the 1970 Asiad. Beginning with the 2002 Busan Asian Games, the rules were changed so that only under-23 national teams are allowed to compete in the Games. India's U-23 national team has yet to win a medal at the Asian Games football tournament.

Background

The Asian Games is the continental multi-sport event of Asia, held every fourth year. The Asian Games Federation (AGF) was responsible for organizing the Games from the first edition in New Delhi, India, until the 1978 Games. Since the 1982 Games, these Games have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), after the breakup of the AGF.[6] The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games.[7][8] The 1951 Asian Games are considered to be a successor of a small-scale multi-sport event known as the Far Eastern Games and the Western Asiatic Games. The Far Eastern Games held in between a period of 1913 to 1938 in the different cities of Japan, Philippines, and mainland China. The Games were successfully organized for the next nine terms. However, due to the Second Sino-Japanese War (which later became part of the World War II), the originally planned Games of 1938 in Osaka was cancelled and the Far Eastern Games were discontinued thereafter.[9][10][11] During early 1930s, efforts were made to organize a multi-sport event to include the countries of West Asia too, which gave birth to "Orient Championship Games", which later renamed as Western Asiatic Games before its first inception. The scope of the Games comprised all the countries east of Suez and west of Singapore. The first edition of these Games was celebrated in Delhi in 1934 at the Irwin Amphitheater, in which four countries—Afghanistan, British India, Palestine Mandate and Ceylon—participated. The decision was made to hold these Games once in four years at midpoint between the two successive Summer Olympics. The 1938 Western Asiatic Games were scheduled to be held in Tel Aviv, Palestine Mandate. However, the Games was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II, and abandoned, thus considered as one of the predecessors of the Asian Games.[12][13][14][15] Football was one of the eight sports played at the inaugural edition of the Asiad in New Delhi and since been the part of every edition of the Asiad.[16][17]

Golden Era

1951: the host and the first ever champion

The draws and the rules

India national football team along with the Japanese team wearing garlands at the medal ceremony.
Indian squad along with other teams during the medal ceremony 1951 Asiad

The draw for the 1951 Games was held on 25 February 1951 at a conference chaired by Guru Dutt Sondhi, the then chairman of the executive committee for the first Asiad, held in New Delhi. At the conference it was announced that Afghanistan, Burma, India, Indonesia, Iran and Japan would participate in the tournament. It was also announced that the matches would be played in two equal halves of 30 minutes with a 5-minute interval; and a 15-minute extra-time with a 1-minute interval, when a result is not produced with in the regulation time. As per draw, Japan and Afghanistan received byes in the quarter final; the winner of Iran versus Burma match would play the former and the latter would play the winner of India versus Indonesia match.[18] The Philippines withdrew before the draw. All matches were played at the National Stadium in New Delhi.[19]

First ever champion of Asia

India played barefooted and supporters were concerned about the pitch whose dimensions were 65 by 110 yards, slightly narrower than international standards, but sanction was taken in advance from FIFA.[20] On 5 March 1951, India for the first time played an Asian Games football match, against Indonesia, under the leadership of captain Sailen Manna and coach Syed Abdul Rahim.[21] In the first quarter of the match, due to India's off–season they were disappointing due to lack of accurate passes and understanding. However, Indian forwards Sheoo Mewalal and Pansanttom Venkatesh pressed the Indonesian defense from the initial minutes with the clinical passes they received from the center–half Chandan Singh Rawat. The scoreline was nil until the 27th minutes when Singh passed a ball to Venkatesh who lobbed the ball with in six yard box towards Mewalal who shot the ball with a header at the back of the net to give India a lead, becoming the first ever Indian goalscorer at the Asian Games. India was better composed in the second half, and in the 42nd minute from a corner kick Mewalal sent in the ball into the box which was deflected from the Indonesian right–back Chairuddin Siregar giving India a 2–0 lead. After three minutes, Indian outside–left Puthanparambil Saleh ran down and took a shot which rebounded from the bar to Mewalal, who tapped the ball to Venkatesh who did not make a mistake to score his first to give India a 3–0 victory over Indonesia, and reached the semi–finals.[22]

Indian team in 2–3–5 formation against Iran at the 1951 Asian Games gold–medal match.

Coach Rahim made three changes in the team for the semi–finals match against Afghanistan on 7 March 1951; Kenchappa Varadaraj replaced Berland Anthony in keeping the net, T. Shanmugham replaced Muhammad Noor in midfield, and Santosh Nandy replaced Saleh in the left wing. From the starting minutes Afghans made sure to play extremely physical and rough, so much so that two players were sent–off the field and two players were cautioned by the referee.[a] But Indian forward dou, Mewalal and Venkatesh repeated their impressive runs, passing, ball control and shooting on target which resulted another 3–0 victory over the opponents and appreciated by 15,000 odd spectators in the stadiums. The first goal was scored when Mewalal passed the ball to Venkatesh who took a scorching shot from outside the penalty box in the 10th minute. For the second goal they interchanged their role, this time Venkatesh made the ball in possession of Mewalal who shot the ball in the far corner of the net in the 16th minute. India troubled the opponents in the second half also, however several shots were wasted as the ball hit the cross–bar. The third goal for India was scored by Nandy from a goal mouth melee and thus India reached the final of the tournament.[24]

