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Mariam-uz-Zamani

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Mariam-uz-Zamani (lit. 'Mary/Compassionate of the Age'; c. 1542 – 19 May 1623),was the chief consort as well as the favourite wife of the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.

Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in the latter's religious and social policies. She is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as exemplifying both Akbar's tolerance of religious differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. She was said to possess uncommon beauty. She was widely known for both her grace and intellect.

Mariam-uz-Zamani occupied an important place in Akbar's harem, she was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar who in the words of Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, commanded a high rank in the imperial harem.

Name, titles and background

Mariam-uz-Zamani's artistic illustration

Erroneous identification

Misidentification as Christian

Mariam-uz-Zamani's identity has been throughout centuries falsely inferred as Christian primarily on the pretext of her title, 'Mariam', and the absence of her background details from official Mughal chronicles giving rise to speculation about her race and religion.[1] It was presumed by various writers that since she was named Mariam, she must have been a Christian woman. However Islam revers Mary or Mariam as their own. Maryam is the only woman named in their holy book Quran and as per Muslims, she was the greatest woman to ever lived. This signifies the honour bestowed upon the empress and her distinguished rank as Akbar's wife as a title with an identical name, 'Mariam Makani' was bestowed over Akbar's mother by Akbar.

According to Edmund Smith, the story of Salim's mother being of Christian origin was started by some visitors of Fatehpur Sikri who expressed the idea that the painting in Mariam's house at Fatehpur Sikri represented annunciation and therefore believed that Mariam must have been a Christian, however, the liberal historian of Akbar, Abul Fazl makes no mention of her being Christian or Akbar ever having a Christian wife. Additionally Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh, a chronicle written in the Mughal era, explicitly states Mariam-uz-Zamani as a daughter of Raja Bharmal, therefore putting end to the supposition of her being a Christian.[2] It was not only that the painting in Sonahra Makan may have led to speculation of her as Christian but the name Maryam (Mary) has also led weight to the theory of "Christian wife" however Maryam is a common name among Muslims and Maryam-uz-Zamani (Mary of Age) was conferred upon her on the birth of her son, prince Salim.[3][4] For the verification of the assertion of her association with Christianity, Edmund Smith had her crypt opened to find out whether the tomb was that of a Christian lady, but he did not find any trace of the cross.[5]

Marriage to Akbar

Portrait of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar with Mariam-uz-Zamani

Mariam-uz-Zamani's marriage was the result of a conflict between her father and Akbar's brother-in-law, Sharif-ud-din Mirza, the Hakim of Mewat.

The marriage, thus, a political one, took place amidst proper festivity on 6 February 1562, while Akbar was on his way back to Agra from Ajmer (after offering prayers at the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti)


Religion, style and birth of children

Birth of twins

On 19 October 1564, after two years of her marriage, Mariam-uz-Zamani gave birth to twin sons, Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain.[6][7][8][9][10] Akbar arrived in Agra on 9 October 1564 for the birth of twins.[11] Both of them died within less than a month of their birth. Mirza Hussain died on 29 October 1564 and Mirza Hassan died on 5 November 1564. She was, however, honoured with the name of 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessing of God) by Akbar after giving birth to her twins.

Grief struck, Akbar took Mariam-uz-Zamani along with him after their sons' demise on his campaign, and during his return to Agra, he sought the blessings of Salim Chisti, a reputed Khawaja who lived at Fatehpur Sikri.[12] Akbar confided in Salim Chisti who assured him that he would be soon delivered of three sons who would live up to a ripe old age.

Birth of Prince Salim

Few years before the birth of Prince Salim, Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani went barefoot on a pilgrimage to Ajmer Sharif Dargah to pray for a son.[13][14] In 1569, Akbar heard the news that his chief consort was expecting a child again and hoped for the first of the three sons that had been promised to him after the death of the twins by Khawaja Salim Chisti. The expectant empress was sent to the Salim Chisti humble dwelling in Fatehpur Sikri during the latter period of her pregnancy. Akbar himself travelled often from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri during her period of pregnancy to take care of the empress for whom a royal palace named Rang Mahal was constructed in Fatehpur Sikri.[15][16]

One day while Mariam-uz-Zamani was pregnant with Salim, the baby stopped kicking in the womb abruptly. Akbar was at that time hunting cheetahs when this matter was reported to him, thinking if he could have done anything more, as that day was Friday he vowed that from that day he would never hunt cheetahs on Friday for the safety of his unborn child and as per Salim he kept his vow till throughout his life. Salim too in reverence for his father's vow never hunted cheetahs on Friday.[17]

Painting describing the scene of the birth of Prince Salim, seated next to Mariam Zamani on the chair is Mariam Makani, grandmother of Prince Salim.

