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Australia-New Zealand relations
Map indicating locations of Australia and New Zealand

Australia
New Zealand
Map of the Tasman Sea

Relations between New Zealand and Australia, also sometimes referred to with the adjective Trans-Tasman to acknowledge the presence of the Tasman Sea directly between the two neighbouring Anglosphere countries, are exceptionally close in both their international and interpersonal dimensions.[1] This goes back at least to the time of the First World War and the ANZAC Spirit forged during the defeat in the Battle of Gallipoli and is unsurprising given the number of tourists that travel between the two countries and the generally common economic policies. Immigration, employment, and residency policies are also mutually very liberal between citizenry of the respective national communities, similar to that of a two-nation single market.

They are similar to that of other neighbouring countries with a shared British colonial heritage such as Canada and the United States and to a lesser extent India and Pakistan, with former New Zealand Prime Minister Mike Moore having declared that "Australians and New Zealanders have more in common than New Yorkers and Californians".[2] Some have defined the relationship as less one of friendship than of brotherhood beset by sibling rivalry.[3]

At times there have been minor "differences" much like the banter between Canada and the US, such as generated out of sporting rivalry involving rugby or cricket[4], or out of commercial relationships[5] or as manifested by enjoyment in the indulgence of mutual sledging.[6]

Antarctic territorial claims of New Zealand (in turquoise) and Australia (in pink). These claims have been maintained since 1924 and 1933 respectively and are mutually recognised as to sovereignty.[7]

Both countries are Commonwealth realms sharing the Head of the Commonwealth as Head of State in universal suffrage supported systems of Westminster representative parliamentary democracy affirming a constitutional monarchy. Their only land border delimits the western extent of the Ross Dependency from the eastern extent of the Australian Antarctic Territory and they acknowledge two distinct maritime boundaries, both conclusively delimited by the Australia – New Zealand Maritime Treaty of 2004.

History

See also: History of Australia and History of New Zealand
Southern Zealandia continent

The microcontinent Zealandia, of which present day New Zealand represents the largest unsubmerged part, probably separated from Antarctica between 130 and 85 million years ago and then from the separate continent of Australia 60-85 million years ago[8] in the breakup of East Gondwana occurring in the Cretaceous and early Paleogene geologic periods. Zealandia and Australia together are part of the wider region known as Oceania or Australasia. Australia, New Zealand's North Island and the northwest of the South Island are on the Indo-Australian Plate, with the remainder of the South Island on the Pacific Plate.

The history of indigenous Australians on the Australian continent is generally thought to be rich to the extent of at least 40000–45000 years duration, whereas Polynesian Maori arrived in Aotearoa/New Zealand in several waves by means of waka some time before 1300.[9] Australoid indigenous Australians and Polynesian Maori indigenous to New Zealand are not recorded to have met or interacted prior to 17th and 18th century european exploration of Australia.

The routes of Captain James Cook's voyages. The first voyage is shown in red, second voyage in green, and third voyage in blue.

The first European landing on the Australian continent occurred in the Janszoon voyage of 1606. Abel Tasman in two distinct voyages in the period 1642-1644 is recorded as the first person to have coastally explored regions of the respective landforms including Van Diemen's Land - later named for him as the Australian state of Tasmania. The first voyage of James Cook stands as significant for the circumnavigation of New Zealand in 1769 and as the European discovery and first ever coastal navigation of Eastern Australia from April to August of 1770. The European settlement of Australia and New Zealand, then referred to as the colony of New South Wales, dates from the arrival of the First Fleet into Port Jackson on Australia Day, 1788. New Zealand was formed as a new colony out of the territory of New South Wales in 1840, at which time its pakeha population number about 2000 descended from Christian missionaries, sealers, and whalers.[10]

Edward Gibbon Wakefield

Although it is accurate to distinguish that New Zealand was never a penal colony, neither were some of the Australian colonies. In particular, South Australia was founded and settled in a similar manner to New Zealand, both being influenced by the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield.[11]

Both countries experienced ongoing internal conflict concerning indigenous and settler populations, although this conflict took very different forms most sharply manifested in the New Zealand land wars and Australian frontier wars respectively.

Both experienced nineteenth century gold rushes. During the nineteenth century there was extensive trade and travel between the colonies.[12]

Final meeting of the Federal Council of Australasia in 1899.

New Zealand participated as a member of the Federal Council of Australasia from 1885 and fully involved itself among the other selfgoverning colonies in the 1890 conference and 1891 Convention leading up to Federation of Australia. Ultimately it declined to accept the invitation to join the Commonwealth of Australia resultingly formed in 1901, remaining as a self-governing colony until becoming the Dominion of New Zealand in 1907 and with other territories later constituting the Realm of New Zealand effectively as an independent country of its own. In the 1908 Olympics, the 1911 Festival of Empire and the 1912 Olympics the two countries were represented at least in sporting competition as the unified entity "Australasia".

