Volunteer Fighting Corps
Volunteer Fighting Corps (国民義勇戦闘隊, Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai) were armed civil defense units planned in 1945 in the Empire of Japan as a last desperate measure to defend the Japanese home islands against the projected Allied invasion during Operation Downfall (Ketsugo Sakusen) in the final stages of World War II.
They were the Japanese equivalent of the German Volkssturm.[1] Its Commander-in-Chief was former Prime Minister General Koiso Kuniaki.[2]
History
Volunteer Corps
In March 1945, the cabinet of Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso passed a law establishing the creation of unarmed civil defense units, Volunteer Corps (国民義勇隊, Kokumin Giyūtai). With the assistance of the Taisei Yokusankai political party, the tonarigumi and Great Japan Youth Party, units were created by June 1945.
The Kokumin Giyūtai was not combatant, but working unit for fire service, food production and evacuation. All male civilians between the ages of 12 to 65 years, and females of 12 to 45 years were members. They received training on fire fighting techniques and elementary first aid.
Reformation as Militia
In April 1945, the Japanese cabinet resolved on reforming Kokumin Giyūtai into civilian militia. In June, the cabinet passed a special conscription law, and named the militia units Volunteer Fighting Corps (国民義勇戦闘隊, Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai).
The Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai would be organized, if the allied landing unit close to the Japanese homeland. Governors of Prefectures could conscript all male civilians between the ages of 15 to 60 years, and unmarried females of 17 to 40 years.[1] Commanders were appointed from retired military personnel and civilians with weapons experience.
Combat training sessions were held. But, the Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai was primarily assigned to support tasks such as construction, transportation and rationing.
The Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai was intended as main reserve along with a "second defense line" for Japanese forces to sustain a war of attrition against invading forces. After the allied invasion, these forces were intended to form resistance or guerilla warfare cells in cities, towns or mountains.
28,000,000 Combat Capable
Some 28,000,000 men and women were considered “combat capable” by the end of June 1945 [3]. At this stage of the war, the lack of modern weaponry and ammunition meant that most were armed with swords or even bamboo spears.
Within Japan proper, the Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai were never used in combat, except in South Sakhalin (the Battle of Okinawa occurred before its formal inception). And the similar units organized in Japanese exterior provinces were used in battle. The units in Chosen, Kwantung Leased Territory and Manchukuo sustained heavy casualties in combat against the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria during the last days of World War II.[4]
The Kokumin Giyūtai was abolished by order of the American occupation forces after the surrender of Japan.
Equipment
The Kokumin Giyu Sentōtai units were theoretically armed with weapons including:
- Type 94 8 mm Pistol
- Type 38 rifle
- Type 44 Cavalry Rifle
- Type 1 Heavy Machine Gun
- Type 5 Anti-aircraft gun
- Type 4 20 cm Rocket Launcher
- Type 10 Grenade Discharger
- Type 89 Grenade Discharger
- Ceramic hand grenades
- "Lunge AT Mine" (anti-tank mine on bamboo pole)
In actuality, mostly only much less sophisticated arms were available:
- "Molotov Cocktails"
- Simple bamboo or wood spears[1]
- Swords, bayonets, knives
- Antiquated firearms
See also
Other nations:
References
- Drea, Edward J. (1998). "Japanese Preparations for the Defense of the Homeland & Intelligence Forecasting for the Invasion of Japan". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Frank, Richard B (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41424-X.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Skates, John Ray (1994). The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb Downfall. New York: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-972-3.
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Notes
- ^ a b c Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2007). The end of the Pacific war: Reappraisals. Stanford University Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0804754276.
- ^ Shillony, Ben-Ami (1981). Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0198202601.
- ^ Japanese wikipedia
- ^ Frank, Downfall, the End of the Japanese Empire