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List of Islamophobic incidents

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See also: Persecution of Muslims

Incidents country wise

Balkans

In the 1990s, the Bosnian Genocide and Kosovo War, both of which involved the "mass murder of innocent Muslims," have been linked to Islamophobia.[1] According to the ICRC data on the Bosnian Genocide, "200,000 people were killed, 12,000 of them children, up to 50,000 women were raped, and 2.2 million were forced to flee their homes."[2]

Kanada

Halima Mautbur, from the Canadian Council on American-Islamic Relations called an attack on a hijabi Muslim woman "an Islamophobic incident".[3] On January 4, 2010, in Hamilton city of Ontario, Canada the largest mosque of the city on Stone Church Road was firebombed.[4] Hamilton police’s hate crime unit and chief arson investigator discovered "evidence of vandalism at the property as well as an incendiary device".[5] Attackers had used a large rock, lighter and Molotov cocktail.[6]

Dänemark

Doudou Diène in a report prepared by the UN Commission on Human Rights released on March 7, 2006 mentioned the publishing of the cartoons at the heart of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy regarding, "The development of Islamophobia or any racism and racial discrimination ..."[7]

Frankreich

148 French Muslim graves were desecrated near Arras. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.[8] Dalil Boubakeur, a director of a Paris mosque described the vandalism on a Mosque in Paris, France as Islamophobic.[9] On December 13, 2009, The Mosque of Castres in southern France, was vandalized in the night.[10] Swastika in black paint, "Sieg Heil" in German, "France to the French" in French, and "White Power" in English were scrawled on the mosque.[11] Additionally, a pig feet was hung on the mosque.[12]

The Islamic headscarf ban at schools in 2004 has been accused of being Islamophobic. As a consequence, the years following the ban has seen an increasing number of Islamic secondary schools being established, French Muslim female students increasingly choosing to study at home, some shaving their hair, and others migrating away from France with their families.[13] Muslim students have also increasingly enrolled at Catholic schools, which are usually more tolerant towards Islam than the secular public schools.[14] In 2010, a study entitled, Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?, has shown that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications."[15]

Deutschland

On July 1, 2009, Marwa El-Sherbini was stabbed to death in a courtroom in Dresden, Germany. She had just given evidence against her attacker who had used racist insults against her because she wore an Islamic headscarf.

The Bosphorus serial murders took place between 2000 and 2006. The police discovered a hit list of 88 people that included "two prominent members of the Bundestag and representatives of Turkish and Islamic groups".[16]

Nigeria

During the Yelwa massacre on May 2, 2004, a Christian militia killed hundreds of Muslims in Yelwa, Nigeria, and thousands of Muslims were forced to flee the area.[17]

Norwegen

Anders Behring Breivik, the confessed perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, two sequential attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011 that killed 76 people and wounded at least as many, is described as a 32 year old Norwegian islamophobic right-wing extremist.[18]

Vereinigtes Königreich

In March 2006, Jamia Masjid mosque in Preston was attacked by gangs of white youths using brick and concrete block. The white youths damaged a number of cars outside the mosque and stabbed a 16 year-old Muslim teenager. In the same town, a 20 year-old Muslim, Shezsan Umarji, was killed by three youths in July 2005.[19] On July 6, 2009, the Glasgow branch of Islamic Relief was badly damaged by a fire which police said was started deliberately, and which members of the Muslim community of Scotland allege were Islamophobic.[20]

In 2005, The Guardian commissioned an ICM poll which indicated an increase in Islamophobic incidents, particularly after the London bombings in July 2005.[21][22] Another survey of Muslims, this by the Open Society Institute, found that of those polled 32% believed they had suffered religious discrimination at airports, and 80% said they had experienced Islamophobia.[23][24] In July 2005, a Muslim man, Kamal Raza Butt, was beaten to death outside a corner shop in Nottingham by a gang of youths who shouted anti-Islamic abuse at him.[25]

On the 26 August 2007 fans of the English football club Newcastle United directed Islamophobic chants at Egyptian Middlesbrough F.C. striker Mido. An FA investigation was launched[26] He revealed his anger at The FA's investigation, believing that they would make no difference to any future abuse.[27] Two men were eventually arrested over the chanting and were due to appear at Teesside Magistrates Court.[28]

English Defence League is a far right group that attracts far-right activists to take part in demonstrations across the United Kingdom.