The two countries continued to co-operate politically in the 20th century as both sought closer relations with Britain, particularly in the area of trade. This was helped by the development of refrigerated shipping, which allowed New Zealand in particular to base its economy on the export of meat and dairy - both of which Australia had in abundance - to Britain. An Australia-New Zealand Agreement was sealed in January 1944 for the purpose of successfully prosecuting war against the Axis Powers in World War II and providing for the administration of an armistice and territorial trusteeship in its aftermath. The Agreement foreshadowed the establishment of a permanent Australia-New Zealand Secretariat, it provided for consultation in matters of common interest, it provided for the maintenance of seperate military commands and for "the maximum degree of unity in the presentation .. of the views of the two countries".[13]

See also: Economic history of Australia

The quantity of trans-Tasman trade increased by 9% per annum from the early 1980s through to the end of 2007[14], with the Closer Economic Relations free trade agreement of 1983 being a major turning point. This was partially a result of Britain joining the European Economic Community in the early 1970s, thus restricting the access of both countries to their biggest export market.

Military

See also: Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Defence Force

In the early twentieth century, both countries were enthusiastic members of the British Empire and both sent soldiers to the Boer War, First World War and Second World War and to a lesser extent the Malayan Emergency, Korean War, Konfrontasi, Vietnam War, and Gulf War. Whereas military personnel from both countries participated in the Multinational Force and Observers to Sinai, INTERFET to East Timor, the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, and more recent intervention in Tonga the New Zealand government officially condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq and stood apart from Australia in refusing to contribute any combat forces.

An ANZAC trench at Gallipoli with a Maori whakairo in stone.

In the First World War, the soldiers of both countries were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs). Together Australia and New Zealand saw their first major military action in the Battle of Gallipoli, in which both (along with other allied nations) suffered major casualties. For many decades the battle was seen by both countries as the moment at which they came of age as nations.[15][16] It continues to be commemorated annually in both countries on Anzac Day, although since the 1960s there has been some questioning of the "coming of age" idea. In more recent times, in any case, Australians and New Zealanders are known for having insensitively mocked and desecrated the graves of the original ANZAC soldiers.[17]

Australia-New Zealand Memorial, Canberra

World War Two was a major turning point for both countries, as they realised that they could no longer rely on the protection of Britain[18]. Australia was particularly struck by this realisation, as it came close to being invaded by Japan, and the city of Darwin was bombed and Broome was attacked. Subsequently, both countries sought closer ties with the United States. This resulted in the ANZUS pact of 1951, in which Australia, New Zealand and the United States agreed to defend each other in the event of enemy attack. Although no such attack occurred until (arguably) September 11, 2001, New Zealand and Australia both contributed troops to the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Australia's contribution to the Vietnam War in particular was much larger than New Zealand's; while Australia introduced conscription,[19] New Zealand sent only a token force.[20] Australia has continued to be more committed to the American alliance, ANZUS, than New Zealand; although both countries felt considerable unease about American military policy in the 1980s, New Zealand angered the United States by refusing port access to nuclear ships into its nuclear-free zone from 1985 and in retaliation, the United States 'suspended' its obligations otherwise owed under the alliance treaty to New Zealand.[21] Australia has made a significant contribution to the Iraq War, while New Zealand's much smaller military contribution was limited to UN-authorised reconstruction tasks.[22]

ANZAC Bridge in Sydney was given its current name on Remembrance Day in 1998 to honour the memory of the ANZAC serving in World War I. An Australian Flag flies atop the eastern pylon and a New Zealand Flag flies atop the western pylon. A bronze memorial statue of an Australian ANZAC soldier ("digger") holding a Lee Enfield rifle pointing down was placed on the western end of the bridge on ANZAC Day in 2000. In 2001 the Australia-New Zealand Memorial was opened by the prime ministers of both countries on ANZAC Parade, Canberra. The memorial commemorates the shared effort to achieve common goals in both peace and war.[23] A statue of a New Zealand soldier was added to a plinth across the road from the Australian Digger, facing towards the east, and unveiled by Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark in the presence of Premier of New South Wales Morris Iemma on Sunday 27 April 2008.[24]

Migration

See also: Special Category Visa
Australian-born Michael Savage, the first Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand

Many people have emigrated from New Zealand to Australia, including the former Premier of Queensland, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, the Premier of South Australia, Mike Rann, comedian turned psychologist Pamela Stephenson and actor Russell Crowe. Australians who have emigrated to New Zealand include the 17th and 23rd Prime Ministers of New Zealand Sir Joseph Ward and Michael Savage, Russel Norman, co-leader of the Green Party, and Matt Robson, deputy leader of the Progressive Party.[25]

From 1973 the informal Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement has allowed for the free movement of citizens of one nation to the other. The only major exception to these travel privileges is for individuals with outstanding warrants or criminal backgrounds who are deemed dangerous or undesirable for the migrant nation and its citizens. In recent decades, many New Zealanders have migrated to Australian cities such as Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth.[26] New Zealand passport holders are issued with special category visas on arrival in Australia. Although this agreement is reciprocal there has been resulting significant net migration from New Zealand to Australia.[27] In 2001 there were eight times more New Zealanders living in Australia than Australians living in New Zealand.[28] Many such New Zealanders are Maori Australians.

