List of chemical elements
As of April 2024[update], 118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]
The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.
List
Element | Origin of name[2][3] | Group | Period | Block | Standard atomic weight Ar°(E)[a] |
Density[b][c] | Melting point[d] | Boiling point[e] | Specific heat capacity[f] |
Electronegativity[g] | Abundance in Earth's crust[h] |
Origin[i] | Phase at r.t.[j] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atomic number Z |
Symbol | Name | (Da) | (g/cm3) | (K) | (K) | (J/g · K) | (mg/kg) | |||||||
1 | H | Hydrogen | Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming' | 1 | 1 | s-block | 1.0080 | 0.00008988 | 14.01 | 20.28 | 14.304 | 2.20 | 1400 | primordial | gas |
2 | He | Helium | Greek hḗlios 'sun' | 18 | 1 | s-block | 4.0026 | 0.0001785 | –[k] | 4.22 | 5.193 | – | 0.008 | primordial | gas |
3 | Li | Lithium | Greek líthos 'stone' | 1 | 2 | s-block | 6.94 | 0.534 | 453.69 | 1560 | 3.582 | 0.98 | 20 | primordial | solid |
4 | Be | Beryllium | Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4] | 2 | 2 | s-block | 9.0122 | 1.85 | 1560 | 2742 | 1.825 | 1.57 | 2.8 | primordial | solid |
5 | B | Boron | Borax, mineral (from Arabic bawraq, Middle Persian *bōrag) | 13 | 2 | p-block | 10.81 | 2.34 | 2349 | 4200 | 1.026 | 2.04 | 10 | primordial | solid |
6 | C | Carbon | Latin carbo 'coal' | 14 | 2 | p-block | 12.011 | 2.267 | >4000 | 4300 | 0.709 | 2.55 | 200 | primordial | solid |
7 | N | Nitrogen | Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming' | 15 | 2 | p-block | 14.007 | 0.0012506 | 63.15 | 77.36 | 1.04 | 3.04 | 19 | primordial | gas |
8 | O | Oxygen | Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming' | 16 | 2 | p-block | 15.999 | 0.001429 | 54.36 | 90.20 | 0.918 | 3.44 | 461000 | primordial | gas |
9 | F | Fluorine | Latin fluo 'to flow' | 17 | 2 | p-block | 18.998 | 0.001696 | 53.53 | 85.03 | 0.824 | 3.98 | 585 | primordial | gas |
10 | Ne | Neon | Greek néon 'new' | 18 | 2 | p-block | 20.180 | 0.0009002 | 24.56 | 27.07 | 1.03 | – | 0.005 | primordial | gas |
11 | Na | Sodium | Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache' · Symbol Na, from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron 'natron' |
1 | 3 | s-block | 22.990 | 0.968 | 370.87 | 1156 | 1.228 | 0.93 | 23600 | primordial | solid |
12 | Mg | Magnesium | Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece | 2 | 3 | s-block | 24.305 | 1.738 | 923 | 1363 | 1.023 | 1.31 | 23300 | primordial | solid |
13 | Al | Aluminium | Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum' | 13 | 3 | p-block | 26.982 | 2.70 | 933.47 | 2792 | 0.897 | 1.61 | 82300 | primordial | solid |
14 | Si | Silicon | Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium) | 14 | 3 | p-block | 28.085 | 2.3290 | 1687 | 3538 | 0.705 | 1.9 | 282000 | primordial | solid |
15 | P | Phosphorus | Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing' | 15 | 3 | p-block | 30.974 | 1.823 | 317.30 | 550 | 0.769 | 2.19 | 1050 | primordial | solid |
16 | S | Sulfur | Latin | 16 | 3 | p-block | 32.06 | 2.07 | 388.36 | 717.87 | 0.71 | 2.58 | 350 | primordial | solid |
17 | Cl | Chlorine | Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow' | 17 | 3 | p-block | 35.45 | 0.0032 | 171.6 | 239.11 | 0.479 | 3.16 | 145 | primordial | gas |
18 | Ar | Argon | Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert) | 18 | 3 | p-block | 39.95 | 0.001784 | 83.80 | 87.30 | 0.52 | – | 3.5 | primordial | gas |
19 | K | Potassium | Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash · Symbol K, from Neo-Latin kalium, from German |
1 | 4 | s-block | 39.098 | 0.89 | 336.53 | 1032 | 0.757 | 0.82 | 20900 | primordial | solid |
20 | Ca | Calcium | Latin calx 'lime' | 2 | 4 | s-block | 40.078 | 1.55 | 1115 | 1757 | 0.647 | 1.00 | 41500 | primordial | solid |
21 | Sc | Scandium | Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia' | 3 | 4 | d-block | 44.956 | 2.985 | 1814 | 3109 | 0.568 | 1.36 | 22 | primordial | solid |
22 | Ti | Titanium | Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos | 4 | 4 | d-block | 47.867 | 4.506 | 1941 | 3560 | 0.523 | 1.54 | 5650 | primordial | solid |
23 | V | Vanadium | Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja | 5 | 4 | d-block | 50.942 | 6.11 | 2183 | 3680 | 0.489 | 1.63 | 120 | primordial | solid |
24 | Cr | Chromium | Greek chróma 'color' | 6 | 4 | d-block | 51.996 | 7.15 | 2180 | 2944 | 0.449 | 1.66 | 102 | primordial | solid |
25 | Mn | Manganese | Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium | 7 | 4 | d-block | 54.938 | 7.21 | 1519 | 2334 | 0.479 | 1.55 | 950 | primordial | solid |
26 | Fe | Iron | English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood' · Symbol Fe, from Latin ferrum |
8 | 4 | d-block | 55.845 | 7.874 | 1811 | 3134 | 0.449 | 1.83 | 56300 | primordial | solid |
27 | Co | Cobalt | German Kobold, 'goblin' | 9 | 4 | d-block | 58.933 | 8.90 | 1768 | 3200 | 0.421 | 1.88 | 25 | primordial | solid |
28 | Ni | Nickel | Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology | 10 | 4 | d-block | 58.693 | 8.908 | 1728 | 3186 | 0.444 | 1.91 | 84 | primordial | solid |