On 31 August 1569, the empress gave birth to a boy who received the name, Salim, in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast and festivities which were held up to seven days on the occasion of his birth and ordered the release of criminals with great offence. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his wife and son after forty-one days after his birth.[18]

As Empress of Hindustan

The Empress held a significant influence over Akbar.[19][20] Her high rank in the imperial harem provided her with substantial power and privilege.[21] Tirmizi proclaims it was her retirement as the Empress Consort of the Mughal Empire after the demise of her husband, She is described as a charismatic and adventurous woman[22] having a high-spirited disposition and a taste for the unusual.[23] She commanded unreserved respect from all communities not only for her distinguished virtues of tolerance but also for her wide-ranging munificence and solicitude for the poor. On every festive occasion- Muslim or non-Muslim-she gave some cent of her privy purse to charity.[24]

She has high praises reserved in the biography of her husband. As stated by Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak in Akbarnama, she's described as both intellectual and tactful and is termed as an auspicious lady having lights of chastity and intellect shining on her forehead.[25] Abul Fazl calls her "the choicest apple from the garden of paradise".[26] Another contemporary Portuguese traveler, Thomas Roe, describes her as a 'great adventurer'.[22]

She was a major driving force and prime inspiration for Akbar's promotion of secularism.[27] In the words of historian Lal, "The personality and beauty of Mariam-uz-Zamani were indeed partly responsible for Akbar's religious neutrality."[28] She was an active partner in Akbar's search for Divine religion.[29] Abdul Qadir Badayuni describes her as a woman with a gentle disposition.[30]

Akbar commissioned palaces for her in Fatehpur Sikri, Mandu, Lahore, and Agra.[27] In Agra, her palace of residence is believed to be constructed by Akbar. When Akbar moved his court to Fatehpur Sikri in 1571, she resided in one of the most magnificent and beautiful palaces of Fatehpur Sikri which was built in the Zenana complex.

Jahangir's relationship with his mother

Jahangir paid obeisance to his mother by touching her feet. He records these instances with a sense of pride. His reference to his mother was preceded by the epithet 'Hazrat'. Jahangir referred to her as "Hazrat Mariam-uz-Zamani", "Her Majesty" or at times "my exalted mother" out of his love for her in his memoirs.[31]

In 1607 when Jahangir decides to visit Gardens of Babur, he decides to take his mother and a few ladies of his harem along with him and states, "I ordered Khurram to attend upon Hazrat Maryam-Zamani and the other ladies and to escort them to me. When they reached the neighbourhood of Lahore.. I embarked on a boat and went to a village named Dahr to meet my mother, and I had the good fortune to be received by her. After the performance of obeisance and prostration (rites of Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim before my exalted mother)..."[32][33] Jahangir would greet his mother by performing Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim and after paying her homage used to pay respect to other elders and royals. The stature and reverence Jahangir held for his mother were exceptional, he used to carry her palanquin on his shoulders.[34][35] During the plague of Agra when Jahangir was in Fatehpur Sikri, he says, "On January 1619, Mallika Mariam-uz-Zamani came from Agra to meet me and I attained the happiness of waiting on her. I hope that the shadow of her protection and affection will always be over the head of this supplicant."[36]

The courtesies and largesse demonstrated by Jahangir surface the proof of the amount of respect and love he held for his mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. In the words of Edward Terry, a foreign traveller to the Mughal court, "Jahangir's affection for his mother Her Majesty Mariam-uz-Zamani were exceptional, and not seldom would he show many expressions of duty and display his strong affections for her". She hosted several events and royal functions at her palace,[37] like Jahangir's solar and lunar weighings,[38] all his birthday celebrations, Shahzada Parviz's wedding to the daughter of Sultan Murad Mirza and the henna ceremony of Ladli Begum, daughter of Nur Jahan and Shahryar Mirza.[39][40]

Powers and influence

The Empress held considerable freedom of speech in the matters of court.[19] She was one of the few wives of Akbar who had the privilege to attend and express her views on the matters of the court.

As an entrepreneur

Main article: Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet

Mariam-uz-Zamani was greatly interested in trade and commerce and was the earliest recorded woman who consistently engaged in inland and overseas trade.[41][42] During the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir, she built ships that carried pilgrims to and from the Islamic holy city Mecca, ran an extensive trade of silk and several spices to international borders, and oversaw the trade with Gulf countries and nations. In the words of Findly, she had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade.[37] Akbar took a significant interest in Mariam-uz-Zamani's business and invested time and money in her trading endeavours. He often had long discussions about her business with her.[43] She was the only women of Akbar's reign whose involvement in international trade is recorded.