Consequently, 'Kiwis' in Australia are accused of taking local jobs or living on Australian social welfare benefits, although since 2001, New Zealanders must now wait two years before they are eligible for such payments.[29] There are complaints in New Zealand that there is a brain drain to Australia.[30]

New Zealand Ministry of Education figures show the number of Australians at New Zealand tertiary institutions almost doubled from 1978 students in 1999 to 3916 in 2003. In 2004 more than 2700 Australians received student loans and 1220 a student allowance. Unlike other overseas students, Australians pay the same fees for higher education as New Zealanders and are eligible for student loans and allowances. New Zealand students are not treated on the same basis as Australian students in Australia.[31]

Persons born in New Zealand continue to be the second largest source of immigration to Australia, representing 11% of total permanent additions in 2005–06 and accounting for 2.3% of Australia's population at June 2006.[32]

Trade

See also: Economy of Australia and Economy of New Zealand
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group World Headquarters in Melbourne, Australia. The banking group is the successor of the Bank of Australasia formed by Royal Charter in London in 1835.
Gala apple branch with “scorched” leaves after a severe fire blight infection

New Zealand's economic ties with Australia are strong, especially since the demise of Britain as a trading partner following its decision to join the European Economic Community in 1973. Effective from 1 January 1983 the two countries concluded the Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) for the purpose of allowing each country access to the other's markets.

Flowing from the implementation of the ANZCERTA:[33]

  • by agreement from 1988 there will be consultation between the respective governments as part of any variation to industry assistance measures and work towards harmonisation of common administrative procedures for quarantine
  • additional services were brought within the Agreement's scope from January 1989
  • remaining tariffs and quantitative restrictions in bilateral trade were eliminated prior to 1 July 1990
  • from 1991 under the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand, JAS-ANZ has existed as the joint authority for the accreditation of conformity assessment bodies in the fields of certification and inspection; also, a Government Procurement Agreement was reached.[34] Also, legislation to establish Food Standards Australia New Zealand was promulgated that year.[35]
  • a double taxation agreement was reached in 1995
  • cooperation to harmonise customs policies and procedures has existed since 1996
  • agreement on food inspection measures was reached in 1996
  • from 1998 goods that may legally be sold in either country may be sold in the other and a person who is registered to practise an occupation in either country is entitled to practise an equivalent occupation in the other. A Reciprocal Health Care Agreement was reached in the same year
  • an "Open Skies Agreement" effective from November 2000 committed to the enjoyment of all freedoms of the air by airlines operating out of places in either country and the existence of an Australia-New Zealand aviation and air safety common market
  • an MOU on business law coordination was reached in 2000
  • a social security agreement was reached in 2001
  • a joint food standards code issued in 2002
  • trans-Tasman imputation reform occurred in 2003

One example of an ongoing trading issue unresolved by the closer economic relations is Australia's restriction of the import of apples from New Zealand owing to fear of introducing fire blight disease. A ban on importation of New Zealand apples into Australia has been in place since 1921, following the discovery of fire blight in New Zealand in 1919. New Zealand authorities applied for re-admittance to the Australian market in 1986, 1989 and 1995, but the ban continued.[36] Further talks over Australia's import restrictions on apples from New Zealand failed, and New Zealand initiated WTO dispute resolution proceedings in 2007.[37][38]

The Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum is a business-led initiative designed to further develop Australia and New Zealand's bilateral relationship as well as their joint relations in the region. A seventh such annual forum has been foreshadowed to be held in the second half of 2010.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Governor Brash estimated the following additional "valid arguments why a currency union might have economic advantages":

  • a currency union seems certain to reduce the transaction costs incurred by traders and travellers exchanging the new unified currency for other currencies
  • a currency union with Australia might reduce average New Zealand interest rates a little
  • because of consequent reduction in exchange rate uncertainty within the currency union it seems very likely that currency union would stimulate trade with other parts of the Union,

balanced against disadvantages for each entrant entailed in the loss of an independent monetary policy and a loss of seigniorage income.[39]

Law

See also: Law of Australia and Law of New Zealand

Both nations adhere to secular common law legal systems acknowledging parliamentary sovereignty, the rule of law; and the separation of powers. Australia lacks a treaty with its indigenous peoples, whereas New Zealand has had the Waitangi Treaty from 1840 albeit subsequently breached and disregarded for much of its existence. In acknowledgement of indigenous land rights including aboriginal title, the National Native Title Tribunal and Waitangi Tribunal in the respective nations take similar jurisdiction and powers.

Parliament of Australia building in Canberra
New Zealand Parliament Buildings in Wellington

Both judicial systems are now independent of the ultimate authority of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Whereas the Constitution of New Zealand is not one that is either codified or entrenched, the Constitution of Australia has had the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act as such an entrenched codification embodying a written constitution.