29 | Cu | Copper | English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus | 11 | 4 | d-block | 63.546 | 8.96 | 1357.77 | 2835 | 0.385 | 1.90 | 60 | primordial | solid |
30 | Zn | Zinc | Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone' | 12 | 4 | d-block | 65.38 | 7.14 | 692.88 | 1180 | 0.388 | 1.65 | 70 | primordial | solid |
31 | Ga | Gallium | Latin Gallia 'France' | 13 | 4 | p-block | 69.723 | 5.91 | 302.9146 | 2673 | 0.371 | 1.81 | 19 | primordial | solid |
32 | Ge | Germanium | Latin Germania 'Germany' | 14 | 4 | p-block | 72.630 | 5.323 | 1211.40 | 3106 | 0.32 | 2.01 | 1.5 | primordial | solid |
33 | As | Arsenic | Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka 'golden' | 15 | 4 | p-block | 74.922 | 5.727 | 1090[l] | 887 | 0.329 | 2.18 | 1.8 | primordial | solid |
34 | Se | Selenium | Greek selḗnē 'moon' | 16 | 4 | p-block | 78.971 | 4.81 | 453 | 958 | 0.321 | 2.55 | 0.05 | primordial | solid |
35 | Br | Bromine | Greek brômos 'stench' | 17 | 4 | p-block | 79.904 | 3.1028 | 265.8 | 332.0 | 0.474 | 2.96 | 2.4 | primordial | liquid |
36 | Kr | Krypton | Greek kryptós 'hidden' | 18 | 4 | p-block | 83.798 | 0.003749 | 115.79 | 119.93 | 0.248 | 3.00 | 1×10−4 | primordial | gas |
37 | Rb | Rubidium | Latin rubidus 'deep red' | 1 | 5 | s-block | 85.468 | 1.532 | 312.46 | 961 | 0.363 | 0.82 | 90 | primordial | solid |
38 | Sr | Strontium | Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found | 2 | 5 | s-block | 87.62 | 2.64 | 1050 | 1655 | 0.301 | 0.95 | 370 | primordial | solid |
39 | Y | Yttrium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium | 3 | 5 | d-block | 88.906 | 4.472 | 1799 | 3609 | 0.298 | 1.22 | 33 | primordial | solid |
40 | Zr | Zirconium | Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued' | 4 | 5 | d-block | 91.224 | 6.52 | 2128 | 4682 | 0.278 | 1.33 | 165 | primordial | solid |
41 | Nb | Niobium | Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum | 5 | 5 | d-block | 92.906 | 8.57 | 2750 | 5017 | 0.265 | 1.6 | 20 | primordial | solid |
42 | Mo | Molybdenum | Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) | 6 | 5 | d-block | 95.95 | 10.28 | 2896 | 4912 | 0.251 | 2.16 | 1.2 | primordial | solid |
43 | Tc | Technetium | Greek tekhnētós 'artificial' | 7 | 5 | d-block | [97][a] | 11 | 2430 | 4538 | – | 1.9 | ~ 3×10−9 | from decay | solid |
44 | Ru | Ruthenium | Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia' | 8 | 5 | d-block | 101.07 | 12.45 | 2607 | 4423 | 0.238 | 2.2 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
45 | Rh | Rhodium | Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose' | 9 | 5 | d-block | 102.91 | 12.41 | 2237 | 3968 | 0.243 | 2.28 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
46 | Pd | Palladium | Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet | 10 | 5 | d-block | 106.42 | 12.023 | 1828.05 | 3236 | 0.244 | 2.20 | 0.015 | primordial | solid |
47 | Ag | Silver | English, from Proto-Germanic · Symbol Ag, from Latin argentum |
11 | 5 | d-block | 107.87 | 10.49 | 1234.93 | 2435 | 0.235 | 1.93 | 0.075 | primordial | solid |
48 | Cd | Cadmium | Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes | 12 | 5 | d-block | 112.41 | 8.65 | 594.22 | 1040 | 0.232 | 1.69 | 0.159 | primordial | solid |
49 | In | Indium | Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color found in its spectrum | 13 | 5 | p-block | 114.82 | 7.31 | 429.75 | 2345 | 0.233 | 1.78 | 0.25 | primordial | solid |
50 | Sn | Tin | English, from Proto-Germanic · Symbol Sn, from Latin stannum |
14 | 5 | p-block | 118.71 | 7.265 | 505.08 | 2875 | 0.228 | 1.96 | 2.3 | primordial | solid |
51 | Sb | Antimony | Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony' · Symbol Sb, from Latin stibium 'stibnite' |
15 | 5 | p-block | 121.76 | 6.697 | 903.78 | 1860 | 0.207 | 2.05 | 0.2 | primordial | solid |
52 | Te | Tellurium | Latin tellus 'ground, earth' | 16 | 5 | p-block | 127.60 | 6.24 | 722.66 | 1261 | 0.202 | 2.1 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
53 | I | Iodine | French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet' | 17 | 5 | p-block | 126.90 | 4.933 | 386.85 | 457.4 | 0.214 | 2.66 | 0.45 | primordial | solid |
54 | Xe | Xenon | Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign' | 18 | 5 | p-block | 131.29 | 0.005894 | 161.4 | 165.03 | 0.158 | 2.60 | 3×10−5 | primordial | gas |
55 | Cs | Caesium | Latin caesius 'sky-blue' | 1 | 6 | s-block | 132.91 | 1.93 | 301.59 | 944 | 0.242 | 0.79 | 3 | primordial | solid |
56 | Ba | Barium | Greek barýs 'heavy' | 2 | 6 | s-block | 137.33 | 3.51 | 1000 | 2170 | 0.204 | 0.89 | 425 | primordial | solid |
57 | La | Lanthanum | Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 138.91 | 6.162 | 1193 | 3737 | 0.195 | 1.1 | 39 | primordial | solid |
58 | Ce | Cerium | Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 140.12 | 6.770 | 1068 | 3716 | 0.192 | 1.12 | 66.5 | primordial | solid |
59 | Pr | Praseodymium | Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 140.91 | 6.77 | 1208 | 3793 | 0.193 | 1.13 | 9.2 | primordial | solid |
60 | Nd | Neodymium | Greek néos dídymos 'new twin' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 144.24 | 7.01 | 1297 | 3347 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 41.5 | primordial | solid |