India played 2–3–5 formation throughout the tournament and in the final against Iran on 10 March, Anthony was brought back for keeping the net. From the starting, the match was dull and scrappy for the Indians as the barefooted hosts were timid to tackle against the booted visitors and full packed stadium of 25,000 spectators were disappointed as well from their first half performance. However, the defensive pair of captain Manna and T. Papen along with the goalkeeper Anthony earned the praise for saving three definite goal shot. Rawat was as usual clinical in his tackle, clearances and his consistent passes towards the forward line. Inside–right Guha Thakurta and Mewalal kept the Iranian defense busy in the first half. However, it was only in the 34th minute when India scored. Thakurta sent in a ball from the right wing which was trapped by Mewalal and sent it into the net with a quick volley which helped India to beat Iran in the final, and eventually helping India to clinch the first ever Asian Games gold medal in the football tournament becoming the first ever Asian Champion.[25] Mewalal was the highest goalscorer of the tournament.[b][27][26][28]

1954 Asiad: an early exit

The 1954 Asian Games was held in Manila, Philippines in May 1954. On 1 May, the draws for the Football tournament at the 1954 Asiad was announced, where 12 teams would participate including seven debutants. India was drawn in Group C along with Indonesia and Japan. It was announced that winners of each groups, consisting of three teams, would participate in the semifinals, and the winner of the semifinals would play the gold medal match whereas the losers of semifinals would play the bronze medal match. The match duration is increased to 80 minutes in this edition, would be played in two equal halves of 40 minutes. India were the defending champions for the 1954 Asiad.[29][30] However, India's worst defeat of 1–10 against Yugoslavia at the 1952 Olympics was still fresh in their memory though they won the 1953 Colombo Cup few months back.[31][32] The team was led by Manna and managed by Balaidas Chatterjee. In the first group–match against Japan India managed a 3–2 victory. India's centre-forward Syed Moinuddin scored two goals and right–out Joe D'Sa scored one. Japan's only managed two; right–in Takashi Takabayashi and centre-forward Taizo Kawamoto each scoring one.[33] However, on 3 May 1954 India was defeated in the next and the final group–match against Indonesia by 0–4. Indonesia forwards Djamiat Dhalhar and Andi Ramang scored a brace each which resulted India's early exit from the tournament.[c][33][34]

1958 Asiad: a misfortune

After a poor performance and an early exit at Manila Games, India was determined to bounce back at the 1958 Asian Games under coach T. Shome. A total of fourteen teams participated at the Games, with Israel and Malaya made their debut. The matches would be played in two equal halves of 45 minutes and an additional 30 minutes would be added if the score was tied in a knockout game. India was drawn in Group B along with Burma and Indonesia. Top two teams from each of the groups would reach the Knockouts. Similar to 1954 Asiad, India started the group stage with a 3–2 scoreline but defeated Burma this time on 26 May 1958. Chuni Goswami, Tulsidas Balaram and D. Damodaran each scored one. In the second match on 28 May 1958, a repetition of 1954 Asiad occurred; Indonesia beat India again by 2–1 score line. Thio Him Tjiang scored a brace for Indonesia and the lone goal for India was scored by Mohammed Rahmatullah. In the quarter–finals on 30 May, India defeated Hong Kong by 5–2 to reach the semi–finals. The match was tied by 2–2 score line till the regulation time and in the additional minutes India added 3 more to achieve the victory. Rahmatullah scored a brace and, Goswami, Balaram and Damodaran scored once. The win gave India a medal hope since Hong Kong was third seeded team in the tournament.[35][36][37]

On the next day in the semi–finals, India could not cope up with the tired legs from the previous match, and get defeated by South Korea by 1–3. The Indian players were lacking coordination and the stickers could not convert the passes provided by the wingers. Few chances that were created by India were well interpreted by the Korean defense and the goalkeeper Ham Heung-chul. The only goal for India was scored by Rahmatullah leading India 1–0 in the first half. Though Indian goalkeeper was praised by the crowd for several saves but eventually was beaten thrice by Choi Chung-min, Lee Soo-nam and Moon Jung-sik respectively in the second half.[37][35] In the bronze–medal match, India faced Indonesia again. This time also Indonesia beat India, but with a greater margin of 4–1 in the presence of 45,000 spectators. Though India built up good attacks in the first half but could not reap due to poor finishes. Indonesia scored their first goal very early in the 10th minute when the Indonesian outside–right Saari scored directly from a corner kick; thinking the ball will go wide Thangaraj let it go instead the ball curled into the net. India equalized in the starting minute if the second half when Balaram scored from the spot kick. However, with in ten minutes of the second half, Indonesian forwards Omo Suratmo and Wowo Sunaryo scored two consecutive goals in the 59th and 60th minute respectively. Just two minutes before the regulation time Indonesia scored the fourth and the final goal of the match, when inside–right Phwa Sian Liong finished from a solo run.[38]

1962 Asiad: the reign of Golden Trio

Overview and draws

India national football team in India Asian Games suit before boarding the plane for Jakara, Indonesia.
Indian squad before departing for Jakarta, Indonesia to attend 1962 Asiad

The Indian Ministry of Finance almost pruned the football team from the Indian contingent that would participate in the Asian Games due to austerity resulted from budget cuts. However, after several round of talks with the Indian Olympic Association (IOA), the team was sanctioned by the ministry for participation.[39][40]

The initial draw was conducted on 14 August 1962, where eleven teams were drawn in four groups including the defending champion Republic of China.[41] However, the host country, Indonesia denied visas to the delegation of Israel and Republic of China due to various political and diplomatic reasons, thus were expelled from the 1962 Asiad.[42][43] This led the International Amateur Athletic Federation and International Weightlifting Federation to notify the AGF of their withdrawal of sanction from the Games. This caused Indian sport administrator Guru Dutt Sondhi, then the Vice–President of the AGF, saying that the name of the Games should not be kept as "Fourth Asian Games" to safeguard the status of the competition since he was the official observer of the IOC at the 1962 Games. However, this was misinterpreted by the organizers of the Games, the Indonesian Press, the Government and people, and became hostile towards Indian contingent.[d][48][45][49]

A revised draw was conducted on 24 August 1962, where eight teams were divided in two groups. India was in group B along with Thailand, Japan and South Korea. The draw also had a provisions for possible participation of the both Israel and the Republic of China.[50]

The second gold: greatest achievement of Indian football

Goswami, Banejee and Balaram playing for the CSTC club.
Goswami (left), Banerjee (mid) and Balaram (right); the Golden Trio of Indian football won the 1962 Asian Games gold medal.

