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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Cromium (talk | contribs) at 00:35, 16 January 2008 (Reverted good faith edits by 98.196.238.230; I left that space empty for neutrality, because the city website says it is twinned with Jerusalem, Palestine. (TW)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306

Beirut
بيروت‎
Beyrouth (French)
Beirut
Beirut
Location in the Republic of Lebanon
Location in the Republic of Lebanon
GovernorateBeirut
Government
 • MayorAbdel Mounim Ariss[1]
Area
 • City100 km2 (31 sq mi)
Population
 (2007)
 • City2,474,397
 • Metro
2,692,111
Time zone+2
 • Summer (DST)+3
WebsiteCity of Beirut
For other uses, see the Lebanese city.

Beirut (Arabic: بيروت, Template:ArTranslit, Greek: Βηρυττός), is the capital, largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. It is sometimes referred to by its French name, Beyrouth. There are wide-ranging estimates of Beirut's population, from as low as 938,940 people,[2] to 1,303,129 people,[3] to as high as 2,012,000.[4] The lack of an exact figure is due to the fact that no "comprehensive" population census has been taken in Lebanon since 1932.[5]

United Nations headquarters in Beirut.

Beirut had undergone major reconstruction in recent years[6][7][8] and hosted the Francophonie and the Arab League summits in 2002. In 2007, Beirut hosted the ceremony for Le Prix Albert Londres[9][10], which rewards outstanding Francophone journalists every year.[11] The city is set to host the Jeux de la Francophonie in 2009.[12][13]

Beirut was considered as a possible candidate for the 2024 Summer Olympics games.[14] The massive $1.2 billion Sannine Zenith project will make Lebanon capable of holding the games.[15]

The city is home to numerous international organizations. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) is headquartered in Downtown Beirut[16][17] while the International Labour Organization (ILO)[18] and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)[19] both have regional offices in Beirut covering the Arab world. The Arab Air Carriers Organization (AACO) is also headquartered in Beirut.[20]

In Travel and Leisure magazine's World Best Awards 2006, Beirut was ranked the 9th (out of 10) city in the world, falling just short of New York City and coming ahead of San Francisco.[21]

History

View of Beirut with Snow-Capped Sannine Summit of Mount Lebanon in the Background - 19th century

Originally named Bêrūt, "The Wells" by the Phoenicians,[22][23] Beirut's history goes back more than 5000 years.[24][25] Excavations in the downtown area have unearthed layers of Phoenician, Hellenistic, Roman, Arab and Ottoman civilizations.[26] The first historical reference to Beirut dates from the 14th century BC, when it is mentioned in the cuneiform[25] tablets of the "Amarna letters." Ammunira of Biruta[27] (Beirut) sent 3 letters to the pharaoh of Egypt.[28] Biruta is also referenced in the letters from Rib-Hadda of Byblos. The most ancient settlement was on an island in the river that progressively silted up. The city was known in antiquity as Berytus (see also List of traditional Greek place names); this name was taken in 1934 for the archaeological journal published by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut.[29]

Roman baths in Downtown Beirut

In 140 BC, the city was taken and destroyed by Diodotus Tryphon in his contest with Antiochus VII Sidetes for the throne of the Seleucid monarchy. Beirut was soon rebuilt on a more regularized Hellenistic plan, renamed Laodicea in Phoenicia (Greek: Λαοδικεια ή του Φοινίκη) or Laodicea in Canaan, in honor of a Seleucid Laodice. The modern city overlies the ancient one and little archaeology had been accomplished until after the end of the civil war in 1991; now large sites in the devastated city center have been opened to archaeological exploration. A dig in 1994 established that one of Beirut's modern streets, Souk Tawile, still follows the lines of an ancient Hellenistic/Roman one.

Mid-first century coins of Berytus bear the head of Tyche, goddess of fortune; on the reverse, the city's symbol appears: a dolphin entwines an anchor. This symbol was taken up by the early printer Aldus Manutius in 15th century Venice.