Patron of art and architecture

Mariam-uz-Zamani was one of the great female patrons of the architecture of her time.[44] She constructed one of the earliest built mosques in Lahore, Pakistan, as per Mughal architecture, known as the Begum Shahi Mosque.[45][46][47] She sponsored a remarkable public work, a baoli (step-well) along with a garden near the old district at Brahambad, Bayana.[47][44][48] However, only the baoli remains. She laid a large garden around the tomb of her deceased Emperor husband, Akbar and was also later buried there.[49] She also commissioned the entrance to the Lahore fort, known as Masjidi Darwaza, now corrupted into Masti Darwaja (Masti Gate).[46][45][50]

Both Mariam-uz-Zamani's mosque and baoli (step-well) had an inscription attesting to her role in the construction of these historical monuments. The mosque was constructed during the early period of Jahangir, in 1023 A.H./1614 A.D., as recorded in a Persian inscription fixed on the facade of the northern gate.[46] A marble inscription on the gate of the baoli (step-well) dates it to the seventh year of Jahangir's reign (1612); it was thus built at the same time as Begum Shahi's mosque at Lahore.[44] Thus Jahangir's reign bears the stamp of female patronage.[51]

Begum Shahi Mosque

Begum Shahi Mosque, one of the earliest and most exquisite mosques of Mughal Empire in Lahore.

Begum Shahi Mosque is the earliest dated exquisite mosque of the Mughal Empire built during Jahangir's reign.[46][45][51] This mosque was named after her in her honour and is known as the Begum Shahi Mosque. It is located close to the old Masti Gate of the Walled City of Lahore, opposite the eastern walls of the Lahore Fort.[45] It stands out uniquely for its frescoes, which are significant for their perfect technique and variety of subjects.[52] It featured the earliest dated Iranian motif in Mughal architecture.[53]

"These paintings are unrivalled in Pakistan and perhaps in India "for their delicacy and lively variety" and for their harmonious golden tone, which is due only in part to age."[54]

— Mortimer Wheeler, Five thousand years of Pakistan

"Never in the history of the architecture of the early Moghul period do we find such an extensive and exclusive use of this type of decoration. The endless variety of geometric floral and inscriptional designs spread over the interior surface in a subtle colour scheme is a characteristic not seen elsewhere."[55]

— Ahmad Nabi Khan, Pakistan archaeology no.7

This mosque stands as the best example of the fusion of Timurid and Safavid components. The prayer hall of Begum Shahi Mosque is a single-aisle five-bay structure with elaborate painted decoration. Its inner central dome reveals one of the first dated occurrences of a network developed from points arranged in concentric circles.[51]

The mosque features Lahore's first five-bay prayer chamber that would later be typical of all later Mughal mosques such as the Wazir Khan Mosque and Badshahi Mosque.[56] The ceilings of tomb Itimad-ud-Daula, with their richly polychromed net vaulting and stellate forms, are a more refined version of those at Begum Shahi Mosque.[57][58] The spectacularly painted prayer chamber of Wazir Khan Mosque and its interior, as well as the central pishtaq's recessed arch and stellate vaulting, are richly polychromed using a technique similar to that on Begum Shahi Mosque.[59]

At the time of its construction, this was the only important mosque located in the vicinity of the Lahore fort, and therefore it was frequented by the nobility of the Mughal court. The mosque remained frequented for prayer by the Mughal nobility and the common man alike for more than two hundred years until it was turned into a gunpowder factory by Ranjit Singh.

Mariam-uz-Zamani's Baoli

Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana
Majestic gateway of Maryam Zamani's baoli

Around 1612 AD, she commissioned a great step well and a large garden in Bayana near district Brahmabad.[48][60] The step well was much appreciated by her son, Jahangir, who visited it around 1619 and noted that it was a grand building and was very well built at an expense of just 20,000 rupees. The baoli was considered by the English traveller, Peter Mundy to be "the best of this Kinde that I have yet seene,... a very costly and curious piece of worke".[44] Further he notes that it is a grand building with beautiful gates, cupolas, arches, chawtress, galleries, pillars and rooms above and below. The step-well consists of a gate, four flights of stairs leading down to the water level and a well-shaft at the farther end of the main axis, all constructed in red sandstone. Another European traveller, Thevenot who noticed this complex of garden and baoli notes it as a Royal house insinuating that this building was also meant to house the royal owner of this complex during her occasional visits to the locality.[61]

The main gateway of the baoli is represented by a double-storeyed structure facing east where the smaller rectangular portal is framed into a high arch. This gateway appears to be typically representative of the post-Fatehpur Sikri Mughal architecture of the early 17th century, it also carries an imprint of Rajput conceptions. Although there are only two stories, it is constructed to give the three-storeyed effect from the front. The baoli was built as a part of the garden built by the empress.[62] Rajeev Bargoti notes that her interest in indigo trade might have been because her revenue free grants were located in the indigo producing tract around Bayana including pargana Jansath.[61]

Inscription on Mariam-uz-Zamani Baoli (step-well): 

"1. During the reign of Shah Nuruddin Jahangir, the world became a garden because of his benevolence.