After Balaidas Chatterjee and T. Shome failed to give India a medal in previous two outings, Syed Abdul Rahim was again given the responsibility of the team for the 1962 Asiad. Since, Rahim guided India to win the first ever Asian Games gold medal and to the semi–finals of the 1956 Olympics which was India's best outing at the Olympics till date, it was expected that the team would perform well.[51][52] Though Rahim was suffering from cancer then, but he had the best possible forward line of P. K. Banerjee, Chuni Goswami, Tulsidas Balaram, who later to be known as the "Golden trio of Indian football". Rahim's squad also had the best defense line then which includes Jarnail Singh, Arun Ghosh, Chandrashekar Menon and Tarlok Singh.[53][54][55] He used the 3–2–5 formation in the first match against South Korea, who had recently won the 1960 AFC Asian Cup. South Korea dominated the match and eventually defeated India by 2–0. In the initial minutes, Indian forward Goswami failed to convert few chances when Balaram passed the ball to him at the goalmouth. The Koreans impressed the 95,000 spectators with better ball control, tactics and quick passes. The first goal for Korea came when Korean forward Chung Soon-choon volleyed the ball from a corner kick in the 30th minute. In the second half Korean inside–out Cha Tae-sung beat Indian goalkeeper Pradyut Barman to score the second goal for his team.[56] In the second match against Thailand, India adapted better gameplay ten the first match. This helped India to defeat their opponent with bigger margin of 4–1. However, center–back Jarnail Singh get injured from a head collision during the match and was stretchered off and needed several stitches. He had to play one man down.[e][57][58] P. K. Banerjee scored a brace and one each scored by Chuni Goswami and Tulsidas Balaram. Thailand able to manage just one goal.[59] For the last encounter in the group, India faced Japan. Though India won the match, India's performance was not as impressive as the previous match. In the first half Japanese forward Saburō Kawabuchi and midfielder Shozo Tsugitani troubled defender Chandrasekhar Menon and goal-keeper Barman several times. In the second half India started attacking, but several chances were missed. The first goal came in the 54th minute, when Ram Bahadur lobbed a ball in front of the goal mouth towards Banerjee who strike it into the net. In the 71st minute, Balaram scored the second goal for India when an easy chance caused by a confusion between Japanese goalkeeper Tsukasa Hosaka and defenders which led the ball to Balaram's feet.[60]

Indian team in 2–3–5 formation against South Korea at the 1962 Asian Games gold–medal match.

In the semi–final on 1 September 1962, India faced South Vietnam who topped group A. Rahim used 3–2–5 formation where he made two changes in the match, Prasanta Sinha replaced injured Ram Bahadur and Jarnail Singh was brought in but instead of defender he was positioned as center–forward, which helped the team to win the match. India's golden trio started attacking from the starting minutes. The first goal for India came in the 13th minute, when inside–left Goswami scored from a pass from left winger Balaram. In the 18th minute Balaram again created a chance but he could not tapp the ball in the net, instead hit the post. He continued his attack, in the 20th minute he dribbled the ball through Vietnamese defense and taken a shot which was wide off the target. In the 30th minute India got a free kick, P. K. Banerjee taken the kick which the Vietnamese goalkeeper Pham Van Rang saved. In the following minutes the Indian forwards increased their attacks, one of which was a header by Banerjee which missed the target by an inch. It was in the 41st minute India managed their second goal, when the defender turned striker Singh rushed through the defense and tapped the ball from three yard of goalmouth. In the second half, Vietnam started attacking to equalize the score. It was inside–right Do Thol Vinh who attempted several times, only got success in the 64th minute when a flicked a ball into the net from a melee with Indian defenders. However, Vietnam's first goal came in the 52nd minute when left–back Phan Duong Cam scored from a penalty kick. In the 75th minute Goswami score the final goal of the match, when a soft lob from him out positioned goalkeeper Van Rang and the ball went into the net, helping India to reach the final of the Asiad football tournament for the second time.[61]

India national football team dancing after winning the gold medal at 1962 Asian Games football tournament
Indian team celebrating after defeating South Korea in the final of 1962 Asiad at Senayan Main Stadium, Jakarta.

In the final on 4 September 1962, India faced the South Koreans again. However, they eventually beat the Koreans by 2–1 in the finals, achieving the team's second Asian Games gold medal. Coach Rahim placed a 2–3–5 formation with goalkeeper Peter Thangaraj. Thangaraj played an important role for the match, he saved several shot from the Koreans who attacked from all directions throughout the match. The 100,000 strong crowds being hostile to India booed throughout the match but they only applauded on Thangaraj's saves.[f][g] He was only beaten in the 85th minute by Korean inside–right Cha Tae-sung, they only goal for Korea. Prior to this goal, India already had a cushion of 2–0 lead. Both the goal came in the first half. The first one came in the 17th minute when captain Goswami scored from a melee at the goalmouth. Jarnail Singh, who was switched to forward from the defense, had a bandaged head from an injury from a previous match. He scored the second goal when he lobbed a ball above Korean goalkeeper Ham Heung-chul, who could not do much but remained as a spectator as the ball entered the net.[63] The 1962 Asiad gold medal win is considered as the greatest achievement of Indian national team since the team overcame various difficulties, starting from participation uncertainties, hostile host, injury and defeating the then Asian champion South Korea.[43][58][62][3]

