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Timeline of volcanism on Earth

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This article is a list of volcanic eruptions of at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Some cooled down the global climate; the extent of this effect depends on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted.[1] Active volcanoes as Stromboli, Mount Etna and Kilauea do not appear on this list, but some back-arc basin volcanoes that generated calderas do appear. Some dangerous volcanoes in "populated areas" appear many times: so Santorini, six times and Yellowstone hotspot, ten times. The Bismarck volcanic arc, New Britain and the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand appear often too.

Large Holocene eruptions

The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP[2], (10 000 14C years ago)

Since 1000 AD

  • Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 1991, Jun 15; VEI 6; 6 to 16 cubic kilometers (1.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tethra[3]; an estimated 20 mio. tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[1]
  • Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula; 1912, Jun 6; VEI 6; 13 to 15 cubic kilometers (3.1 to 3.6 cu mi) of lava[4][5][6]
  • Santa Maria, Guatemala; 1902, Oct 24; VEI 6; 5.5 cubic kilometres (1.3 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Krakatoa, Indonesia; 1883, August 26–27; VEI 6; 21 cubic kilometres (5.0 cu mi) of tethra[7]
  • Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia; 1815, Apr 10; VEI 7; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of tephra[3]; an estimated 200 mio. tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer"[8]
  • Grimsvotn, Northeastern Iceland; 1783-1785; Laki; 1783-1784; VEI 6; 14 cubic kilometers of lava, an estimated 120 mio. tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.[9]
  • Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea; 1660 ±20; VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometers (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[3]
  • Kolumbo, Santorini, Greece; 1650, Sep 27; VEI 6; 60 cubic kilometers (14.4 cu mi) of tephra[10]
  • Huaynaputina, Peru; 1600, Feb 19; VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometres (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[11]
  • Billy Mitchell, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea; 1580 ±20; VEI 6; 14 cubic kilometres (3.4 cu mi) of tephra[3]
  • Bardarbunga, Northeastern Iceland; 1477; VEI 6; 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of tephra[3]
  • Kuwae Caldera (mostly below sea level), Vanuatu; 1452-1453; VEI 6 (location of this eruption in the South Pacific is uncertain); 36 to 96 cubic kilometers (8.6 to 23.0 cu mi) of tephra[12]
  • Quilotoa, Ecuador; 1280(?); VEI 6; 21 cubic kilometres (5.0 cu mi) of tephra[3]

1 to 1000 AD

  • Changbai Mountains (Changbaishan), Eastern China/ North Korea border; Tianchi eruption of the Baekdu Mountain; 969 AD ±20 years[13]; VEI 7; 76 to 116 cubic kilometers (18.2 to 27.8 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Eldgjá eruption, Laki system, Iceland; 934-940 AD; VEI 4; an estimated 18 km³ of lava poured out of the earth[14], an estimated 219 mio. tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[15]
Major volcanoes of Mexico

Before the Common Era (BC/BCE)