In January 2010, a report from the University of Exeter's European Muslim research centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim hate crimes has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred. The Islamophobic incidents it described include: "Neil Lewington, a violent extremist nationalist convicted in July 2009 of a bomb plot; Terence Gavan, a violent extremist nationalist convicted in January 2010 of manufacturing nail bombs and other explosives, firearms and weapons; a gang attack in November 2009 on Muslim students at City University; the murder in September 2009 of Muslim pensioner, Ikram Syed ul-Haq; a serious assault in August 2007 on the Imam at London Central Mosque; and an arson attack in June 2009 on Greenwich Islamic Centre."[29][30] Other Islamophobic incidents mentioned in the report include "Yasir, a young Moroccan," being "nearly killed while waiting to take a bus from Willesden to Regent's Park in London" and "left in a coma for three months"; "Mohammed Kohelee," a "caretaker who suffered burns to his body while trying to prevent an arson attack against Greenwich Mosque"; "the murder" of "Tooting pensioner Ekram Haque" who "was brutally beaten to death in front of his three year old granddaughter" by a "race-hate" gang; and "police officers" being injured "during an English Defence League (EDL) march in Stoke."[31]

In August 2011, The Barnabas Fund, a charity for persecuted Christian minorities, began campaigning against what it said was the growing "Islamisation" of Britain.[32]

United States of America

File:Gathering of eagles.jpg
A protester at a counter-demonstration against the September 15, 2007 anti-war protest in Washington, D.C.

In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, many residents of Middle Eastern descent and African American Muslims became victims of the initial rage at "Muslim terrorists" as the initial news stories hypothesized. KFOR-TV's coverage of the bombing informed viewers that a member of the Nation of Islam had taken credit for the bombing. Even though the network cautioned that it might be a crank call, it repeated the claim throughout the day's coverage. KFOR had also mistakenly identified an Iraqi resident as "John Doe 2", which subjected him to public harassment and caused the loss of his job. It was also reported that an Iraqi woman had a miscarriage after men shouting anti-Muslim epithets shattered the windows in her home.[33] According to a report prepared by the Arab American Institute, three days after the bombings, "more than 200 serious hate crimes were committed against Arab Americans and American Muslims. The same was true in the days following September 11."[34] There were also suggestions on the radio that all Arab Americans "be put in internment camps".[33] Moreover, Daniel Zwerdling observed that "while the planners of the 'Time For Healing' service took great pains to be inclusive and to include Jews, Catholics, Evangelical Christians among the religious leaders at the service, Islamic groups were excluded".[33]

In the aftermath of 9/11, hate crimes against people of Middle-Eastern descent increased from 354 attacks in 2000 to 1,501 attacks in 2001.[35] Among the victims of the backlash was a Middle-Eastern man in Houston, Texas who was shot and wounded after an assailant accused him of "blowing up the country"[34] and four immigrants shot and killed by a man named Larme Price who confessed to killing them as "revenge" for the September 11 attacks.[36] Although Price described his victims as Arabs, only one was from an Arab country. This appears to be a trend; on account of stereotypes of Arabs, several non-Arab, non-Muslim groups were subjected to attacks in the wake of 9/11, including several Sikh men attacked for wearing their religiously mandated turban.[37]

Zohreh Assemi, an Iranian American Muslim owner of a nail salon in Locust Valley, New York, was robbed, beaten, and called a "terrorist" in September 2007 in what authorities call a bias crime.[38] Assemi was kicked, sliced with a boxcutter, and had her hand smashed with a hammer. The perpetrators, who forcibly removed $2,000 from the salon and scrawled anti-Muslim slurs on the mirrors, also told Assemi to "get out of town" and that her kind were not "welcomed" in the area. The attack followed two weeks of phone calls in which Iranian-American Zohreh Assemi was called a "terrorist" and told to "get out of town," friends and family said.[38]

While en route to Chicago, Shahrukh Khan, a well-known Bollywood actor, was held for what he described as "humiliating" questioning for several hours in Newark Airport, New Jersey because of his common Muslim surname Khan. He was released only following the intervention of the Indian embassy.[39][40]

On August 25, 2010, a New York taxi driver was stabbed after a passenger asked if he was Muslim.[41]

The Dove World Outreach Center church in Gainesville, Florida planned to burn Qurans on the ninth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. Despite warning from the military leadership in the Afghan War, Terry Jones, the pastor of the centre, said it would be "tragic" if anybody's life was lost as a result of the planned Quran burning. While he added "Still, I must say that we feel that we must sooner or later stand up to Islam, and if we don't, it's not going to go away." His church's website claims to "expose Islam" as a "violent and oppressive religion;" it also displays a sign reading "Islam is of the Devil."[42]