1966 Asiad: a setback

Following the 1962 victory, India did well in other international tournaments like Merdeka and was the runners-up at the 1964 AFC Asian Cup. However, with the pre–matured demise of coach Rahim and early retirement of players like Goswami and Balaram, Indians were not the favorites despite being the defending champion for the 1966 Asiad. Above that India is drawn in a difficult group alongside Iran, Japan and Malaysia. India played under the guidance of coach Mohammed Hussain and leadership of captain Jarnail Singh. They managed only one win, 2–1 against Malaysia. And in other two matches, they were defeated by Japan and Iran by 2–1 and 4–1 respectively and thus could not move to the knockout stage.[64]

1970 Asiad: the last strive

The Indian team in formal attire posing a group photograph with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Bronze medal winning India team with the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi

Four years later, at the 1970 Bangkok Games, India won the bronze medal. This is also the last glory for India team before its performance declined for almost four decades.[53][65] The team was coached by G. M. H. Basha and managed by 1962 gold medalist P. K. Banerjee. Syed Nayeemuddin was the captain of the team. The Games was scheduled to hosted in Islamabad, Pakistan, but just nine months before the commencement the Games was shifted to Bangkok. The tournament was shortened to ten days and for which India played six matches in nine days. In the preliminary round India were drawn alongside host Thailand and South Vietnam. With a 2–2 draw against Thailand and a victory against South Vietnam by 2–0, India moved to quarter–final round. Though the match against the host on 10 December was critical for India in the presence of 50,000 home crowds and a slippery pitch from drizzles. India were two goals down already in the 21st minutes. However, in form forward Subhash Bhowmick scored a brace for India to equalize, though missed scoring hat trick from an easy chance which could have helped them winning the match. In the second match against South Vietnam on 11 December, Mohammed Habib and Magan Singh Rajvi scored one each.[66][67][68]

The quarter–final was played in two groups. India was placed in the group A alongside Indonesia and Japan. India dominated the first match against Indonesia on 15 December, scoring three goals against nil; Doraiswamy Nataraj, Rajvi and Shyam Thapa each score one. However, in the match against Japan on 17 December, India unfortunately lost the match only in the final minutes when Japanese forward Takeo Kimura score the lone goal for Japan at the 88th minutes.[69] With one win and one loss, India was runners–up for the group and move in the semi–final, faced group B winners Burma on the next day, 18 December.[67][68]

Burma were the defending champions for the 1970 Games. They were the favorites and as expected with their better skills, passing and attacking mindset won the match against India. Burmese striker Ye Nyunt scored a brace for his team to reach the final, where as India move to the bronze medal match held on the next day, 19 December. Japan was against the opponent for the match and were the favorites since they already beaten the Indian team in the group match. However, the result was reversed this time, India won by a solitary goal, scored by Manjit Singh.[70] Nevertheless, the match was won due to India's defenders; one such was right–back Sudhir Karmakar who man–marked Japanese striker Kunishige Kamamoto skillfully, so much so that the then President of FIFA, Stanley Rous who was present to watch the match, at the end took the microphone and called Karmakar as "Asia’s best defender" and Indian team as "the most skillful team of the tournament".[68][67][71] However, this would be India senior national team's last medal at the Asian Games.[53]

Decline

1974 Asiad: the worst outing

Following the 1970 Asiad bronze medal win, India's performance sharply declined, so much so that the senior national team never finished among top four teams between the 1974 and 1998 Asiad.[53] This decline of Indian football started with a bad outing at the 1971 Merdeka Tournament where they faced a humiliating 9–0 defeat by Burma on 6 August 1971.[72][73] This followed by another bad performance at the 1972 Summer Olympics qualifications.[74] They did not even take part in the 1972 AFC Asian Cup qualification.[75] So, India was not among the favorites for the 1974 tournament even though they performed exceptionally well in the last edition. Even though, coach Basha and manager Banerjee remained with the team along with players like Bhowmick, Habib, Thapa, Nataraj and Rajvi from the last edition, the poor performance continued at the 1974 tournament. India was drawn in the Group B in the preliminary round along with Iraq, China and North Korea. India lost all the three matches; defeated 0–3 by Iraq, a humiliating 1–7 defeat by China and a 1–4 defeat by North Korea. The match against China remains the team's biggest defeat in the Asian Games and the 1974 edition remains the worst ever outing for the team conceding 14 goals, the highest in any Games. Rajvi scored two goals, one each against China and North Korea.[76]

1978 to 1994

For the 1978 Asian Games football tournament, India participated under the guidance of coach Arun Ghosh and Gurdev Singh Gill was the captain for the team. India were drawn in the Group A of preliminary round along with Malaysia and Bangladesh. India lost to Malaysia by 0–1 and managed a 3–0 victory against Bangladesh. Bidesh Bose, Harjinder Singh and Xavier Pius scored one goal each. With one win and one loss India moved to next round where they faced Kuwait, North Korea and Iraq. Kuwait beat India with a huge margin of 6–1, North Korea defeated by 3–1 and Iraq repeated the 1974 score line. India could not move forward. Surajit Sengupta scored the lone goal for India against Kuwait whereas, A. Devraj Doraiswamy scored the only goal against North Korea.[77]