New Zealand contract law is now largely distinct from that of Australia due the effect of Acts of the New Zealand Parliament promulgated since 1969.[40] The main is the wide discretionary power given to New Zealand courts in granting relief.

In 2005 and 2006 the Australian House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs inquired into the harmonisation of legal systems within Australia, and with New Zealand, with particular reference to those differences that have an impact on trade and commerce.[41] The Committee stated that the already close relationship between Australia and New Zealand should be closer still and that 'In this era of globalisation, it makes sense for Australia and New Zealand to look at moving closer together and further aligning their regulatory frameworks'. Key recommendations on the Australia-New Zealand relationship included:

  • Establishment of a trans-Tasman parliamentary committee to monitor legal harmonisation and examine options including closer association or union;
  • Pursuit of a common currency;
  • Offering New Zealand Ministers full membership of Australian ministerial councils;
  • Work to advance harmonisation of the two banking and telecommunications regulation frameworks.[42]

Politics

King O'Malley

The 1901 Australian Constitution included provisions to allow New Zealand to join Australia as its seventh state, even after the government of New Zealand had already decided against such a move.[43] Section 6 of the Preamble declares that:

'The States' shall mean such of the colonies of New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and South Australia, including the northern territory of South Australia, as for the time being are parts of the Commonwealth, and such colonies or territories as may be admitted into or established by the Commonwealth as States; and each of such parts of the Commonwealth shall be called 'a State'.

One of the reasons that New Zealand chose not to join Australia was due to perceptions that the indigenous Māori population would suffer as a result.[44] At the time of Federation, indigenous Australians were only allowed to vote if they had been previously allowed to in their state of residence, unlike the Māori in New Zealand, who had equal voting rights from the founding of the colony.

Māori people had voting rights in Australia since 1902 as a result of the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, part of the effort to allay New Zealand's concerns about joining the Federation.[45] Indigenous Australians did not have the vote until 1962. During the parliamentary debates over the Act, King O'Malley supported the inclusion of Māori, and the exclusion of Australian Aboriginals, in the franchise, arguing that:

An aboriginal is not as intelligent as a Maori.[46]

Sir John Hall, Premier of New Zealand 1879-1882

From time to time the idea of joining Australia has been mooted, but has been ridiculed by some New Zealanders. When Australia's former Liberal party leader, John Hewson, raised the issue in 2000, New Zealand's Prime Minister Helen Clark remarked that he could "dream on".[47] A 2001 book by Australian academic Bob Catley, then at the University of Otago, titled Waltzing with Matilda: should New Zealand join Australia?, was described by New Zealand political commentator Colin James as "a book for Australians".[48]

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary of the House of Windsor, regnant as Queen of New Zealand and Queen of Australia since 6 February 1952

Unlike Canadians and Americans, who share a mainland land border, New Zealand and Australia are more than 1491 km apart. Arguing against Australian statehood, New Zealand's Premier, Sir John Hall, remarked that there were "1200 reasons" not to join the federation.[3]

Both countries have contributed to the sporadic discussion on a Pacific Union, although that proposal would include a much wider range of member-states than just Australia and New Zealand.

A result of the rejected 1999 Australian republican referendum was that Australians voted to continue to have a common head of state with New Zealand. Whereas none of the major political parties currently in the New Zealand Parliament have a policy of encouraging republicanism in New Zealand, republicanism in Australia enjoys the support of the governing ALP and key incumbent political leaders though without any current plans to approach another referendum on the issue.

While there is little prospect of political union now, there is still a great deal of similarity between the two cultures, with the differences often only obvious to Australians and New Zealanders themselves. However, in 2006 there was a recommendation from an Australian federal parliamentary committee that a full union should occur or Australia and New Zealand should at least have a single currency and more common markets.[49] New Zealand Government submissions to that committee concerning harmonisation of legal systems however noted

Differences between the legal systems of Australia and New Zealand are not a problem in themselves. The existence of such differences is the inevitable product of well-functioning democratic decision-making processes in each country, which reflect the preferences of stakeholders, and their effective voice in the law-making process.[50]

Diplomacy

Both are original United Nations member states and current members of the WTO, APEC, the IAEA, the East Asia Summit, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, the Pacific Islands Forum, the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area, the Conference on Disarmament, the International Criminal Court, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, INTERPOL, WIPO, the IMF, the World Bank Group, the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, the Cairns Group, the Proliferation Security Initiative, the International Hydrographic Organization, the International Maritime Organization, the International Whaling Commission, the International Organization for Migration, the International Seabed Authority, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the OECD, the Colombo Plan, the Asian Development Bank, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, and the World Organisation for Animal Health. Both are occasional observers to ASEAN.