In March, 2011 the Center for Security Policy released a study which concluded that "religious bias crimes - also known as hate crimes - against Muslim Americans, measured by the categories of incidents, offenses or victims, have remained relatively low with a downward trend since 2001, and are significantly less than the numbers of bias crimes against Jewish victims."[43]

Incidents in media

  • American political talk show host Neal Boortz regularly denounces Muslims across-the-board and Islam as a "cult", in addition to denouncing specific acts of terrorism perpetrated by Muslims
  • Carl Ernst, a scholar of Islamic studies, and the Council on American-Islamic Relations has alleged that Robert Spencer is "Islamophobic".[44][45] Spencer responded to this labeling, and invited Ernst to debate.[46]
  • The Council on American-Islamic Relations has stated that the views of Ann Coulter are Islamophobic.[47]
  • Oliver Duff of The Independent said in 2006 that the British National Party attempted to use increasing Islamophobia to make gains in local elections.[48]
  • Liz McGregor and John Hooper of The Guardian, has alleged that the views and writings of Oriana Fallaci, an Italian journalist and author of "The Force of Reason", was "Islamaphobic" [sic].[49]
  • The Islamic Human Rights Commission gave U.S Attorney General John Ashcroft a nomination for their 2003 "Islamophobe of the year" award for publicly saying, "Islam is a religion in which God requires you to send your son to die for him. Christianity is a faith in which God sends his son to die for you"[50][51]
  • The Islamic Human Rights Commission made Daniel Pipes a nominee for their 2004 and 2005 "Islamophobe of the year" awards.[52]
  • A December 2005 interview by Vlaams Belang frontman Filip Dewinter with the American-Jewish newsweekly The Jewish Week included a question if "Jews should vote for a party that espouses xenophobia". Dewinter responded by saying: "Xenophobia is not the word I would use. If it absolutely must be a ‘phobia,’ let it be ‘Islamophobia.’"[53]
  • The UK Minister Peter Hain's statement that Britain's Muslim community is "isolationist" was met with accusations of Islamophobia, as well as Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi's public claim that Western civilization is superior to Islam.[54]
  • Some suggestions in the United Kingdom debate over veils (which concerned the circumstances in which Muslim women should be required to remove the Niqab) were considered Islamophobic by MP John McDonnell.[55]
  • CAIR and the Associated Press called United States Rep. Virgil H. Goode, Jr. (R-VA) islamophobic for his Dec. 2006 letter stating that Rep-elect Keith Ellison's desire to use the Qur'an during the swearing in ceremonies was a threat to "the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America" and for saying "I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies."[56][57]
  • Concerning the US state of North Carolina’s position (as expressed by their attorney general’s office) in the ongoing case of ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. State of North Carolina that the only swearing-in for testimony in court that was valid had to be on a Christian Bible (and that all others must choose to affirm), CAIR's Legal Director in Washington D.C, Arsalan Iftikhar, said “This shows there's a lot of anti-Muslim sentiment, especially here in the United States.”[58]
  • Statements that incite Islamophobia from Franklin Graham, Pat Robertson and Benny Hinn, according to John Esposito. read relevant quotes.[59]
  • In 2004, Professor Richard E. Johnson wrote a book entitled (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers, criticizing the British media for propogating negative stereotypes of Muslims and fueling anti-Muslim prejudice.[60] The media has also been criticized for under-reporting hate crimes against Muslims.[61] The Western media has also been criticized for over-reporting a few Islamist terrorist incidents but under-reporting the much larger number of non-Islamist terrorist attacks carried out by non-Muslim white extremists.[62] A Europol report showed that, contrary to media representation, more than 99% of terrorist attacks in Europe from 2006 to 2009 were, in fact, carried out by non-Muslims.[63][64] An FBI report has shown that, contrary to popular opinion, only a small minority of terrorist attacks in the United States from 1980 to 2005 were carried out by Islamist extremists, while the same report concludes that "whereas the violent, global jihadist movement manifested itself primarily in terrorist preventions in the United States from 2002 through 2005, internationally the movement claimed major attacks against U.S. and Western targets that resulted in American casualties".[65]
  • British cabinet ministers had been criticized in October 2006 for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" in the United Kingdom by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the Home Office on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white British youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that intolerance from the white British community was a greater "barrier to integration" in the United Kingdom.[66][67] A Europe-wide survey by Gallup in May 2009 also found that the Muslim communities in Britain, Germany and France felt more patriotic towards those countries than the general populations in those countries,[68][69] while another survey found that Muslims supported the role of Christianity in British life more so than Christians themselves.[70]
  • The British Social Attitudes Survey in January 2010 found that the British public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group,"[71] with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church."[72]
  • In 2006 ABC News reported that "[p]ublic views of Islam are one casualty of the post-Sept. 11, 2001 conflict: Nearly six in 10 Americans think the religion is prone to violent extremism, nearly half regard it unfavorably, and a remarkable one in four admits to prejudicial feelings against Muslims and Arabs alike." They also report that 27 percent of Americans admit feelings of prejudice against Muslims.[73] According to Gallup polls, 40 percent of Americans admit to prejudice against Muslims, and 39 percent believe Muslims should carry special identification.[74]