India participated at the 1982 Asian Games as host. The Games was held in New Delhi. P. K. Banerjee was appointed the coach and Bhaskar Ganguly, as the captain of the team. A total of sixteen teams participated in the football tournament. India was drawn in the Group C of the preliminary round along with Bangladesh, China and Malaysia. They won against Bangladesh by 2–0, Malaysia by 1–0, and drawn 2–2 against China, and moved to the knockouts. Prasun Banerjee scored in the starting and the final minutes against Bangladesh, Kartick Seth scored the lone goal against Malaysia in the 68th minute; and against China, Shabbir Ali and Seth scored in the 53rd and the 60 minutes respectively. India faced Group A runners–up Saudi Arabia in the quarter–finals. Despite having the home advantage India were unlucky and were defeated by the Saudis by a lone goal just a minute before the regulation time. Ahmed Bayazid scored the winning goal in the 89th minute and reached the semi–finals.[78][79]

India's poor performance continued at the 1986 Games. They lost all their group matches, conceding 8 goals. This was the only other edition since 1974 Games, where India lost all of the group stage matches. First, South Korea defeated India by 3–0 on 20 September; then a 2–1 defeat by China on 22 September; and finally, India lost to Bahrain by 3–0 on 26 September. Debashish Mishra scored the only goal for India against China.[80][81]

One of the reason for the downfall of Indian football team can be seen in the internal rift between All India Football Federation (AIFF), Calcutta clubs, players and coaches. Since, India was host of the 1982 Asian Games, AIFF started the preparations by giving international exposure with longer camps to the senior team towards the end of 1980. However, this led to a rift between the clubs of Calcutta Football League and AIFF. AIFF did not realize that if the players remain with national team instead of representing the clubs, they would face financial loss. Due to this, most of the players from Bengal left the national camp. Though, the matter was resolved later on but the incident hampered the preparation.[h][79] Again, before the 1986 Asian Games controversy erupted regarding the selection of captain. Coach P. K. Banerjee appointed defender Sudip Chatterjee as captain but midfielder Prasanta Banerjee argued that he should have been given the responsibility because of his seniority. However, Chatterjee was kept as captain, which made Banerjee to excuse of an injury and did not want to play a single match. This led to the team divided in two groups. Then manager of the team P. P. Lakshmanan wrote a critical report regarding the attitude of Bengal players which further resulted in IOA withdrawing the national team from both the 1990 and the 1994 Games.[81]

1998 Asiad: last participation as senior team

After missing out at the 1990 and 1994 edition, for the final time India senior national team took part in the Asian Games at the 1998 edition. IOA allowed the team with a condition that the government would not bear the expenses.[82] Syed Nayeemuddin was the coach and the team was managed by Chuni Goswami. I. M. Vijayan was the captain of the team. India started well in the preliminary round. In the first match on 3 December against Japan, India lost narrowly by a solitary goal, scored by Japanese forward Kenji Fukuda.[83][84] In the second match on 5 December, India earned three point from a win against Nepal and got into second round. Carlton Chapman scored the only goal for India. However, in the first round, India lost all their second round matches; a 3–2 loss against Turkmenistan, defeated 2–0 by Uzbekistan and finally, lost to North Korea again by 2–0. Vijayan and Tushar Rakshit score for India against Turkmenistan.[85][86][87][88]

Participation of under–23 team

2002 Asiad: new rules

As the turn of the century, OCA changed the rules of participation of players Asian Games. The age of the players was limited to 23 years while three over aged players were allowed among each squad, similar to the rules for participation at the Summer Olympics.[i][93][94][90] The 2002 Asian Games was held in Busan, South Korea in September 2002. The football tournament at the Games was the first edition where the under–23 teams participated. However, similar to the 1998 edition, the team was allowed to go with the condition that government will not bear the expenditure of the team.[82] India was drawn in the Group C along with Bangladesh, Turkmenistan and China. India defeated Bangladesh and Turkmenistan with ease by 3-0 and 3-1 respectively. Skipper Bhaichung Bhutia played exceptionally well, scoring two goals each against both the teams.[95][96] However, in third match on 3 October, India lost to China and finished as group runners-up. Despite earning six point from the two wins, the team was unlucky to move to the knockouts due to lower goal difference among other second-placed teams.[97][98]

2006–present

Indian football team almost missed the berth for the 2006 Guanzhou Games since government adopted a criterion which allowed squads for team sports only if they had fourth–to–sixth-place finish in the previous edition. However, the team was allowed with a condition that AIFF would bear the expenditure of the team. Bob Houghton was the coach and Bhutia was the captain of the team. India was drawn along with Hong Kong, the Maldives and the defending champion Iran. India managed a 1–1 draw against Hong Kong, a 2–1 victory against Maldives and a 2–0 defeat by Iran.[99][100][101][82]

Four year later, at the 2010 Doha Games India again had a poor performance. The team was drawn in Group D along with Athletes of Kuwait, Qatar and Singapore. Athletes of Kuwait defeated India by 2–0 and Qatar defeated them by 2–1, Dharmaraj Ravanan scored the only goal for India.[102][103] In the third match against Singapore, India managed a comfortable win by 4–1. Jewel Raja, Balwant Singh, Jibon Singh, Manish Maithani each scored one goal for the team. India reached the Round of 16 by virtue of the best third placed team.[104] However, in the knockouts India got humbled by Japan with a 5–0 scoreline. This is also the first time since 1982 edition that India finished in the knockout stage.[105][106]

The Indian Sports Ministry was initially reluctant to send the team to 2014 Asian Games, but later allowed.[107][108] However, at the 2014 tournament, India had their worst outing since under-23 team was allowed. India conceded seven goals in just two matches. India was drawn along with United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Jordan in Group H. In the first match UAE defeated India by 5–0 and in the second match Jordan defeated India by 2–0, and failed to move in the Round of 16.[109][110]