61 | Pm | Promethium | Prometheus, a Titan | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | [145] | 7.26 | 1315 | 3273 | – | 1.13 | 2×10−19 | from decay | solid |
62 | Sm | Samarium | Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 150.36 | 7.52 | 1345 | 2067 | 0.197 | 1.17 | 7.05 | primordial | solid |
63 | Eu | Europium | Europe | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 151.96 | 5.244 | 1099 | 1802 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 2 | primordial | solid |
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 157.25 | 7.90 | 1585 | 3546 | 0.236 | 1.2 | 6.2 | primordial | solid |
65 | Tb | Terbium | Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 158.93 | 8.23 | 1629 | 3503 | 0.182 | 1.2 | 1.2 | primordial | solid |
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 162.50 | 8.540 | 1680 | 2840 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 5.2 | primordial | solid |
67 | Ho | Holmium | Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm' | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 164.93 | 8.79 | 1734 | 2993 | 0.165 | 1.23 | 1.3 | primordial | solid |
68 | Er | Erbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 167.26 | 9.066 | 1802 | 3141 | 0.168 | 1.24 | 3.5 | primordial | solid |
69 | Tm | Thulium | Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 168.93 | 9.32 | 1818 | 2223 | 0.16 | 1.25 | 0.52 | primordial | solid |
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium | f-block groups | 6 | f-block | 173.05 | 6.90 | 1097 | 1469 | 0.155 | 1.1 | 3.2 | primordial | solid |
71 | Lu | Lutetium | Latin Lutetia 'Paris' | 3 | 6 | d-block | 174.97 | 9.841 | 1925 | 3675 | 0.154 | 1.27 | 0.8 | primordial | solid |
72 | Hf | Hafnium | Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor) | 4 | 6 | d-block | 178.49 | 13.31 | 2506 | 4876 | 0.144 | 1.3 | 3 | primordial | solid |
73 | Ta | Tantalum | King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium | 5 | 6 | d-block | 180.95 | 16.69 | 3290 | 5731 | 0.14 | 1.5 | 2 | primordial | solid |
74 | W | Tungsten | Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone' · Symbol W, from Wolfram, from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[5] |
6 | 6 | d-block | 183.84 | 19.25 | 3695 | 5828 | 0.132 | 2.36 | 1.3 | primordial | solid |
75 | Re | Rhenium | Latin Rhenus 'Rhine' | 7 | 6 | d-block | 186.21 | 21.02 | 3459 | 5869 | 0.137 | 1.9 | 7×10−4 | primordial | solid |
76 | Os | Osmium | Greek osmḗ 'smell' | 8 | 6 | d-block | 190.23 | 22.59 | 3306 | 5285 | 0.13 | 2.2 | 0.002 | primordial | solid |
77 | Ir | Iridium | Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow | 9 | 6 | d-block | 192.22 | 22.56 | 2719 | 4701 | 0.131 | 2.20 | 0.001 | primordial | solid |
78 | Pt | Platinum | Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver' | 10 | 6 | d-block | 195.08 | 21.45 | 2041.4 | 4098 | 0.133 | 2.28 | 0.005 | primordial | solid |
79 | Au | Gold | English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow' · Symbol Au, from Latin aurum |
11 | 6 | d-block | 196.97 | 19.3 | 1337.33 | 3129 | 0.129 | 2.54 | 0.004 | primordial | solid |
80 | Hg | Mercury | Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility · Symbol Hg, from Latin hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros 'water-silver' |
12 | 6 | d-block | 200.59 | 13.534 | 234.43 | 629.88 | 0.14 | 2.00 | 0.085 | primordial | liquid |
81 | Tl | Thallium | Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig' | 13 | 6 | p-block | 204.38 | 11.85 | 577 | 1746 | 0.129 | 1.62 | 0.85 | primordial | solid |
82 | Pb | Lead | English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow' · Symbol Pb, from Latin plumbum |
14 | 6 | p-block | 207.2 | 11.34 | 600.61 | 2022 | 0.129 | 1.87 (2+) 2.33 (4+) |
14 | primordial | solid |
83 | Bi | Bismuth | German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead' | 15 | 6 | p-block | 208.98 | 9.78 | 544.7 | 1837 | 0.122 | 2.02 | 0.009 | primordial | solid |
84 | Po | Polonium | Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie | 16 | 6 | p-block | [209][a] | 9.196 | 527 | 1235 | – | 2.0 | 2×10−10 | from decay | solid |
85 | At | Astatine | Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes | 17 | 6 | p-block | [210] | (8.91–8.95) | 575 | 610 | – | 2.2 | 3×10−20 | from decay | unknown phase |
86 | Rn | Radon | Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn | 18 | 6 | p-block | [222] | 0.00973 | 202 | 211.3 | 0.094 | 2.2 | 4×10−13 | from decay | gas |
87 | Fr | Francium | France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey | 1 | 7 | s-block | [223] | (2.48) | 281 | 890 | – | >0.79[6] | ~ 1×10−18 | from decay | unknown phase |
88 | Ra | Radium | Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray' | 2 | 7 | s-block | [226] | 5.5 | 973 | 2010 | 0.094 | 0.9 | 9×10−7 | from decay | solid |
89 | Ac | Actinium | Greek aktís 'ray' | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [227] | 10 | 1323 | 3471 | 0.12 | 1.1 | 5.5×10−10 | from decay | solid |
90 | Th | Thorium | Thor, the Norse god of thunder | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 232.04 | 11.7 | 2115 | 5061 | 0.113 | 1.3 | 9.6 | primordial | solid |