A black-browed albatross, through treaty subject to conservation measures by both Australia and New Zealand

Both have signed and ratified the ICCPR and its First Optional Protocol and Second Optional Protocol, the Convention Against Torture, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and its Optional Protocol, the First Hague Convention - with Australia additionally acceding to the Second Hague Convention, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the Geneva Conventions, the Antarctic Treaty System, the Outer Space Treaty, the Statelessness Reduction Convention, the Genocide Convention, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Biological Weapons Convention, the CTBT, the Treaty of Rarotonga, the Tobacco Control Treaty, UNCLOS, the Convention to Combat Desertification, the Berne Convention, the Universal Copyright Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination - with Australia additionally accepting the competency of CERD to hear individual complaints, the Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol, the Ottawa Treaty, the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, the ENMOD Convention, the London Convention, the Ramsar Convention, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Both voted against the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the United Nations General Assembly and both have declined to sign the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

New Zealand, but not Australia, has signed and ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Australia, but not New Zealand, is a member of the Nuclear Energy Agency and UNIDROIT and a party to the Patent Law Treaty, the Budapest Treaty, the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the IPC Agreement, the Statelessness Status Convention and the Moon Treaty. Whereas Australia has signed and ratified the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, New Zealand had not ratified it as at 2003.

Joint defence arrangements involving both New Zealand and Australia include the Five Power Defence Arrangements, ANZUS, and the UK-USA Security Agreement for intelligence sharing. Since 1964, Australia but not New Zealand has been party to the ABCA interoperability arrangement of national defence forces. ANZUK was a tripartite force formed by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom to defend the Asian Pacific region after the United Kingdom withdrew forces from the east of Suez in the early seventies. The ANZUK force was formed in 1971 and disbanded in 1974. The SEATO anti-communist defence organisation also extended membership to both countries for the duration of its existence from 1955 to 1977.

Sport

See also: List_of_Australia-New_Zealand_and_Australasia_topics § Sport, Sport in Australia, and Sport in New Zealand
A player from the New Zealand national Australian rules football team taking a mark

Netball and rugby union are the preeminent sporting rivalries. Otherwise notably, respective national teams have competed in basketball, cricket, soccer, field hockey, touch football and rugby league though never in Australian rules football. Regular cross-Tasman competition occurs between elite provincial teams in soccer, rugby league, rugby union, basketball and netball.

The first reported games of Gaelic football in Australasia were played in South Australia in the 1840s however the first Australasian GAA was not formed until 1953 in Auckland, New Zealand. The Australasia County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association, or Australasia GAA, is responsible for Gaelic games all across Australasia. The Australasia Ladies' football team have won successive World Cup competitions in 2000, 2002 and 2005, though not competing against Irish teams to do so.

The introduction of Australian rules football in New Zealand occurred around 1868 and maintained some cultual significance there until 1914 and then from the 1974 restarting of senior competition in three of its major cities.[51][52][53][54] The 1888-1889 New Zealand Native football team matches saw a Māori team visit Victoria to play a program of Victorian rules games.[55] In 1890 an Australasian Football Council was formed including delegates from New Zealand and in 1908 New Zealand defeated both New South Wales and Queensland at the Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival.[56] In 1961, the Melbourne Football Club toured New Zealand during its off season, becoming the first VFL/AFL club to do so.[57] The New Zealand Falcons have represented their country in the sport since 1995 and the New Zealand AFL has existed since 1997. No international AFL exhibition matches have been played in New Zealand since 2001. AFL matches have been broadcast live into New Zealand since 2006 and there is regular coverage of AFL matches in The New Zealand Herald. Women's AFL in New Zealand found its first expression through a match convened by the Canterbury AFL in 2006.[58]

Trevor Chappell of Australia bowling underarm to Brian McKechnie of New Zealand at the MCG on 1 February 1981
Chappell-Hadlee Series ODI cricket at Eden Park. New Zealand at bat.

The Australian cricket team first toured New Zealand in 1878[59] and recognised first class test cricket between the respective national teams commenced in 1945-46. The underarm incident of 1981 stands as memorable for bringing Australian cricket into infamy and causing anger in New Zealand as well as being remarked upon by the respective heads of government. The two nations have exclusively and directly competed for the Trans Tasman Trophy in test cricket since 1985-86 and for the Chappell-Hadlee Trophy in ODI cricket since 2006-07.

See also: List of Australia Test cricket records against New Zealand and Category:New Zealand cricket tours of Australia
New Zealand rugby team in New South Wales, 1884
All Blacks vs Wallabies rugby union test match
File:1949 Wallabies with BledisloeCup image.jpg
Colin Windon (left) & Trevor Allan (right) with victorious 1949 Bledisloe Cup Wallabies
Crusaders vs Brumbies rugby union scrum. ACT and Southern New South Wales Brumbies in predominant white.

An early 1882 New South Wales Waratahs tour of New Zealand was followed by a 1884 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales and then with the history of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand commencing in 1903. Since 1931 that rivalry has been pursued for the prize of possession of the Bledisloe Cup. Both nations together hosted the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup and have since furthered a spirited rivalry directly and indirectly competing against each other for the sport's William Webb Ellis Cup world championship trophy on every subsequent occasion. The first women's international rugby test between the Wallaroos and Black Ferns occurred in 1994. From 1996 their national teams compete annually in the Tri Nations as also do their elite provincial teams compete in Super12/Super 14. The Black Ferns and Wallaroos womens teams first played in 1994.