  • Apoyeque, Nicaragua; 50 BC ±100; VEI 6; 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Okmok, Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands; 100 BC ±50; VEI 6; 4 to 6 cubic kilometers (1.0 to 1.4 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand; 250 BC ±75; VEI 6; more than 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 1050 BC ±500; VEI 6; 10 to 16 cubic kilometers (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Pago, east of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea; Witori Caldera; 1370 BC ±100; VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometres (7.2 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Taupo, New Zealand; 1460 BC ±40; VEI 6; 17 cubic kilometres (4.1 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Santorini (Thera), Greece; Minoan eruption; 1610 BC ±14 years; VEI 7; 99 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of tethra[3]; ending the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri and the Minoan age on Crete
  • Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula; 1645 BC ±10; VEI 6; more than 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula; 1750 BC (?); VEI 6; more than 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA; 1860 BC (?); VEI 6; 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile; 1890 BC (?); VEI 6; more than 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Black Peak, Alaska Peninsula; 1900 BC ±150; VEI 6; 10 to 50 cubic kilometers (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea; 2040 BC ± 100; VEI 6; more than 11 cubic kilometres (2.6 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 3550 BC (?); VEI 6; 10 to 16 cubic kilometers (2.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Taal Volcano, island of Luzon, Philippines; 3580 BC ±200; VEI 6; 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Santorini (Thera), Greece; youngest caldera; about 3,600 years BP[3]
  • Pago, New Britain; 4000 BC ± 200; VEI 6?; 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi)? of tethra[3]
  • Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua; 4050 BC (?); VEI 6; more than 13 cubic kilometres (3.1 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Kikai, Kikai Caldera, Ryukyu Islands, Japan; Akahoya eruption; 4350 BC (?); VEI 7; 80 to 220 cubic kilometers (19.2 to 52.8 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Macauley Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand; 4360 BC ±200; VEI 6; 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi)? of tethra[3]
  • Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile; 4750 BC (?); VEI 6; 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula; 5250 BC ±1000; VEI 6; 10 to 50 cubic kilometers (2.4 to 12.0 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Mashu, Hokkaido, Japan; 5550 BC ±100; VEI 6; 19 cubic kilometres (4.6 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Tao-Rusyr Caldera, Kuril Islands; 5550 BC ±75; VEI 6; 30 to 36 cubic kilometers (7.2 to 8.6 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA; 5677 BC ±150; VEI 7; 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Khangar, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; 5700 BC ± 16; VEI 6; 14 to 16 cubic kilometers (3.4 to 3.8 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA; 5900 BC ± 50; VEI 6; 8 to 28 cubic kilometers (1.9 to 6.7 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Menengai, Great Rift Valley, Kenya; 6050 BC (?); VEI 6; 70 cubic kilometres (17 cu mi)? of tethra[3]
  • Sakurajima, island of Kyūshū, Japan; Aira Caldera; 6200 BC ±1000; VEI 6; 12 cubic kilometres (2.9 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Kurile Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; 6440 BC ±25 years; VEI 7; 140 to 180 cubic kilometers (33.6 to 43.2 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Karymsky, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; 6600 BC (?); VEI 6; 50 to 350 cubic kilometers (12.0 to 84.0 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Unimak Island, Fisher Caldera, Aleutian Islands; 7420 BC ±200; VEI 6; more than 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines; 7460 BC ±150; VEI 6?[3]
  • Lvinaya Past, Kuril Islands; 7480 BC ±50; VEI 6; 7 to 8 cubic kilometers (1.7 to 1.9 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Grimsvotn, Northeastern Iceland; 8230 BC ±50; VEI 6; more than 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Ulreung, Korea; 8750 BC (?); VEI 6; more than 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of tethra[3]

Some eruptions before Holocene

2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, Quaternary period and Pleistocene epoch begins.

  • Eifel hotspot, Laacher See, Vulkan Eifel, Germany; 12'900 years BP; VEI 6; 6 cubic kilometers (1.4 cu mi) of tethra.[17][18][19][20]
  • Lake Barrine, Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, Australia; was formed over 17,000 years ago.
  • Santorini (Thera), Greece; Cape Riva Caldera; about 21,000 years BP[3]
  • Aira Caldera, south of the island of Kyūshū, Japan; about 22,000 years BP
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Oruanui eruption, Taupo volcano, New Zealand, around 24,500 years BP in the Late Pleistocene, VEI 8; generated approximately 1,170 cubic kilometers (280.7 cu mi) of tethra.[21][22] [23][24]
  • Campi Flegrei, Napples, Italy; 39,280 years BP ± 0.11[25]; 200 cubic kilometres of lava
  • Menengai, Great Rift Valley, Kenya; 29,000 years BP[3]
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Rotoiti Ignimbrite, North Island, New Zealand; VEI 7; about 50,000 years ago, about 150 cubic kilometers (36.0 cu mi) of tethra.[26]
  • Santorini (Thera), Greece; Skaros Caldera; about 70,000 years BP[3]
  • Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia; about 70,000 to 75,000 years BP; 2,500 to 3,000 cubic kilometers (599.8 to 719.7 cu mi) of tethra; probably 6,000 mio. tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[1]
  • Lago de Atitlán, Guatemalan Highlands; formed in an eruption 84,000 years ago.
  • Santorini (Thera), Greece; Southern Caldera; about 180,000 years BP[3]
  • Puy de Sancy, Massif Central, central France; it is part of an ancient stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 220,000 years.
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Reporoa Caldera, New Zealand; 230,000 years ago; VEI 7; around 100 cubic kilometers (24.0 cu mi) of tethra[3]
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Whakamaru, North Island, New Zealand; around 254,000 years ago; VEI 8; 1,200 to 2,000 cubic kilometers (288 to 480 cu mi) of tethra (Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra)[27]
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Matahina Ignimbrite, Haroharo Caldera, North Island, New Zealand; VEI 7; 280,000 years ago; about 120 cubic kilometers (28.8 cu mi) of tethra.[28]
  • Mount Aso, island of Kyūshū, Japan; caldera formed as a result of four huge caldera eruptions occurring over a range of 90,000–300,000 years ago; VEI 7; last eruption was more than 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of tethra.[29]
  • Yellowstone hotspot; Yellowstone Caldera; 640,000 years BP; VEI 8; more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi) of tethra (Lava Creek Tuff)[3]
  • Three Sisters (Oregon), USA; Tumalo volcanic center; with eruptions from 600,000 - 700,00 to 170,000 years ago
  • Uinkaret volcanic field, Arizona, USA; the Colorado River was dammed by lava flows multiple times from 725,000 to 100,000 years ago.[30]
  • Mono County, California, USA; Long Valley Caldera; 760,000 years BP; VEI 7; 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of tethra (Bishop Tuff)
  • Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.12 mio. years ago; VEI 7; around 600 cubic kilometers (144 cu mi) of tethra.[31]
  • Taupo Volcanic Zone, Mangakino, North Island, New Zealand; three eruptions from 0.97 to 1.23 mio. years ago; each more than 300 cubic kilometers (72.0 cu mi) of tethra[32]
  • Yellowstone hotspot; Henry's Fork Caldera; 1.3 mio. years BP; VEI 7; 280 cubic kilometers (67.2 cu mi) of tethra (Mesa Falls Tuff)[3]
  • Sutter Buttes, Central Valley of California, USA; were formed over 1.5 mio. years ago by a now-extinct volcano.
  • Yellowstone hotspot; Island Park Caldera; 2.1 mio. years BP; VEI 8; 2,450 cubic kilometers (588 cu mi) of tethra (Huckleberry Ridge Tuff)[3]
  • Cerro Galán, Catamarca Province, Argentina; 2.2 mio. years BP; VEI 8; 1,050 cubic kilometers (252 cu mi) of tethra[33]