Incidents on aircraft

Some incidents with Muslim passengers on aircraft have given rise to the expression "Flying while Muslim".[75]

  • On 16 August 2006 British passengers on board a flight from Malaga to Manchester requested the removal of two men of Asian descent from a plane. According to a spokesman for the Civil Guard in Malaga, "These men had aroused suspicion because of their appearance and the fact that they were speaking in a foreign language thought to be an Arabic language, and the pilot was refusing to take off until they were escorted off the plane." A security sweep of the plane found no explosives or any item of a terrorist nature. Monarch Airlines booked the men, who were Urdu speakers, into a hotel room, gave them a free meal and sent them home on a later plane. The men later responded, "Just because we're Muslim, does not mean we are suicide bombers." The Islamic Human Rights Commission blamed "ever-increasing Islamophobia" related to the "war on terror" for the incident.[76][77][78]
  • A passenger traveling to the British Virgin Islands on a plane bound for the United States from Manchester in the UK was forced off the plane prior to takeoff. The man, a British-born Muslim residing in the United States, said he was singled out because he was a Muslim pilot and was left feeling "demoralized and humiliated. I must have met the profile on the day. I have an Arabic name, I am a Muslim, I'm from Britain and I know how to fly."[79][80]
  • On 21 November 2006, six imams were forcefully removed from a US Airways flight at Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport for security reasons. The event led to an outcry from Muslim organizations in America saying that what happened showed the growing prejudice against Muslims in America.[81] Investigations by the airline and police so far have reported that the airline and ground crews responded to security concerns properly in removing the men from the plane.[82] See Flying Imams controversy for more details regarding this incident.
  • In 2009 AirTran Airways removed nine Muslim passengers, including three children, from a flight and turned them over to the FBI after one of the men commented to another that they were sitting right next to the engines and wondered aloud where the safest place to sit on the plane was. Although the FBI subsequently cleared the passengers and called the incident a "misunderstanding," AirTran refused to seat the passengers on another flight, forcing them to purchase last minute tickets on another airline that had been secured with the FBI's assistance. A spokesman for AirTran initially defended the airline's actions and said they would not reimburse the passengers for the cost of the new tickets. Although the men had traditional beards and the women headscarves, AirTran denied that their actions were based on the passengers' appearance.[83] The following day, after the incident received widespread media coverage, AirTran reversed its position and issued a public apology, adding that it would in fact reimburse the passengers for the cost of their rebooked tickets.[84]

Video games

  • Muslim Massacre: The Game of Modern Religious Genocide is a controversial 2008 amateur shoot 'em up computer game, as the aim of the game is to kill all Muslims that appear on the screen. The game's creator took down the game's download site with a statement of apology on his personal website, claiming his original intention in releasing the game, to "mock the foreign policy of the United States and the commonly held belief in the United States that Muslims are a hostile people to be held with suspicion", had backfired and not been understood by the wider public, and that its release "did not achieve its intended effect and instead only caused hurt to hospitable, innocent people."[85] However it later emerged that the apology was indeed fake and the original game was an act of a political statement and not of anti-Muslim sentiment.[86]