For the 2018 Asian Games, the IOA did not allow the team to participate at the football tournament and deemed the team as incompetent to win any medal. The association also did not allow AIFF to get the team participate with their own expenses.[111] Four years later, again a similar situation arose. The national football team almost missed the berth for the Hangzhou Games, held in September 2023. The Sports Ministry adopted a criterion of allowing squads for team–sports only if the concerned team was among top 8th ranked in Asia.[112] Though India senior national team was ranked 18th in Asia, but FIFA does not rank the under–age national teams.[113][114] Later, Indian football fans started a campaign on various social media platforms and hashtags trend to support the cause. With them, the then India team coach Igor Štimac reached out to the Government of India for their intervention through an open letter on various social media platforms.[115][116] This led to a meeting of the AIFF with the ministry, which eventually allowed the team's participation seeing their performances at the Tri-Nation Series, Intercontinental cup and SAFF championship held in 2023.[117] Though the team was allowed, but the main under–23 squad was missing from participation since 11 out of 22 players who were originally named in the final squad withdrew due to their club's refusal to release them.[118][119] The AIFF asked the Football Sports Development Limited to postpone the 2023–24 Indian Super League so that the players could participate and the team could have a practice camp before the Games, which they refused and thus the team participate without a single practice session.[120][121]

The 19th Asian Games, that was scheduled to be held between 10 and 25 September 2022 in Hangzhou, was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and held between 23 September and 8 October 2022.[122] However, the group stage of the football tournament started from 19 September 2023. On 27 July 2023, the draw for the Hangzhou Games was held, where India was drawn in Group A along with the host China, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[123][124] India ended the campaign with a 2–0 defeat against Saudi Arabia in the Round of 16.[125] In the group stage, India were humiliated by the host with a 5–1 loss. However, India managed a 1–0 win against Bangladesh and a 1–1 draw against Myanmar, earning four points to reach the knockouts.[126][127][128]

Record

Since its inception 1951, the football tournament at the Asian Games was played by the senior teams till the 1998 edition. Since, the 2002 edition the IOC and AFC changed the rules of participation, and allowed under-23 players except three over aged players in a squad.[93][94]

Asian Games record
Host/Year Result Position Pld W D L GF GA Squad Ref.
India 1951 Champions 1st 3 3 0 0 7 0 Squad [19]
Philippines 1954 Round 1 8th 2 1 0 1 3 6 Squad [129]
Japan 1958 Semi-finals 4th 5 2 0 3 11 13 Squad [29]
Indonesia 1962 Champions 1st 5 4 0 1 11 6 Squad [130]
Thailand 1966 Round 1 8th 3 1 0 2 4 7 Squad [131]
Thailand 1970 Third Place 3rd 6 3 1 2 8 5 Squad [132]
Iran 1974 Round 1 13th 3 0 0 3 2 14 Squad [133]
Thailand 1978 Round 2 8th 5 1 0 4 5 13 Squad [134]
India 1982 Quarter-finals 6th 4 2 1 1 5 3 Squad [78]
South Korea 1986 Round 1 16th 3 0 0 3 1 8 Squad [80]
China 1990 Withdrew [135]
Japan 1994 Indian Olympic Association did not allow team's participation [136]
Thailand 1998 Round 2 16th 5 1 0 4 3 8 Squad [137]
Played by India national under-23 football team
South Korea 2002 Group stage 10th of 24 3 2 0 1 6 3 Squad [138]
Qatar 2006 Group stage 14th of 28 3 1 1 1 3 4 Squad [139]
China 2010 Round of 16 14th of 28 4 1 0 3 5 10 Squad [140]
South Korea 2014 Group stage 26th of 32 2 0 0 2 0 7 Squad [141]
Indonesia 2018 Indian Olympic Association did not allow team's participation [142]
China 2022 Round of 16 9th of 21 4 1 1 2 3 8 Squad
Total Champions 16 / 19 60 23 4 33 77 115
  Champions    Third place    Fourth place    Tournament played fully or partially on home soil  

Match summary

India has scored the most goals against Hong Kong in a 5–2 victory in the quarter-finals of the 1958 Asiad. The most goals the team conceded were in a 1–7 loss against China in the preliminary round of the 1974 Asiad.