Beirut was conquered by Agrippa in 64 BC and the city was renamed in honor of the emperor's daughter, Julia; its full name became Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.[30][31][32] The veterans of two Roman legions were established in the city: the fifth Macedonian and the third Gallic. The city quickly became Romanized. Large public buildings and monuments were erected and Berytus enjoyed full status as a part of the empire.[30]

Under the Romans, it was enriched by the dynasty of Herod the Great, and was made a colonia, Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus, in 14 BC. Beirut's school of law was widely known at the time.[33] Two of Rome's most famous jurists, Papinian and Ulpian, both natives of Phoenicia,[34] taught at the law school under the Severan emperors. When Justinian assembled his Pandects in the 6th century, a large part of the corpus of laws were derived from these two jurists, and Justinian recognized the school as one of the three official law schools of the empire (533). Within a few years, as the result of a disastrous earthquake (551),[25][30][35] the students were transferred to Sidon.[36][34] About 30,000 were killed in Berytus alone and, along the Phoenician coast, total casualties were close to 250,000.[31]

Beirut passed to the Arabs in 635.[37][31] As a trading centre of the eastern Mediterranean, Beirut was overshadowed by Akka during the Middle Ages. From 1110 to 1291 it was in the hands of the Crusaders.[37] No matter who was its nominal overlord, whether Turk or Mamluk, Beirut was ruled locally by Druze emirs.[38] One of these, Fakr ed-Din Maan II, fortified it early in the 17th century,[39] but the Ottomans retook it in 1763 and thenceforth,[39] with the help of Damascus, Beirut successfully broke Akka's monopoly on Syrian maritime trade and for a few years supplanted it as the main trading centre in the region. During the succeeding epoch of rebellion against Ottoman hegemony at Akka under Jezzar and Abdullah pashas, Beirut declined to a small town (population about 10,000), and was fought over among the Druze, the Turks and the pashas.

After Ibrahim Pasha captured Akka in 1832,[40] Beirut began its early modern revival. In 1888, Beirut was made capital of a vilayet in Syria,[41] including the sanjaks Latakia, Tripoli, Beirut, Akka and Bekaa.[23] Beirut became a very cosmopolitan city and had close links with Europe and the United States. Beirut became a centre of missionary activity, which was generally very unsuccessful in conversions (a massacre of Christians in 1860 was the occasion for further European interventions), but did build an impressive education system. This included the Syrian Protestant College, which was established by American missionaries and eventually became the American University of Beirut (AUB). Beirut became the centre of Arab intellectual activity in the 19th century. Provided with water from a British company and gas from a French one, the city thrived on exporting silk grown on nearby Mount Lebanon. After French engineers established a modern harbor (1894) and a rail link across Lebanon to Damascus, and then to Aleppo (1907), much of the trade was carried by French ships to Marseille, and soon French influence in the area exceeded that of any other European power. In 1911, the population mix was reported in the Encyclopædia Britannica as Muslims, 36,000; Christians, 77,000; Jews, 2500; Druze, 400; foreigners, 4100. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Beirut, along with all of Lebanon was placed under the French Mandate.

Lebanon achieved independence in 1943 and Beirut became its capital city. Beirut remained the intellectual capital of the Arab world and a major commercial and tourist center until 1975 when a brutal civil war broke out in Lebanon.[42][43] During most of the war, the city was divided between the largely Muslim west part and the Christian east.[44] The central area of the city, previously the focus of much of the commercial and cultural activities, became a no man's land. Many of the city's inhabitants fled to other countries. In 1983, French and US barracks were bombed,[45][46][47] killing 302.[citation needed]

Since the end of the war in 1989, the people of Lebanon have been rebuilding Beirut, and by the start of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict the city had somewhat regained its status as a tourist, cultural, and intellectual center in the Middle East, as well as a center for commerce, fashion, and media. However, many would say the city has lost its premier status, due to competition from places like Dubai and Cyprus in the fields of tourism, business, fashion, commerce, and banking.[citation needed] Reconstruction of downtown Beirut has been largely driven by Solidere, a development company established in 1994 by Rafik Hariri. Beirut is home to the international designer Elie Saab, jeweller Robert Moawad, and to some popular satellite television stations, such as LBC, Future TV, New TV and others. The city was host to the Asian Basketball Championship and the Asian Football Championship. Beirut also successfully hosted the Miss Europe pageant eight times, 1960-1964, 1999, 2001-2002.