91 | Pa | Protactinium | English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium. | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 231.04 | 15.37 | 1841 | 4300 | – | 1.5 | 1.4×10−6 | from decay | solid |
92 | U | Uranium | Uranus, the seventh planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | 238.03 | 19.1 | 1405.3 | 4404 | 0.116 | 1.38 | 2.7 | primordial | solid |
93 | Np | Neptunium | Neptune, the eighth planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [237] | 20.45 | 917 | 4273 | – | 1.36 | ≤ 3×10−12 | from decay | solid |
94 | Pu | Plutonium | Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [244] | 19.85 | 912.5 | 3501 | – | 1.28 | ≤ 3×10−11 | from decay | solid |
95 | Am | Americium | Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [243] | 12 | 1449 | 2880 | – | 1.13 | – | synthetic | solid |
96 | Cm | Curium | Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [247] | 13.51 | 1613 | 3383 | – | 1.28 | – | synthetic | solid |
97 | Bk | Berkelium | Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [247] | 14.78 | 1259 | 2900 | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | solid |
98 | Cf | Californium | California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [251] | 15.1 | 1173 | (1743)[b] | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | solid |
99 | Es | Einsteinium | Albert Einstein, German physicist | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [252] | 8.84 | 1133 | (1269) | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | solid |
100 | Fm | Fermium | Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [257] | (9.7)[b] | (1125)[7] (1800)[8] |
– | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
101 | Md | Mendelevium | Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [258] | (10.3) | (1100) | – | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
102 | No | Nobelium | Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer | f-block groups | 7 | f-block | [259] | (9.9) | (1100) | – | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
103 | Lr | Lawrencium | Ernest Lawrence, American physicist | 3 | 7 | d-block | [266] | (14.4) | (1900) | – | – | 1.3 | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand | 4 | 7 | d-block | [267] | (17) | (2400) | (5800) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
105 | Db | Dubnium | Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR | 5 | 7 | d-block | [268] | (21.6) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
106 | Sg | Seaborgium | Glenn Seaborg, American chemist | 6 | 7 | d-block | [267] | (23–24) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
107 | Bh | Bohrium | Niels Bohr, Danish physicist | 7 | 7 | d-block | [270] | (26–27) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
108 | Hs | Hassium | Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany | 8 | 7 | d-block | [271] | (27–29) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
109 | Mt | Meitnerium | Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist | 9 | 7 | d-block | [278] | (27–28) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs | 10 | 7 | d-block | [281] | (26–27) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
111 | Rg | Roentgenium | Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist | 11 | 7 | d-block | [282] | (22–24) | – | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
112 | Cn | Copernicium | Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer | 12 | 7 | d-block | [285] | (14.0) | (283±11) | (340±10)[b] | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
113 | Nh | Nihonium | Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken | 13 | 7 | p-block | [286] | (16) | (700) | (1400) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
114 | Fl | Flerovium | Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist | 14 | 7 | p-block | [289] | (11.4±0.3) | (284±50)[b] | – | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
115 | Mc | Moscovium | Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR | 15 | 7 | p-block | [290] | (13.5) | (700) | (1400) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
116 | Lv | Livermorium | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California | 16 | 7 | p-block | [293] | (12.9) | (700) | (1100) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
117 | Ts | Tennessine | Tennessee, US, home to ORNL | 17 | 7 | p-block | [294] | (7.1–7.3) | (700) | (883) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
118 | Og | Oganesson | Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist | 18 | 7 | p-block | [294] | (7) | (325±15) | (450±10) | – | – | – | synthetic | unknown phase |
- ^ a b c Standard atomic weight
- '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
- '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope
- ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
- ^ Density (sources)
- ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
- ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
- ^ Heat capacity (sources)
- ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
- ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
- ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
- ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
- ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
- ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
See also
- List of people whose names are used in chemical element names
- List of places used in the names of chemical elements
- List of chemical element name etymologies
- Roles of chemical elements
List of chemical elements Element Origin of name[2][3] Group Period Block Standard atomic weight Ar°(E)[a] Density[b][c] Melting point[d] Boiling point[e] Specific heat capacity[f] Electronegativity[g] Abundance in Earth's crust[h] Origin[i] Phase at r.t.[j] Atomic number Z Symbol Name (Da) (g/cm3) (K) (K) (J/g · K) (mg/kg)
1 H Hydrogen Greek elements hydro- and -gen, 'water-forming' 1 1 s-block 1.0080 0.00008988 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 primordial gas 2 He Helium Greek hḗlios, 'sun' 18 1 s-block 4.0026 0.0001785 –[k] 4.22 5.193 – 0.008 primordial gas 3 Li Lithium Greek líthos, 'stone' 1 2 s-block 6.94 0.534 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 primordial solid 4 Be Beryllium Beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India)[4] 2 2 s-block 9.0122 1.85 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 primordial solid 5 B Boron Borax, a mineral (from Arabic bawraq, Middle Persian *bōrag) 13 2 p-block 10.81 2.34 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 primordial solid 6 C Carbon Latin carbo, 'coal' 14 2 p-block 12.011 2.267 >4000 4300 0.709 2.55 200 primordial solid 7 N Nitrogen Greek nítron and -gen, 'niter-forming' 15 2 p-block 14.007 0.0012506 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 primordial gas 8 O Oxygen Greek oxy- and -gen, 'acid-forming' 16 2 p-block 15.999 0.001429 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 primordial gas 9 F Fluorine Latin fluere, 'to flow' 17 2 p-block 18.998 0.001696 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 primordial gas 10 Ne Neon Greek néon, 'new' 18 2 p-block 20.180 0.0009002 24.56 27.07 1.03 – 0.005 primordial gas 11 Na Sodium Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
· Symbol Na is derived from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, 'natron' 1 3 s-block 22.990 0.968 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 primordial solid
12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 2 3 s-block 24.305 1.738 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 primordial solid 13 Al Aluminium Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis), 'bitter salt, alum' 13 3 p-block 26.982 2.70 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 primordial solid 14 Si Silicon Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium) 14 3 p-block 28.085 2.3290 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 primordial solid 15 P Phosphorus Greek phōsphóros, 'light-bearing' 15 3 p-block 30.974 1.823 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 primordial solid 16 S Sulfur Latin 16 3 p-block 32.06 2.07 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 primordial solid 17 Cl Chlorine Greek chlōrós, 'greenish yellow' 17 3 p-block 35.45 0.0032 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 primordial gas 18 Ar Argon Greek argós, 'idle' (because of its inertness) 18 3 p-block 39.95 0.001784 83.80 87.30 0.52 – 3.5 primordial gas 19 K Potassium Neo-Latin potassa, 'potash', itself from pot and ash
· Symbol K is derived from Neo-Latin kalium, from German 1 4 s-block 39.098 0.89 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 primordial solid
20 Ca Calcium Latin calx, 'lime' 2 4 s-block 40.078 1.55 1115 1757 0.647 1.00 41500 primordial solid 21 Sc Scandium Latin Scandia, 'Scandinavia' 3 4 d-block 44.956 2.985 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 primordial solid 22 Ti Titanium Titans, the sons of the earth goddess of Greek mythology 4 4 d-block 47.867 4.506 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 primordial solid 23 V Vanadium Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 4 d-block 50.942 6.11 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 primordial solid 24 Cr Chromium Greek chróma, 'colour' 6 4 d-block 51.996 7.15 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 primordial solid 25 Mn Manganese Corrupted from magnesia negra; see § magnesium 7 4 d-block 54.938 7.21 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 primordial solid 26 Fe Iron English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom ('iron'), from a root meaning 'blood'
· Symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum 8 4 d-block 55.845 7.874 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 primordial solid