India national football team taking a group picture at 1962 Asian Games football tournament
India national team after defeating South Korea in the final of 1962 Asiad at Senayan Main Stadium, Jakarta.
Asian Games match history
Year Round Score Result Ref.
1951 Quarter-final † India  3–0  Indonesia Win [22]
Semi-finals India  3–0  Afghanistan Win [24]
1st place, gold medalist(s) medal match India  1–0  Iran Win [27]
1954 Group stage India  3–2  Japan Win [143]
India  0–4  Indonesia Loss [33]
1958 Group stage India  3–2  Burma Win [144]
India  1–2  Indonesia Loss [145]
Quarter-finals India  5–2  Hong Kong Win [146]
Semi-finals India  1–3  South Korea Loss [37]
3rd place, bronze medalist(s) medal match India  1–4  Indonesia Loss [38]
1962 Group stage India  0–2  South Korea Loss [56]
India  4–1  Thailand Win [59]
India  2–0  Japan Win [60]
Semi-finals India  3–2  South Vietnam Win [61]
1st place, gold medalist(s) medal match India  2–1  South Korea Win [63]
1966 Group stage India  1–2  Japan Loss [147]
India  2–1  Malaysia Win [148]
India  1–4  Iran Loss [149]
1970 Prelim round India  2–2  Thailand Draw [150]
India  2–0  South Vietnam Win [151]
Round 2
(Quarter-finals)		 India  3–0  Indonesia Win [152]
India  0–1  Japan Loss [69]
Semi-finals India  0–2  Burma Loss [153]
3rd place, bronze medalist(s) medal match India  1–0  Japan Win [70]
1974 Prelim round India  0–3  Iraq Loss [154]
India  1–7  China Loss [155]
India  1–4  North Korea Loss [156]
1978 Prelim round India  0–1  Malaysia Loss [157]
India  3–0  Bangladesh Win [158]
Round 2
(Quarter-finals)		 India  1–6  Kuwait Loss [159]
India  1–3  North Korea Loss [160]
India  0–3  Iraq Loss [161]
1982 Group stage India  2–0  Bangladesh Win [162]
India  1–0  Malaysia Win [163]
India  2–2  China Draw [164]
Quarter-finals India  0–1  Saudi Arabia Loss [165]
1986 Group stage India  0–3  South Korea Loss [166]
India  1–2  China Loss [167]
India  0–3  Bahrain Loss [168]
1998 Prelim round India  0–1  Japan Loss [83]
India  1–0    Nepal Win [84]
Round 2 India  2–3  Turkmenistan Loss [85]
India  0–2  Uzbekistan Loss [86]
India  0–2  North Korea Loss [87]
Played by India under–23 team onwards
2002 Group stage India  3–0  Bangladesh Win [95]
India  3–1  Turkmenistan Win [96]
India  0–2  China Loss [97]
2006 Group stage India  1–1  Hong Kong Draw [169]
India  2–1  Maldives Win [100]
India  0–2  Iran Loss [101]
2010 Group stage India  0–2  Athletes from Kuwait Loss [102]
India  1–2  Qatar Loss [103]
India  4–1  Singapore Win [104]
Round of 16 India  0–5  Japan Loss [105]
2014 Group stage India  0–5  United Arab Emirates Loss [109]
India  0–2  Jordan Loss [110]
2022 Group stage India  1–5  China Loss [170]
India  1–0  Bangladesh Win [171]
India  1–1  Myanmar Draw [172]
Round of 16 India  0–2  Saudi Arabia Loss [173]
† There was no group stage in the tournament.

Goalscorers

Former India national team player Sheoo Mewalal.
Sheoo Mewalal, first ever Indian to score at the Asian Games. He scored three goals for India.
Former India national team player Subimal Chuni Goswami in national jersey.
Former India national team player Subimal Chuni Goswami in national jersey.
Chuni Goswami (top) and Tulsidas Balaram (bottom) both scored five goals each at the Asian Games, the most by any Indian.
Former India national team player P. K. Banerjee.
P. K. Banerjee scored four goals at the 1962 Asian Games, the most by an Indian in a single edition.
No. Player Venue/Location Opponent Date Edition Goals Ref.
1 Sheoo Mewalal National Stadium, New Delhi  Indonesia 5 March 1951 1951 1 [19]
 Afghanistan 7 March 1951 1
 Iran 10 March 1951 1
2 Pansanttom Venkatesh  Indonesia 5 March 1951 1
 Afghanistan 7 March 1951 1
3 Santosh Nandy 1
4 Syed Moinuddin Rizal Memorial Stadium, Manila  Japan 3 May 1954 1954 1 [129]
5 Joe D'Sa 1
6 Chuni Goswami Korakuen Velodrome, Tokyo  Burma 26 May 1958 1958 1 [35]
Metropolitan Football Stadium, Tokyo  Hong Kong 30 May 1958 1
Senayan Main Stadium, Jakarta  Thailand 28 August 1962 1962 1 [174]
 South Vietnam 1 September 1962 2
7 Tulsidas Balaram Korakuen Velodrome, Tokyo  Burma 26 May 1958 1958 1 [35]
Metropolitan Football Stadium, Tok  Hong Kong 30 May 1958 1
Japan National Stadium, Tokyo  Indonesia 1 June 1958 1 ‡
Senayan Main Stadium, Jakarta  Thailand 28 August 1962 1962 1 [174]
 Japan 29 August 1962 1
8 D. Damodaran Korakuen Velodrome, Tokyo  Burma 26 May 1958 1958 1 [35]
Metropolitan Football Stadium, Tokyo  Hong Kong 30 May 1958 1
Japan National Stadium, Tokyo  South Korea 1 June 1958 1 ‡
9 Mohammed Rahmatullah Metropolitan Football Stadium, Tokyo  Indonesia 28 May 1958 1
 Hong Kong 30 May 1958 2
10 Pradip Kumar Banerjee Senayan Main Stadium  Thailand 28 August 1962 1962 2 [174]
 Japan 29 August 1962 1
 South Korea 4 September 1962 1
11 Jarnail Singh  South Vietnam 1 September 1962 1
 South Korea 4 September 1962 1
Bangkok, Thailand  Malaysia 12 December 1966 1966 1 ‡ [64]
 Iran 13 December 1966 1
12 Ashok Chatterjee  Japan 10 December 1966 1
13 Inder Singh  Malaysia 12 December 1966 1
14 Subhash Bhowmick  Thailand 10 December 1970 1970 2 [132]
15 Mohammed Habib  South Vietnam 11 December 1970 1
16 Doraiswamy Nataraj  Indonesia 15 December 1970 1
17 Shyam Thapa 1
18 Manjit Singh  Japan 19 December 1970 1
19 Magan Singh Rajvi  South Vietnam 11 December 1970 1
 Indonesia 15 December 1970 1
Aryamehr Stadium, Tehran  China 4 September 1974 1974 1 [133]
Amjadiyeh Stadium, Tehran  North Korea 6 September 1974 1
20 Bidesh Bose Bangkok, Thailand  Bangladesh 10 December 1978 1978 1 [77]
21 Hajinder Singh 1
22 Xavier Pius 1
23 Surajit Sengupta  Kuwait 18 December 1978 1
24 A. Devraj Doraiswamy  North Korea 20 December 1978 1
25 Prasun Banerjee Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi  Bangladesh 20 November 1982 1982 1 [78]
26 Kartick Seth Ambedkar Stadium, New Delhi  Malaysia 22 November 1982 1
 China 24 November 1982 1
27 Shabbir Ali 1
28 Debashish Mishra Busan Gudeok Stadium, Busan  China 22 September 1986 1986 1 [80]
29 Carlton Chapman Trang Municipality Stadium, Trang    Nepal 5 December 1998 1998 1 [88]
30 I. M. Vijayan  Turkmenistan 7 December 1998 1
31 Tushar Rakshit 1
32 Bhaichung Bhutia Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium, Ulsan  Bangladesh 27 September 2002 2002 2 [138]
Yangsan Stadium, Yangsan  Turkmenistan 30 September 2002 2
33 Renedy Singh Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium, Ulsan  Bangladesh 27 September 2002 1
34 Abhishek Yadav Yangsan Stadium, Yangsan  Turkmenistan 30 September 2002 1
35 Pappachen Pradeep Al-Gharafa Stadium, Al-Rayyan  Hong Kong 29 November 2006 2006 1 [139]
36 Sukumar Singh Al-Sadd Stadium, Doha  Maldives 3 December 2006 1
37 Subhas Chakrobarty 1
38 Dharmaraj Ravanan Huadu Stadium, Guangzhou  Qatar 9 November 2010 2010 1 [140]
39 Jewel Raja  Singapore 11 November 2010 1
40 Balwant Singh 1
41 Jibon Singh 1
42 Manish Maithani 1
43 Rahul K. P. Huanglong Sports Centre Stadium, Hangzhou  China 19 September 2023 2022 1 [125]
44 Sunil Chhetri Xiaoshan Sports Centre Stadium, Xiaoshan  Bangladesh 21 September 2023 1 ‡ [127]
 Myanmar 24 September 2023 1 ‡ [128]
‡ Goal scored from penalty kick.