The 2005 assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri near the Saint George Bay in Beirut shook the entire country.[48][49][50] Approximately one million people gathered for an opposition rally in Beirut, a month after the death of Hariri.[51][52]. The "Cedar Revolution" was the largest rally in Lebanon's history.[53] The last Syrian troops withdrew from Beirut on April 26 2005.[54]

Geography

Pigeons' Rock (Raouché)

Backed by the Mount Lebanon mountains, Beirut is situated on a spur where the narrow coastal plain projects into the Mediterranean Sea. Beirut's coast is rather diverse; rocky beaches, sandy shores, and cliffs are situated beside one another.

Beirut is located halfway along the Lebanese coastline with Byblos and Tripoli to the North, and Sidon and Tyre to the South. The Lebanon Mountains surround much of Beirut, with Eastern Lebanon behind them. Its location makes it easy to reach from almost any location in Lebanon.

Climate

Beirut has a mediterranean climate characterized by a hot and dry (but humid) summer, pleasant fall and spring, and cool, rainy winter. August is the hottest month of the year with a monthly average high temperature of 29 °C (85 °F), and January and February are the coldest months with a monthly average low temperature of 10 °C (50 °F). During the afternoon and evening, the wind direction is from the west, the mediterranean sea direction, towards inland; at night the wind direction is reversed, blowing from the land out to sea.

Winter is the rainy season, with major precipitation falling after December. The average annual rainfall is 860 millimetres (34.1 Inches); the rainfall is concentrated during scattered days in winter falling in heavy cloudbursts.

Climate data for Beirut
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: Weatherbase[55]

Education

The museum of the American University of Beirut

Higher education in Beirut, and all over Lebanon, is provided by technical and vocational institutes, university colleges, university institutes and universities. Among these numbers of institutions nationwide, the Lebanese University is the only public institution in the capital.[56] The responsibility of the Directorate General of Higher Education is responsible for managing the university colleges, university Institutes and Universities in Beirut and nationwide.[56]

The higher education system is based on the Baccalauréat libanais. Before admissing to any recognizable higher institution, one much already conclude his or her Baccalauréat examinations. Baccalauréat technique is an alternative to credentials.[56]

Foreign students who do wish to study in higher Lebanese institutions must also meet Lebanese qualifications. Their examinations must be equivalent to the Baccalauréat system before they are granted admission to higher institutions. They are not subject to any special quota system, and scholarships are granted within the framework of bilateral agreements concluded with other countries.[56] Degrees obtained outside Lebanon must be certified by the Lebanese embassy abroad and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Lebanon. Then, candidates must go in person to the Secretariat of the Equivalence Committee with required documents.[57]

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Beirut
Inside the Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport

The city's airport is the Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport and is located in the southern suburbs.[58][59][60]

By land, the latter are served by either service or taxis. Service is a lot cheaper than taxis however, to avoid misunderstanding, agreement over the pricing need to be made before setting off.[61]

Beirut has frequent bus connections to other cities in Lebanon and major cities in Syria. The Lebanese Commuting Company, or LCC in short, is just one of a handful brands of public transportations all over Lebanon.[62] On the other hand, the publicly owned buses are managed by le Office des Chemins de Fer et des Transports en Commun (OCFTC), or the "Railway and Public Transportation Authority" in English.[63] Buses for northern destinations and Syria leave from Charles Helou Station.[64][65]

Apart from the international airport, the Port of Beirut is another port of entry. As a final destination, anyone can also reach Lebanon by ferry from Cyprus or by road from Damascus.[61]

Culture

The National Museum of Beirut

Beirut has been exposed to cultural changes due to contact with so many civilizations. As mentioned under the history of Beirut, this city had interacted with cultures from the Greeks to the Romans and, presently, to the Arabs. Not only was there a law school under the Romanized Berytus, it was also believed to be the first law school in the world. Because of this, this is currently part of the cultural pride of the Lebanese.[66]

The national museum is situated in Beirut. The National Museum of Beirut is just a few blocks from the French Embassy and the Military Tribunal, and it is founded just at the corner of the Damascus Expressway.[67] Apart from this, however, there is a more private museum within the courtyards of the American University of Beirut, the third oldest museum in the Middle East.[68]

Media

Beirut is the main center in Lebanon for the television, newspaper, and book publishing industries. The television stations include Tele Liban, LBC, Future TV, New TV, Al-Manar, ANB, NBN , and OTV. The newspapers include An-Nahar, As-Safir, Al Mustaqbal, Al Akhbar, Al-Balad, Ad-Diyar, Al Anwar, Al Sharq, L'Orient Le Jour and the Daily Star.