Australasian Championships in tennis commenced in 1905, later becoming the Australian Open. Between 1905 and 1915 the two nations combined their best players to compete in the Davis Cup, winning in all of 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911 and 1914.

Both nations have participated at every Summer Olympic Games since 1908, from 1920 represented separately though in 1908 and 1912 combined as Australasia. From 1952 both nations have sent teams to the Winter Olympic Games, excepting the nonparticipation of New Zealand in 1956 and 1964. Both nations have competed against each other and other commonwealth nations at the British Empire Games and Commonwealth Games starting from 1930. From their inauguration in 1960, Australia has contested two more Paralympic Games than New Zealand.

See also: Australasia at the 1908 Summer Olympics and Australasia at the 1912 Summer Olympics

Australia vs New Zealand competition in rugby league commenced with matches at the conclusion of the professional 1907–1908 New Zealand rugby tour of Australia and Great Britain. With the mild exception of the 2007 All Golds Tour, the fielding of the 1911–1912 Australasian Kangaroos as a collaborative team has not been repeated. The Australia-centred National Rugby League has included a side from New Zealand in competition against elite professional Australian provincial teams since 1995. The ANZAC Test, along with the Super League Tri-series (New Zealand Kiwis vs New South Wales Blues vs Queensland Maroons) an innovation of the Australasian Super League in 1997, is played annually between the respective national sides on or around Anzac Day for the Bill Kelly Memorial Trophy.[60]

An Inter Dominion race in 2007

The Inter Dominion harness racing competition has been contested since 1936 at venues in both countries.

In 1938, the New Zealand Basketball Association sent the first New Zealand women's national basketball team team to tour Australia. The mens teams have opposed each other in qualification for the 2002 FIBA World Championship and at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Australasia's National Basketball League has included the New Zealand Breakers as its sole non-Australian team since 2003. They are the two best-performing nations in FIBA Oceania.

Logo for 2010 ANZ Championship season

From 1963 the two countries have competed at the Netball World Championships and from 1998 at Commonwealth Games in that sport with both nations consistent rivals for first and second place. The ANZ Championship amongst elite provincial netball teams from the two countries commenced in 2008.

The Tasman Series of motor races across Australia and New Zealand was held from 1964 to 1975.

At ISF Women's World Championships from 1965 and in softball at the Summer Olympics - excepting for the Championships of 1978, 1982, 1986 and 1990 - Australia can be seen to have consistently distinguished itself ahead of New Zealand. The Black Sox mens team won the inaugural Commonwealth Championships over Australia and other nations in 2006[61] and have otherwise outperformed Australia in world championships.

2005 Australia vs New Zealand soccer friendly. New Zealand in predominant white.

From 1966 until the end of 2005 the two countries competed in the Oceania Football Confederation and a New Zealand provincial team has played against Australian provincial teams in the professional soccer A-League since 2005-06. A first match between the Matildas and Football Ferns female teams occurred in 1975.[62]

The Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships have been contested annually since 1975 excepting for 1977.

The Black Sticks Men defeated the Kookaburras to win gold in field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Competition between the Black Sticks Women and the Hockeyroos female teams is recorded back to 1935. Both teams from both countries have contested the Oceania Cup biannually since 1999.

Respective touch football national teams of either and mixed gender, and across age categories, have sustained close competitive rivalry for championship honours through Touch Football World Cups contested since 1988.

As of May 25, 2009 and starting from 1987 the two nations had met 10 times at the sport of ice hockey.

Biennially since 1987 Australasian Masters Games have been contested in a range of sports by mature-aged athletes and teams of participants.

A golfers PGA Tour of Australasia commenced under its current name in 1991.

The Australasian Pacers Grand Circuit for standardbred horses commenced in 1992 and the Australasian Breeders Crown futurity race series for 2 and 3 year old horses bred in Australia and New Zealand is contested on a Sunday in late August each year at a venue in the Australian State of Victoria.

Starting from 1997, both nations are known to have hosted the Oceania Badminton Championships. Overall in badminton at the Commonwealth Games it might be considered that Badminton Australia has marginally outperformed the Black Cocks.

Mens teams for both nations have contested the Oceania Handball Nations Cup from 2004 with both nations being members of the Oceania Handball Federation.

Australasian schools and school students compete in science and mathematics testing, in information technology, in writing and in English.

See also

References

Sources

  • Irving, Helen (1999). The Centenary Companion to Australian Federation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521573149.
  • King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143018674.
  • Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). A Concise History of New Zealand. Australia: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521542286.