See also

References

  1. ^ Z. Husain & D. M. Rosenbaum (2004). "Perceiving Islam: The Causes and Consequences of Islamophobia in the Western Media". In Santosh C. Saha (ed.). Religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world: critical social and political issues. Lexington Books. pp. 177–8. ISBN 0739107607.
  2. ^ Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina, Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly on the occasion of the General Debate, Summary, 23 September 2008, pp. 2.
  3. ^ Muslim groups want action from U of T[dead link], University of Toronto News, March 16, 2006
  4. ^ "Hamilton mosque firebombed". CBC News. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 04 Jenuary 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Morse, Paul (04 Jenuary 2010). "Shock, outrage over attack on city mosque". The Hamilton Spectator. Hamilton – Ontario – Canada: Torstar Corporation. Retrieved 2010-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) [dead link]
  6. ^ Morse, Paul (05 Jenuary 2010). "Mosque firebombing sparks outrage". The Hamilton Spectator. Hamilton – Ontario – Canada: Torstar Corporation. Retrieved 2010-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) [dead link]
  7. ^ Racism and racial discrimination on rise around the world, UN expert warns, UN NEWS CENTRE, March 7, 2006
  8. ^ French Muslim war graves defaced, BBC, April 6, 2008
  9. ^ Vandals target Paris mosque The Guardian – Tuesday February 22, 2005
  10. ^ O., M. (13 December 2009). "Desecration of a mosque in France". Ennahar Online English. Hydra – Alger: El Athir For the Press. Retrieved 16 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Anti-Muslim graffiti found on French mosque". Associated Press. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.[dead link]
  12. ^ "Anti-Muslim Graffiti Found on French Mosque". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009. [dead link]
  13. ^ Amara Bamba (April 12, 2008). "French Anti-Hijab Law: Four Years On". IslamOnline. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
  14. ^ KATRIN BENNHOLD (September 29, 2008). "French Muslims Find Haven in Catholic Schools". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  15. ^ "Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias". Otago Daily Times. 26 Mar 2010. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  16. ^ "German neo-Nazi terrorists had 'hitlist' of 88 political targets". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  17. ^ Tume Ahemba (8 May 2004). "Nigerian Muslims struggle to cope after village massacre". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  18. ^ Birnbaum, Elisa; Goodman, David J. (22 July 2011). "At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  19. ^ "Muslim teenager stabbed during attack on UK mosque". Arabic News. 10/3/2006. Retrieved 2010-04-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Islamic charity fire 'deliberate' BBC News, 6 July 2009
  21. ^ Two-thirds of Muslims consider leaving UK The Guardian – Tuesday July 26, 2005
  22. ^ ICM-Guardian poll Poll of Muslims in the UK. The Guardian – Tuesday July 26, 2005
  23. ^ Spiraling Islamophobia Alienating British Muslims: Report Islam Online – Nov 22 2004
  24. ^ ... And why we urgently need new answers Sarfraz Manzoor – The Guardian – November 30, 2004
  25. ^ Vikram Dood (13 July 2005). "Islamophobia blamed for attack". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  26. ^ "Briefs3-FA investigating claims of racist chanting against Mido". Reuters. 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  27. ^ Williams, Simon (2008-12-04). "Mido fury at FA over repeat of racist taunts at Tyne-Tees clash". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  28. ^ "Two arrested over Mido chanting". BBC Sport. 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  29. ^ Vikram Dood (28 January 2010). "Media and politicians 'fuel rise in hate crimes against Muslims'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  30. ^ Dr. Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Dr. Robert Lambert. "Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: a London Case Study" (PDF). University of Exeter. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  31. ^ Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Robert Lambert (28 January 2010). "Muslims in the UK: beyond the hype". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  32. ^ Dipesh Gadher (7 August 2011). "Christian charity to fight Britain's 'slide into Islam'". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  33. ^ a b c Linenthal, Edward. The Unfinished Bombing: Oklahoma City in American Memory. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0195161076.
  34. ^ a b "Arab American Institute 2001 report submitted to the United States Commission on Civil Rights" (PDF). Arab American Institute.
  35. ^ Oswald, Debra L. (September 2005). "Understanding Anti-Arab Reactions Post-9/11: The Role of Threats, Social Categories, and Personal Ideologies". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 35 (9): 1775–1799. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02195.x.
  36. ^ 'Vibes Made Man Kill... and Confess, Police Say