Religion

Mosque and Church in Downtown Beirut

Beirut is the most religiously diverse city of the Middle East,[69] with Christians (Maronite Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholics, Roman Catholics, Syriacs, Copts, Methodists, Protestants), Muslims (Sunni & Shi'ite), and atheists all having a significant presence. Beirut is the most Christian capital of the Middle East. [70] For all intents and purposes, Lebanon really only has eight major religions (Sunni Muslim, Shiite Muslim, Druze, Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, and Protestant). There are no statistics that report atheists in Lebanon. Even though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

Beirut has had a history of political strife due to religious divisions. Religion has historically divided Lebanese society decisively, evident in its prolonged civil war.

Sports

File:Beirut-Sports-City.jpg
Opening ceremony of the 2000 AFC Asian Cup in Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium

Beirut, in addition to Sidon and Tripoli, hosted the 2000 AFC Asian Cup.[71][72] There are two stadiums in the city, Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium and Beirut Municipal Stadium.

There are seven football teams in the Lebanese Premier League that are based in Beirut: Nejmeh, Al-Ansar, Al-Hikma, Al Ahed, Al-Mabarrah, Safa and Shabab Al-Sahel.

Beirut has two Basketball teams, Al Riyadi and Al Hikma, that participate in the premiere division of the Lebanese Basketball Championship.[73]

Other sports events in Beirut include the annual Beirut Marathon, a weekly Horse racing at Beirut Hippodrome, and Golf and Tennis tournaments that take place at Golf Club of Lebanon.

Recently Beirut has taken to rugby league as well, with three out of the five teams in the Lebanon Championship based in Beirut.

Arts & Fashion

There are hundreds of art galleries in Beirut and its suburbs. Lebanese people are very involved in art and art production. More than 5000 fine art artists and equal artists working in music, design, architecture, theatre, movie industry, photography and all other forms of art are producing in Lebanon. Every year hundreds of fine art students graduate from universities and institutions. Artist Workshops are flourishing all around Lebanon. In Beirut specifically, the art scene is very rich, vibrant and diverse.

On another scale, fashion and couture are very much thriving throughout the city. Fashion houses are opening up and a number of international fashion designers have displayed their work in various fashion shows. Beirut is also home to international fashion designers such as Elie Saab, Zuhair Murad, and Georges Chakra.

Famous Births

Sister cities

  • Beirut at sunset
    Beirut at sunset
  • Sunset in Beirut
    Sunset in Beirut
  • Beirut Downtown
    Beirut Downtown
  • Sursock House, Beirut
    Sursock House, Beirut
  • Sursock House, Beirut
    Sursock House, Beirut
  • View from Bickfaya, Beirut
    View from Bickfaya, Beirut
  • Beirut, Lebanon
    Beirut, Lebanon
  • Phoenician project in the BCD
    Phoenician project in the BCD
  • Nejmeh Square in Beirut Downtown
    Nejmeh Square in Beirut Downtown
  • North and East Beirut; near Achrafieh
    North and East Beirut; near Achrafieh