2. By the order of his mother, Maryam Zamani, the divine light became bright.

3. There was built a bagh (garden) and a beautiful baoli (step-well), which made paradise blush with shame.

4. The intelligence said for the hijra date: "San I haft julus padshahi" (the seventh regnal year of the king). " [63]

— Rajeev Bargoti, Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana

Death

Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Sikandra, Agra

Mariam-uz-Zamani died in May 1623, immensely rich and powerful,[64][65][21] and due honour was given by burying her in a mausoleum close to that of Akbar.[64][37] Her desire of being close to her husband even in death is visible in the proximity of her tomb to that of her husband, Akbar. There is no concrete evidence stating the reason for her death though it is believed to have been because of sickness. Jahangir had made several references in his autobiography towards her declining health since 1616 and calls her decrepit.

Her tomb, built between 1623 and 1627, is on Tantpur Road in Jyoti Nagar, next to the tomb of Akbar. Mariam's Tomb, commissioned by her son, Jahangir, who is believed to have grieved her loss immensely,[37] is only a kilometre from Tomb of Akbar the Great, in the direction of Mathura[66] and she stands as the only wife buried close to Akbar. Her tomb resembles her husband's mausoleum in one important aspect, the upper storey of both is open to the sun and rain, and its upper corners are embellished by beautiful pavilions surmounted by lovely domes.[5] The grave itself is underground with a flight of steps leading to it.[67]

Issue

Mughal Emperor Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum are confirmed to have at least three children:

  • Hassan Mirza (19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 5 November 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hussain)[7]
  • Hussain Mirza (19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 29 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hassan)[7]
  • Jahangir (Salim) (30 August 1569, Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal Empire — 28 October 1627, Rajouri, Mughal Empire)[68]

She was also the foster mother of one of her stepsons:

  • Daniyal Mirza (11 September 1572, Ajmer, Mughal Empire — 19 March 1605, Mughal Empire)[69]

Notes

See also

Films and TV serials

Literature

Bibliography

  • Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne the saga of the great Mughals. Penguin books. ISBN 978-0-14-100143-2.
  • Findly, Ellison Banks (April–June 1988). "The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 108 (2). American Oriental Society: 227–238. doi:10.2307/603650. JSTOR 603650.
  • Bargoti, Rajeev (1991). "Maryam Zamani's Baoli at Bayana". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 52. Indian History Congress: 464–469. JSTOR 44142642.
  • Findly, Ellison B. (1993). Nur Jan:Empress of Mughal India. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536060-8.
  • Lal, Muni (1980). Akbar. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-7069-1076-6. OCLC 7796032.
  • Mukhoty, Ira (2018). Daughters of the Sun: empresses, queens and begums of the Mughal Empire. New Delhi. ISBN 978-93-86021-12-0. OCLC 1040634538.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Lal, Muni (1988). Mughal Glory. Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 81-220-0076-2.
  • Jahangir, Emperor; Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (1999). The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. [1], 316. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.

References

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    (a) Jahángír's mother was the elder daughter of Rájá Bhar Mall Kachhwáhá of Amber (Jaipur). She had been married to Akbar, according to Abu-l-Fazl,ft at Sambhar in H. 969 (A. D. 1562).

    Like Abu-l-Fazl, the other Muhammadan authors have, through prejudice, omitted the name of this lady in their narrative of Jahángir's birth.

    But Munshi Suján Rái who is considered a reliable authority by the Persian authors, and most likely derived the information relating to Jahángírs birth from the contemporaries of Akbar and Jahangir, plainly says in his. KAulásatu-t-Tawirtkh.t that Jahangir was born of the daughter of Raja Bhar Mall Kachhwáhá, in H. 977 (A. D. 1570), which is also the uniform statement of the Mirát-i- Aftáb Numa,§ the Siyaru-l-Mutakhirin, and the Tdrtkh-1-Rashidu-d-din Khan. The historians of Ráj'pütáná likewise agree in stating Jahangir to have been born of an Amber princess.
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