27 Co Cobalt German Kobold, 'goblin' 9 4 d-block 58.933 8.90 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 primordial solid 28 Ni Nickel Nickel, a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology 10 4 d-block 58.693 8.908 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 primordial solid 29 Cu Copper English, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros 'Cyprus' 11 4 d-block 63.546 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.90 60 primordial solid 30 Zn Zinc Most likely from German Zinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggest Persian sang, 'stone' 12 4 d-block 65.38 7.14 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 primordial solid 31 Ga Gallium Latin Gallia, 'France' 13 4 p-block 69.723 5.91 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 primordial solid 32 Ge Germanium Latin Germania, 'Germany' 14 4 p-block 72.630 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 primordial solid 33 As Arsenic Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka, 'golden' 15 4 p-block 74.922 5.727 1090[l] 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 primordial solid 34 Se Selenium Greek selḗnē, 'moon' 16 4 p-block 78.971 4.81 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 primordial solid 35 Br Bromine Greek brômos, 'stench' 17 4 p-block 79.904 3.1028 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 primordial liquid 36 Kr Krypton Greek kryptós, 'hidden' 18 4 p-block 83.798 0.003749 115.79 119.93 0.248 3.00 1×10−4 primordial gas 37 Rb Rubidium Latin rubidus, 'deep red' 1 5 s-block 85.468 1.532 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 primordial solid 38 Sr Strontium Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found 2 5 s-block 87.62 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 primordial solid 39 Y Yttrium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also terbium, erbium, ytterbium 3 5 d-block 88.906 4.472 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 primordial solid 40 Zr Zirconium Zircon, a mineral, from Persian zargun, 'gold-hued' 4 5 d-block 91.224 6.52 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 primordial solid 41 Nb Niobium Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology; see also tantalum 5 5 d-block 92.906 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 primordial solid 42 Mo Molybdenum Greek molýbdaina, 'piece of lead', from mólybdos, 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) 6 5 d-block 95.95 10.28 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 primordial solid 43 Tc Technetium Greek tekhnētós, 'artificial' 7 5 d-block [97][a] 11 2430 4538 – 1.9 ~ 3×10−9 from decay solid 44 Ru Ruthenium Neo-Latin Ruthenia, 'Russia' 8 5 d-block 101.07 12.45 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 primordial solid 45 Rh Rhodium Greek rhodóeis, 'rose-coloured', from rhódon, 'rose' 9 5 d-block 102.91 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 primordial solid 46 Pd Palladium Pallas, an asteroid, considered a planet at the time 10 5 d-block 106.42 12.023 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.20 0.015 primordial solid 47 Ag Silver English, from a common Germanic root
· Symbol Ag is derived from Latin argentum 11 5 d-block 107.87 10.49 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 primordial solid
48 Cd Cadmium Neo-Latin cadmia, 'calamine', from King Kadmos, legendary founder of Thebes 12 5 d-block 112.41 8.65 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 primordial solid 49 In Indium Latin indicum, 'indigo', the blue colour found in its spectrum 13 5 p-block 114.82 7.31 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 primordial solid 50 Sn Tin English, from a common Germanic root
· Symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum 14 5 p-block 118.71 7.265 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 primordial solid
51 Sb Antimony Latin antimonium, the origin of which is uncertain: folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greek antí ('against') + mónos ('alone'), or Old French anti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word
· Symbol Sb is derived from Latin stibium 'stibnite' 15 5 p-block 121.76 6.697 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 primordial solid
52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus, 'the ground, earth' 16 5 p-block 127.60 6.24 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 primordial solid 53 I Iodine French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, 'violet' 17 5 p-block 126.90 4.933 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 primordial solid 54 Xe Xenon Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos 'strange, foreign' 18 5 p-block 131.29 0.005894 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.60 3×10−5 primordial gas 55 Cs Caesium Latin caesius, 'sky-blue' 1 6 s-block 132.91 1.93 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 3 primordial solid 56 Ba Barium Greek barýs, 'heavy' 2 6 s-block 137.33 3.51 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 primordial solid 57 La Lanthanum Greek lanthánein, 'to lie hidden' f-block groups 6 f-block 138.91 6.162 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 primordial solid 58 Ce Cerium Ceres, a dwarf planet, considered a planet at the time f-block groups 6 f-block 140.12 6.770 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 primordial solid 59 Pr Praseodymium Greek prásios dídymos, 'green twin' f-block groups 6 f-block 140.91 6.77 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 primordial solid 60 Nd