Citations

  1. ^ "NZ, Australia 'should consider merger'". Sydney Morning Herald. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2008-03-20. The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs [found] "While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations, it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries - the economic, cultural, migration, defence, governmental and people-to-people linkages - suggest that an even closer relationship, including the possibility of union, is both desirable and realistic,"
  2. ^ Australia and New Zealand Cooks - Community - Allrecipes
  3. ^ a b Moldofsky, Leora (2001-04-30). "Friends, Not Family: It's time for a new maturity in the trans-Tasman relationship". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  4. ^ Swanton, Will (2006-01-23). "25 years along, Kiwi bat sees funnier side of it". Cricket. The Age. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  5. ^ Donovan, Paul (2002-05-09). "Air New Zealand - speech by Paul Donovan, Vice President Australia, to key Melbourne Travel Industry Executives". ASIA Travel Tips.com. Retrieved 2008-03-20. ... Air New Zealand was seriously affected by the maintenance groundings of Ansett's Boeing 767s, and the eventual collapse of the carrier - which was not just our Australian subsidiary but our Australian partner. Everybody in this room will have an opinion about the Ansett crisis, and it is not my intention today to try to change your perceptions of the past. I also understand that those opinions will be stronger in this State [Victoria, Australia] than in any other, as this was not only the home of Ansett but the birthplace of the airline.
  6. ^ Dudding, Adam (2007-07-20). "What did you call me? Oz-NZ abuse". Sunday Star Times. Retrieved 2009-08-20. Mongrels, clumsy imbeciles, fatties, hypocrites, solipsists, dole bludgers, lepers and uncaged gallow's birds - for many decades, the public insults traded by New Zealanders and Australians have ranged from the bluntly rude to the subtly poisonous, and sometimes the downright mystifying. Casual mutual abuse is great sport, but trans-Tasman verbal violence is most entertaining when performed by the great and good. Hone Harawira can't have been the only New Zealander to think that John Howard's new vote-wooing crackdown on Aboriginal communities were the work of a "racist bastard", but Harawira is an MP, and he said it in front of TV cameras. Here we note some of the grubbier moments from more than a century of antipodean antagonism. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 289 (help)
  7. ^ http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/communication/report/chapter6.pdf Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories (Parliament of Australia) "Communications with Australia's External Territories", March 1999
  8. ^ Keith Lewis (2007-01-11). "Zealandia: the New Zealand continent". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-02-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ New Scientist Webpage: Rat remains help date New Zealand's colonisation. Accessed 2008-06-23
  10. ^ http://www.newzealand.com/travel/about-nz/history/history-immigration.cfm "New Zealand - The Youngest Country", New Zealand Tourism
  11. ^ Wakefield's influence on the New Zealand Company: "Wakefield and the New Zealand Company". Early Christchurch. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 2008-03-21. and in relation to Wakefield's connection with South Australia: "Edward Gibbon Wakefield". The Foundation of South Australia 1800-1851. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  12. ^ There were shipping connections between relatively minor ports and New Zealand, for example "the schooner Huia, which carried hardwood from Grafton on the north coast of New South Wales to New Zealand ports and softwoods in the other direction until about 1940." + "Trans-Tasman passenger shipping operated as an extension of the Australian interstate services, most intensively between Sydney and Wellington, but also connecting other Australian and New Zealand ports. Most of the Australian coastal shipping companies were involved in the trans-Tasman trade at some stage" per Deborah Bird Rose. (2003). "Chapter 2: Ports and Shipping, 1788-1970". Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788 - 1970. Australian Heritage Commission. ISBN 0 642 23561 9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) Also illustrating the point are the many wrecks of the Union Steam Ship Company "scattered around New Zealand, Australia and the South Pacific, but nowhere more thickly than in Tasmania and the dangerous bar harbours of Greymouth and Westport" per McLean, Gavin. "Union Steam Ship Company - History & Photos". NZ Marine History. New Zealand Ship and Marine Society. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  13. ^ http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/info/historical/HistDocs.nsf/%28LookupVolNoNumber%29/7~26 Australia-New Zealand Agreement of 21 January 1944
  14. ^ "New Zealand Country Brief - January 2008". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Mercer, Phil (25 April 2002). "Australians march in honour of Gallipoli". BBC News. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Clarke, Dr Stephen. "History of ANZAC Day". Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association.
  17. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200504/s1353924.htm 'Stayin' Alive' anger prompts Gallipoli music rethink, 26 April 2005
  18. ^ Bowen, George (1997, 1999, 2000, 2001) [1997]. "4". [www.pearsoned.co.nz Defending New Zealand]. Auckland, New Zealand: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 12. ISBN 0 582 73940 3. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ Langford, Sue. "Encyclopedia - Appendix: The national service scheme, 1964-72". Australian War Memorial.
  20. ^ Rabel, Robert (1999). ""We cannot afford to be left too far behind Australia": New Zealand's entry into the Vietnam War in May 1965". Journal of the Australian War Memorial (32). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "ANZUS Alliance". h2g2 edited guide. BBC. 2005-11-08. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  22. ^ FAQs Re Light Engineer Group To Iraq, New Zealand Defence Force press release, 23 September 2004.