See also

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Footnotes

  1. ^ Yellow card and Red card weren't introduced into the Laws of the Game until the 1970 FIFA World Cup.[23]
  2. ^ Though Mewalal had scored the wiining goal, but he almost missed the final against Iran. A day before the match Mewalal received a telegram about a family member's demise and thus he wanted to leave for Calcutta. Coach Rahim's persuasions to keep him were in vain. Only after the intervention of the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Mewalal stayed back. Both the then Prime Minister Nehru and the President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad were to be present for the match. A fan of Mewalal and sports, Nehru ensured that an Indian Air Force's Dakota plane at the Safdarjung Airport be kept waiting to take off. After the medal ceremony in the evening of the final match Mewalal flew back to Calcutta to join his family in mourning.[26]
  3. ^ According to renowned Indian football journalist and commentator Novy Kapadia, Indian players were already fatigued before the Games, which were held in May, the end of footballing season in India. Above that the matches were held in floodlights which Indian players were not used to playing.[34]
  4. ^ Indonesia succumbed to the pressure from the Arab countries who wanted an expulsion of Israel and from the People's Republic of China for the expulsion of Republic of China (Taiwan) and South Korea from the Games. Though this was against the rules of the AGF, and despite Indonesia's promise to invite all Federation members, including those with whom it had no diplomatic relations (Israel, Republic of China and South Korea). Even the prominent Indonesian newspaper like Times of Indonesia suggested the same. Not allowing Israel and Taiwan which were accredited to the AGF, recognized by IOC for organising the Games, means IOC might have withdrawn its recognition of the Asian Games. This would have affected the status of all athletes and sportsmen who had participated in the Games and would become liable to disqualification from events arranged by the IOC including the Olympic Games. This was evident from the discussion done during the Meeting of the IOC in 1964. However, Indonesia invited South Korea to participate, which they did.[42][44][45][46][47]
  5. ^ Substitution was not introduced in the Asian Games then.[57]
  6. ^ People of Indonesia was so much hostile towards India that during the Games, a violent mob broke into the Indian Embassy, and ransacked and torched the place. The crowd even booed during National Anthem of India played.[42][43]
  7. ^ India had an unexpected group of supporters in the gallery, the Pakistan national hockey team.[62][58]
  8. ^ India’s preparations hindered as players chose clubs, with whom they had contracts, over the national team. Twenty one players (nineteen from Bengal) left the national camp on 19 February 1981. This incident was condemned by the then Prime minister of India Indira Gandhi and Chief Minister of West Bengal Jyoti Basu, and criticized the players' action. However, the matter was resolved when the then Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, who was the president of All India Council of Sports (now defunct), negotiated and make the AIFF obliged to reimburse all the players for national duty with ₹2,000 per month. After two months the players returned to the national camp.[79]
  9. ^ Till the 1980 Games amateur players were eligible to play the Olympic football tournaments. Professional footballers were allowed for the first time at the 1984 Games by the IOC, with a condition that they didn't participate in a FIFA World Cup before. Thus, most of the countries fielded young professional players for the 1984 and the 1988 Games.[89] This led to a new regulation agreed upon by the IOC and the FIFA, that under-23 players would participate from the 1992 Games onwards.[90][91][92]
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