Some eruptions before the Quaternary period

Location of Yellowstone Hotspot in Millions of Years Ago
Distribution of selected hotspots. The numbers in the figure are related to the listed hotspots on Hotspot (geology).

Notes

See also

Template:MultiCol

| class="col-break " |

Template:EndMultiCol

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

VEI and ejecta volume correlation





VEI Tephra Volume
(cubic kilometers)		 Example
0 Effusive Masaya, Nicaragua, 1570
1 >0.00001 Poás, Costa Rica, 1991
2 >0.001 Ruapehu, New Zealand, 1971
3 >0.01 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 1985
4 >0.1 Pelée, West Indies, 1902
5 >1 Mount St. Helens, United States, 1980
6 >10 Krakatau, Indonesia, 1883
7 >100 Tambora, Indonesia, 1815
8 >1000 Yellowstone, United States, Pleistocene

       

Further reading

  • Siebert L, and Simkin T (2002-). Volcanoes of the World: an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions. Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program, Digital Information Series, GVP-3, (http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/).
  • Simkin T, and Siebert L (1994). Volcanoes of the World, 2nd edition. Geoscience Press, Tucson, 349 p.
  • Simkin T, and Siebert L (2000). Earth's volcanoes and eruptions: an overview, In: Sigurdsson H (ed) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, San Diego: Academic Press, p. 249-261.
  • Simkin T, Siebert L, McClelland L, Bridge D, Newhall C, and Latter J H (1981). Volcanoes of the World. Hutchinson-Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 232 p.

References

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  2. ^ "International Stratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm Cite error: The named reference "largeeruptions" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Brantley, Steven R. (1999-01-04). Volcanoes of the United States (HTML). Online Version 1.1. United States Geological Survey. p. 30. ISBN 0160450543. OCLC 156941033 30835169 44858915. Retrieved 2008-09-12. {{cite book}}: Check |oclc= value (help)
  5. ^ Judy Fierstein (1998). "Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska? - U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 075-98" (HTML). Version 1.0. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-09-10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Fierstein, Judy (2004-12-11). "The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska". Bulletin of Volcanology. 54 (8). Springer: 646. doi:10.1007/BF00430778. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  11. ^ "Huaynaputina". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
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  29. ^ Cities on Volcanoes 5 conference: A6: Living with Aso-Kuju volcanoes and geothermal field .
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  32. ^ Briggs, R.M. (1993). "Geochemical zoning and eruptive mixing in ignimbrites from Mangakino volcano, Taupe Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 56: 175–203. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90016-K. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help).
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  40. ^ a b c http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/117/3-4/288 Lisa A. Morgan and William C. McIntosh, Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA, GSA Bulletin; March 2005; v. 117; no. 3-4; p. 288-306; DOI: 10.1130/B25519.1
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