See also

References

  1. ^ Word from the President, Beirut.gov.lb
  2. ^ United Nations: "Demographic Yearbook 2003", page 53, 2003
  3. ^ Lebanese Ministry of Environment: "Lebanon State of the Environment Report", Chapter 1, page 11, 2001.
  4. ^ Encyclopedia of the Nations
  5. ^ Lebanese Ministry of Environment: "Lebanon State of the Environment Report", Chapter 1, page 9, 2001.
  6. ^ Reconstruction of Beirut, Macalester College
  7. ^ Lebanon's Reconstruction: A Work in Progress, VOA News
  8. ^ Beirut: Between Memory and Desire, Worldview
  9. ^ Albert Londres Prizes, France Diplomatie
  10. ^ Daily Press Briefing, Embassy of France in the U.S.
  11. ^ http://fr.news.yahoo.com/11052007/202/le-prix-albert-londres-remis-beyrouth-le-18-mai.html
  12. ^ Template:Fr icon [http://www.libanvision.com/jeux-liban.htm Les Jeux de la Francophonie au Liban Beyrouth 2009], Libanvision
  13. ^ Template:Fr icon Les Jeux de la Francophonie, Moldavie.fr
  14. ^ Interview about Lebanon, Arabia English
  15. ^ Sannine Zenith
  16. ^ ICPD+5 NEWS BULLETIN, United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved November 15th, 2007
  17. ^ United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
  18. ^ International Labour Organization (Lebanon)
  19. ^ UNESCO Beirut
  20. ^ Arab Air Carriers Organization
  21. ^ Travel and Leisure: Top 10 Cities Overall
  22. ^ History - Beirut, 999Beirut
  23. ^ Under Beirut's Rubble, Remnants of 5,000 Years of Civilization, The New York Times
  24. ^ a b c Profile of Lebanon: History Lebanese Embassy of the U.S.
  25. ^ Research Projects - History and Archeology, American University of Beirut (AUB)
  26. ^ Encylodaedia Biblica, Case Western Reserve University
  27. ^ Phoenicia, Jrank.org
  28. ^ Berytus Archeological Studies, American University of Beirut (AUB)
  29. ^ a b c About Beirut and Downtown Beirut, DownTownBeirut.com. Retrieved November 17th, 2007
  30. ^ a b c Beirut Travel Information, Lonely Planet
  31. ^ Czech excavations in Beirut, Martyrs' Square, Institute for Classical Archaeology>
  32. ^ Beirut, Britannica.com
  33. ^ a b Beritus (Berytus) Nutris Legum (Beirut Mother of Law), Phoenicia.org
  34. ^ History of Phoenicia, fullbooks.com. Retrieved November 17th, 2007
  35. ^ Saida (Sidon), Ikama
  36. ^ a b Beirut, Britannica.com
  37. ^ Druze History, DHF Druze Heritage Foundation
  38. ^ a b Beirut, Jrank.org
  39. ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, by Moshe Sharon
  40. ^ Modern Beirut, Macalester College
  41. ^ An Alternate Alternative History, Foreign Policy
  42. ^ Dancing in the street, The Independent
  43. ^ Lebanon (Civil War 1975 - 1992, Global Security
  44. ^ Terrorism - Terrorist Attacks Chronology, CDI Terrorism Project
  45. ^ Frontline: Target America: Terrorist Attacks on Americans, 1979-1988, PBS.org
  46. ^ Historical Fact: Bombing of marine barracks, October 23, 1983, lebaneseforces.com
  47. ^ [1], Wikipedia
  48. ^ History of Lebanon (The Cedar Revolution), LGIC. Retrieved November 19th, 2007
  49. ^ Watch - The Cedar Revolution, The Winds of Change. Retrieved November 19th, 2007
  50. ^ 'Record' protest held in Beirut, BBC News
  51. ^ From Hopeful To Helpless At a Protest In Lebanon, Washingtonpost.com
  52. ^ Hariri sister calls for justice, CNN International
  53. ^ On This Day - 26 April, BBC.co.uk
  54. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Beirut". Weatherbase. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  55. ^ a b c d Lebanon - Education system RTF (26.5 KiB), Unesco.org
  56. ^ Education FAQs, informs.gov.lb
  57. ^ History Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport
  58. ^ Rafic Hariri International Airport (BEY/OLBA), Beirut, Lebanon, Airport Technology
  59. ^ Lebanon - Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport (BEY), worldtravels
  60. ^ a b Transportation & Communication, Ikama
  61. ^ http://www.lccworld.com/profile.asp Company Profile], LCC
  62. ^ [2]
  63. ^ Public transportation in Beirut, Travel-to-Lebanon.com
  64. ^ Beirut Transport, Lonely Planet
  65. ^ Inside Beirut: Culture, tripadvisor
  66. ^ History, National Museum of Beirut
  67. ^ American University of Beirut (AUB) Museum, Travel-to-Lebanon.com
  68. ^ At Beirut Protest, a Reminder of Religious Diversity, The New York Times. Retrieved November 17th, 2007
  69. ^ Muslim rebuilding Jewish community in Lebanon, The Concordian. Retrieved November 22nd, 2007
  70. ^ China Ready to Face Tough Task in Asian Cup Bidding, People's Daily
  71. ^ Lebanese Football need to make their mark in Asia, Maxell
  72. ^ Riyadi's History
  73. ^ Mika Interview, Popworld
  74. ^ Yahoo! Launch
  75. ^ Serj Tankian, MTV
  76. ^ Massari, Music News
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Twinning the Cities". City of Beirut. Retrieved 2008-01-13.

Further reading

Template:Host Cities of the Francophonie Summits

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