  23. ^ "Other Monuments and Sites - New Zealand Memorial, Canberra". Historic Graves and Monuments. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  24. ^ Samandar, Lema (2008-04-27). "Kiwi joins his little mate on Anzac Bridge watch". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  25. ^ Bingham, Eugene (2006-05-13). "No longer a 'foreign' minister". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  26. ^ "Kiwis overseas - Migration to Australia". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  27. ^ Chapman, Paul (2006-05-13). "New Zealand warned over exodus to Australia". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
  28. ^ Carl Walrond. Kiwis overseas - Migration to Australia, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9 April 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
  29. ^ "Welfare Payments To Be Restricted For Kiwis In Australia". ABC. 2001-02-26. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  30. ^ Mahne, Christian (2002-07-24). "New Zealand voters fear brain drain". Business. BBC. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  31. ^ Ross, Tara (2005-02-07). "NZ foots bill for Aussie students". The Age. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  32. ^ "Migration: permanent additions to Australia's population". 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2007. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  33. ^ http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/anz_cer_20years/cerbeyond.html 1 January 2003 Australian Government Statement in relation to 'CER and Beyond'
  34. ^ http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/anz_cer_20years/spirit_of_cer.pdf The Spirit of CER: Part 2, 1983 to the present
  35. ^ http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/aboutfsanz/index.cfm About FSANZ
  36. ^ "The Proposed Importation of Fresh Apple Fruit from New Zealand: Chapter three - The Apple and Pear Industries in Australia and New Zealand" (pdf). Australian Senate - Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee. 2001-07-18. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  37. ^ "NZ to take Australia to WTO over apple access". New Zealand Government press release. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  38. ^ "Prime Minister Kevin Rudd offends apple growers; Australia: Apple pie jokes not funny for growers". Freshplaza.com ("an independent news source for companies operating in the global fruit and vegetable sector around the world") Netherlands. 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference don was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ Maree Chetwin, Stephen Graw and Raymond Tiong, An Introduction to the Law of Contract in New Zealand, 4th edition, Wellington: Brookers, 2006, p.2.
  41. ^ House Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (2006-12-04). "Harmonisation of legal systems Within Australia and between Australia and New Zealand". Australian House of Representatives. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  42. ^ "Report on Legal Harmonisation Tabled" (PDF) (Press release). Peter Slipper, MP, Chairman of the House of Representatives Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  43. ^ Why New Zealand Did Not Become An Australian State
  44. ^ "Why New Zealand Did Not Become An Australian State". 2005-04-27. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  45. ^ The 1891 draft of the Australian Constitution specified that "aboriginal native(s)" would not be counted as part of the population. It was argued that this "would have resulted in New Zealand's having one less seat in the House of Representatives than if Maori were counted in the New Zealand population." Irving (1999), pg 403.
  46. ^ Commonwealth Franchise Bill, second reading. Australian House of Representatives Hansard. Retrieved on July 30, 2007.
  47. ^ "New Zealand scoffs at statehood idea". BBC. 2002-07-24. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  48. ^ James, Colin (2001-07-24). "How not to waltz Matilda". Colin James. Retrieved 2006-06-27.
  49. ^ Dick, Tim (2006-12-05). "Push for union with New Zealand". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-03-20. Australia and New Zealand should work towards a full union, or at least have a single currency and more common markets, a federal parliamentary committee says
  50. ^ NZG, Submission No. 23, pp. 2, 6. to House Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (4 December 2006). "Chapter 2 Basis and mechanisms for the harmonisation of legal systems". Harmonisation of legal systems Within Australia and between Australia and New Zealand. Australian House of Representatives. Retrieved 2008-03-20. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "Early Rugby in the Manawatu - Talk" Clive Akers, 10 April 2008
  52. ^ Camilla Obel, “Unions, Leagues and Franchises: The Social Organisation of Rugby Union in New Zealand”, University of Canterbury thesis, 2001
  53. ^ The STRATCO Canterbury Australian Football League - League History
  54. ^ Auckland Australian Football League Homepage
  55. ^ Ryan, Greg (1993). Forerunners of the All Blacks. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-908812-30-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
  56. ^ Christchurch Football Club History
  57. ^ Melbourne in AFL first
  58. ^ Women's Footy starts in Canterbury NZ from worldfootynews.com
  59. ^ Australia in New Zealand 1877/78 with links to scorecards
  60. ^ League of Legends: 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia (PDF). National Museum of Australia. 2008. pp. vii. ISBN ISBN 9781876944643. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  61. ^ "New Zealand downs Aussies for Commonwealth title". International Softball Federation. 2006-01-30. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
  62. ^ 1975 Asian Cup from nzsoccer.com
  63. ^ Maximumcrowe.net Russell Crowe online biography stating "He says he's "one-sixteenth Maori; I'm registered on the Maori voting poll in New Zealand." (Detour Oct. 97)"
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