  37. ^ "Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks". US News. CNN. September 17, 2001. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  38. ^ a b Muslim Biz Gal Beaten
  39. ^ SRK detained at Newark airport over ‘Khan’ name (Second Lead)
  40. ^ "The world sees Muslims differently: Mahesh Bhatt". The Times Of India. 15 August 2009.
  41. ^ "Taxi driver stabbed after passenger asks if he's Muslim". CNN. August 26, 2010.
  42. ^ Warnings against Quran burning plan – Central & South Asia – Al Jazeera English
  43. ^ "New Study on Hate Crimes Debunks the Myth of a Growing Trend in Muslim Victimization", Center for Security Policy, March 29, 2011.
  44. ^ CA Synagogue That Hosted Islamophobe Urged to Invite Muslim Speaker, CAIR News Releases, November 08, 2005
  45. ^ Notes on the Ideological Patrons of an Islamophobe, Robert Spencer by Carl W. Ernst – University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004
  46. ^ An open letter to Carl Ernst, August 27, 2006
  47. ^ Ann Coulter says Muslims 'Smell Bad', Council on American-Islamic Relations, March 10, 2004
  48. ^ Rising Islamophobia makes Birmingham fertile ground for BNP, The Independent, April 8, 2006
  49. ^ Obituary of Oriana Fallaci – The Guardian, 16 September 2006. "Controversial Italian journalist famed for her interviews and war reports but notorious for her Islamaphobia"
  50. ^ Annual Islamophobia Awards, 2003
  51. ^ "The gospel according to John (Ashcroft)" San Francisco Chronicle
  52. ^ Winners of Islamophobia Awards 2004, Islamic Human Rights Commission, June 26, 2004. *Winners of the Islamophobia Awards 2005, Islamic Human Rights Commission, December 17, 2005.
  53. ^ Filip Dewinter interview, Jewish Week, December 9, 2006
  54. ^ Who's afraid of Islamophobia?, Spiked, July 2, 2002
  55. ^ See, e.g., "Wave of Islamophobia", a blog post by John McDonnell MP from October 6, 2006.
  56. ^ Erika Howsare (2006-12-19). "Anti-Muslim letter goes out to hundreds – not all are amused". Retrieved December 20, 2006.
  57. ^ "Congressman Will Not Apologize for IslamophobiaBy The Associated Press". Associated Press. 2006-12-21. Retrieved December 21, 2006.
  58. ^ Patrik Jonsson (2005-07-20). "Raise your right hand and swear to tell the truth... on the Koran?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
  59. ^ "Unlearning Intolerance". UN Chronicle Online Edition. 2004-07-12.
  60. ^ Richardson, John E. (2004). (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9027226997.
  61. ^ Jenny Bourne (4 February 2010). "Islamophobia and anti-Muslim hate crime in London". Institute of Race Relations. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  62. ^ Mehdi Hasan (9 July 2009). "Know your enemy". New Statesman. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
  63. ^ Seumas Milne (25 February 2010). "This tide of anti-Muslim hatred is a threat to us all". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  64. ^ "EU TERRORISM SITUATION AND TREND REPORT". Europol. 2007–2009. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  65. ^ "Terrorism 2002–2005". FBI. 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
  66. ^ Vikram Dood (21 October 2006). "White pupils less tolerant, survey shows". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  67. ^ "Muslim students 'more tolerant'". BBC News. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  68. ^ "Poll: European Muslims more patriotic than average populace". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  69. ^ Ian Dunt (7 May 2009). "Muslims more patriotic than Brits". Politics. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  70. ^ Nick Allen (24 February 2009). "79 per cent of Muslims say Christianity should have strong role in Britain". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  71. ^ George Galloway (14 March 2010). "Sinister parallels of hatred". Morning Star. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  72. ^ "Britain divided by Islam, survey finds". The Daily Telegraph. London. 11 Jan 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  73. ^ "Poll: Americans Skeptical of Islam and Arabs", ”ABC News”, March 8, 2006.
  74. ^ "Islamophobia Felt 5 Years after 9/11", Good Morning America, September 9, 2006.
  75. ^ Airline checks claim of 'Muslim while flying' discrimination CNN November 21, 2006.
  76. ^ Mutiny as passengers refuse to fly until Asians are removed – Mail on Sunday. 20 August 2006
  77. ^ Exclusive: Malaga Jet mutiny pair's shock at plane ejection – The Daily Mirror. 23 August 2006.
  78. ^ Removal of men from holiday flight condemned[dead link]The Guardian. 21 August 2006
  79. ^ Muslim pilot kicked off jet in terror alert – Manchester Evening News. 11 August 2006
  80. ^ Muslim pilot reveals shock at being ordered off flight – The Independent. 22 August 2006
  81. ^ "U.S. Muslims outraged after imams kicked off plane"[dead link], The Washington Post, 22 November 2006.
  82. ^ Probes dismiss imams' racism claim
  83. ^ 9 Muslim Passengers Removed From Jet
  84. ^ Airline Offers Apology Over Detained Muslim Passengers
  85. ^ 'Muslim Massacre' Creator Tucks Tail, Apologizes Kotaku.com, 14 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  86. ^ Muslim Massacre Creator: My Apology Was Fake | GamePolitics
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