Neodymium Greek néos dídymos, 'new twin' f-block groups 6 f-block 144.24 7.01 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 primordial solid 61 Pm Promethium Prometheus, a figure in Greek mythology f-block groups 6 f-block [145] 7.26 1315 3273 – 1.13 2×10−19 from decay solid 62 Sm Samarium Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official f-block groups 6 f-block 150.36 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 primordial solid 63 Eu Europium Europe f-block groups 6 f-block 151.96 5.244 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 2 primordial solid 64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist f-block groups 6 f-block 157.25 7.90 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 primordial solid 65 Tb Terbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, erbium, ytterbium f-block groups 6 f-block 158.93 8.23 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 primordial solid 66 Dy Dysprosium Greek dysprósitos, 'hard to get' f-block groups 6 f-block 162.50 8.540 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 primordial solid 67 Ho Holmium Neo-Latin Holmia, 'Stockholm' f-block groups 6 f-block 164.93 8.79 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 primordial solid 68 Er Erbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, terbium, ytterbium f-block groups 6 f-block 167.26 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 primordial solid 69 Tm Thulium Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location f-block groups 6 f-block 168.93 9.32 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 primordial solid 70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, terbium, erbium f-block groups 6 f-block 173.05 6.90 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 primordial solid 71 Lu Lutetium Latin Lutetia', 'Paris' 3 6 d-block 174.97 9.841 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 primordial solid 72 Hf Hafnium Neo-Latin Hafnia, 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbour) 4 6 d-block 178.49 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 3 primordial solid 73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology; see also niobium 5 6 d-block 180.95 16.69 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 2 primordial solid 74 W Tungsten Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone'
· Symbol W is from Wolfram, originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[5] 6 6 d-block 183.84 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 primordial solid
75 Re Rhenium Latin Rhenus, 'Rhine' 7 6 d-block 186.21 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 7×10−4 primordial solid 76 Os Osmium Greek osmḗ, 'smell' 8 6 d-block 190.23 22.59 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 primordial solid 77 Ir Iridium Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 d-block 192.22 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.20 0.001 primordial solid 78 Pt Platinum Spanish platina, 'little silver', from plata 'silver' 10 6 d-block 195.08 21.45 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 primordial solid 79 Au Gold English, from the same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
· Symbol Au is derived from Latin aurum 11 6 d-block 196.97 19.3 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 primordial solid
80 Hg Mercury Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
· Symbol Hg is derived from its Latin name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros, 'water-silver' 12 6 d-block 200.59 13.534 234.43 629.88 0.14 2.00 0.085 primordial liquid
81 Tl Thallium Greek thallós, 'green shoot or twig' 13 6 p-block 204.38 11.85 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 primordial solid 82 Pb Lead English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
· Symbol Pb is derived from Latin plumbum 14 6 p-block 207.2 11.34 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 (2+)
2.33 (4+) 14 primordial solid 83 Bi Bismuth German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion, 'white lead' 15 6 p-block 208.98 9.78 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 primordial solid 84 Po Polonium Latin Polonia, 'Poland', home country of Marie Curie, who discovered it 16 6 p-block [209][a] 9.196 527 1235 – 2.0 2×10−10 from decay solid 85 At Astatine Greek ástatos, 'unstable', alluding to its lack of stable isotopes 17 6 p-block [210] (8.91–8.95) 575 610 – 2.2 3×10−20 from decay unknown phase 86 Rn Radon Radium emanation, originally the name of the isotope radon-222 18 6 p-block [222] 0.00973 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 4×10−13 from decay gas 87 Fr Francium France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey 1 7 s-block [223] (2.48) 281 890 – >0.79[6] ~ 1×10−18 from decay unknown phase 88 Ra Radium Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius, 'ray' 2 7 s-block [226] 5.5 973 2010 0.094 0.9 9×10−7 from decay solid 89 Ac Actinium Greek aktís, 'ray' f-block groups 7 f-block [227] 10 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 5.5×10−10 from decay solid 90 Th Thorium Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder f-block groups 7 f-block 232.04 11.7 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 primordial solid 91 Pa Protactinium English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos, 'first, before') + actinium, since actinium is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium f-block groups 7 f-block 231.04 15.37 1841 4300 – 1.5 1.4×10−6 from decay solid 92 U Uranium Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System f-block groups 7 f-block 238.03 19.1 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 primordial solid 93 Np Neptunium Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System f-block groups 7 f-block [237] 20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10−12 from decay solid 94 Pu Plutonium Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar System, considered a planet at the time f-block groups 7 f-block [244] 19.85 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10−11 from decay solid 95 Am Americium The Americas, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with its homologue § europium f-block groups 7 f-block [243] 12 1449 2880 – 1.13 – synthetic solid 96 Cm Curium Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists f-block groups 7 f-block [247] 13.51 1613 3383 – 1.28 – synthetic solid 97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised f-block groups 7 f-block [247] 14.78 1259 2900 – 1.3 – synthetic solid 98 Cf Californium California, where the element was first synthesised in the LBNL laboratory f-block groups 7 f-block [251] 15.1 1173 (1743)[b] – 1.3 – synthetic solid 99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein, German physicist f-block groups 7 f-block [252] 8.84 1133 (1269) – 1.3 – synthetic solid 100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist f-block groups 7 f-block [257] (9.7)[b] (1125)[7] (1800)[8] – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table f-block groups 7 f-block [258] (10.3) (1100) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer f-block groups 7 f-block [259] (9.9) (1100) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest Lawrence, American physicist 3 7 d-block [266] (14.4) (1900) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand 4 7 d-block [267] (17) (2400) (5800) – – – synthetic unknown phase 105 Db Dubnium Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in the JINR laboratory 5 7 d-block [268] (21.6) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist 6 7 d-block [269] (23–24) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr, Danish physicist 7 7 d-block [270] (26–27) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 108 Hs Hassium Neo-Latin Hassia, 'Hesse', a state in Germany 8 7 d-block [269] (27–29) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist 9 7 d-block [278] (27–28) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised in the GSI laboratories 10 7 d-block [281] (26–27) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist 11 7 d-block [282] (22–24) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer 12 7 d-block [285] (14.0) (283±11) (340±10)[b] – – – synthetic unknown phase 113 Nh Nihonium Japanese Nihon, 'Japan', where the element was first synthesised in the Riken laboratories 13 7 p-block [286] (16) (700) (1400) – – – synthetic unknown phase 114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist 14 7 p-block [289] (11.4±0.3) (284±50)[b] – – – – synthetic unknown phase 115 Mc Moscovium Moscow, Russia, where the element was first synthesised in the JINR laboratories 15 7 p-block [290] (13.5) (700) (1400) – – – synthetic unknown phase 116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California 16 7 p-block [293] (12.9) (700) (1100) – – – synthetic unknown phase 117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee, United States, where Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located 17 7 p-block [294] (7.1–7.3) (700) (883) – – – synthetic unknown phase 118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist 18 7 p-block [294] (7) (325±15) (450±10) – – – synthetic unknown phase ^ a b c Standard atomic weight '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here '[97]', [ ] notation: massnumber of most stable isotope ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions ^ Density (sources) ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources) ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources) ^ Heat capacity (sources) ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source) ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic ^ Phase at Standard state (25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa) ^ Helium melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 bar (0.99 atm). Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmosphere. ^ Arsenic: element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure.
References
- ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
- ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
- ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
- ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
- ^ "Fermium". RSC.
External links
- Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared