Simón Susarte
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011) |
36°08′18″N 5°20′37″W / 36.138441°N 5.343574°W Template:Spanish name 2
Simón Susarte | |
|---|---|
| Born | Simón Rodríguez Susarte |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation | Goatherd |
| Known for | leading 500 Bourbon Spanish grenadiers up a concealed path to the top of The Rock of Gibraltar in 1704 in order to surprise the Grand Alliance garrison. |
Simón Rodríguez Susarte, commonly known as Simón Susarte, was a Spanish goatherd from Gibraltar, who in 1704 aided a Bourbon Spanish attempt to seize Gibraltar during the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar by revealing a concealed path to the attackers which led to the top of the Rock of Gibraltar. Susarte then guided a Bourbon contingent along this difficult trail, aiming to surprise the Grand Alliance garrison in hopes of recovering the town.[1] Although the resulting assault proved unsuccessful, Susarte's bravery and resourcefulness made him a local legend.[citation needed]
The Gibraltar siege
Following the capture of Gibraltar by an Anglo-Dutch fleet on 4 August 1704 on behalf of the Grand Alliance, the Franco-Spanish Bourbon forces counterattacked by laying siege to the town in September, mainly attacking from the northern slopes of The Rock. Despite numerous Spanish batteries in this area, the Grand Alliance defenders managed to hold the town's entrance by creating an inundation[citation needed], with fire support provided by a large ship at the port's northern end.
The path
On 8 October, Simón Susarte visited the Bourbon Spanish army camp on the north end of the isthmus to advise the troops of a path which led from the east side of Gibraltar's sheer rockface to its summit. This path was known to Susarte and other goatherds from Gibraltar, as they had used it regularly in search of pasture for their goats. The Marquis of Villadarias was in command at the camp; after confirming the veracity of Susarte's account, he decided to send a Colonel Figueroa together with 500 lightly armed grenadiers under Susarte to take the Alliance forces by surprise from the sheer rock face, in conjunction with a general attack to be launched by the remaining Spanish forces. On the night of 9 October, Figueroa's soldiers left the Bourbon lines and began climbing up the jagged eastern slopes of Gibraltar to the "Paso del Algarrobo" (Spanish: Carob Path). They later descended, guided by Susarte, along the path to the area known to him as "Los Tarfes" and took refuge in St. Michael's Cave on the western slopes of The Rock.[citation needed] According to another source, the troops spent the night on the east side of the Rock in Fig Tree Cave and Martin's Cave before ascending Middle Hill the next day.[2]
Bourbon surprise attack
Susarte's party emerged from the cave before sunrise and proceeded to the "Torre del Hacho" (Signal Station), killing the guards posted there on sentry duty.[citation needed] Shortly after, they took the area then known as "La Silleta" at Gibraltar's summit. Susarte's task as guide ended here. Having accomplished the first part of their mission, Figueroa's men awaited a signal from the Bourbon camp to take the Upper Town by surprise at various points.[citation needed] The Marquis of Villadarias planned a supporting assault across the isthmus frontier to displace Alliance troops so that Figueroa's men might take over their posts; however, Figueroa saw no movement from the camp on 10 September, and so decided not to attack. Shortly after sunrise, a boy taking supplies to his father at the Signal Station found that all its occupants were dead, and immediately notified the Grand Alliance garrison.[citation needed]
The Grand Alliance counter-attack
Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt had anticipated the possibility of an attack from the rear and had kept a mobile force in reserve to guard against such an eventuality. It was formed by an English company and two Spanish companies: a regular company under captain Francisco de Sandoval and a Catalan company of miquelets under Jaume Burguy, numbering 300 men, all of them led by Hesse's brother Heinrich.[3] This reserve immediately responded and engaged the Spanish Bourbons at Middle Hill. Although the Bourbons had the advantage of height, they were trapped against the precipice they had climbed and only had three rounds of ammunition each, as a result of travelling light; they had not come prepared for a pitched battle.
The Spanish Habsburg force led by Captain Burguy, made up of miquelets and regulars, marched ahead and dislodged the Spanish Bourbon grenadiers from the top of the hill.[3] At the same time, Sandoval, with his remaining regulars and miquelets, charged upon the bulk of the assaulting force from one flank, while Heinrich von Hesse attacked from the other side.[3] Around a hundred of the Bourbon force, including their colonel, were captured. Hundreds more were killed, either by defending fire or by falling off the Rock while attempting to flee. Only a few, including Simón Susarte, made it back to the Bourbon lines. The English subsequently ensured that there would be no repeat of this episode by blasting away the path used by the Spanish.[4][5]
Susarte's fate and legacy
According to some sources[who?], Simón Susarte saved his own life by taking a path unknown to the either the Spanish or the British, thus escaping the scuffle.[citation needed] A park in San Roque featuring Susarte's statue is named after him.[1]
Existence of Simón Susarte
There is doubt about the existence of Simón Susarte, since contemporary sources did not mention him at all and the first recorded mention dates to seventy eight years after the event. Susarte's story is first mentioned by Ignacio López de Ayala in the Historia de Gibraltar (History of Gibraltar), in 1782,[6] and by Francisco María Montero in the Historia de Gibraltar y su Campo (History of Gibraltar and its Campo), in 1860.[7] However, the official accounts of the siege published in the Gaceta de Madrid[8] or the letters of Villadarias (which generically talks about l'affaire de la montagne, the mountain affair) do not mention it. Sáez Rodríguez argues that the lack of any contemporary record of Susarte's involvement does not prove he did not exist but only that his alleged participation was hushed up.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b San Roque Tourism – Simón Susarte Park
- ^ Jackson, Sir William G. F. (1990). The rock of the Gibraltarians : a history of Gibraltar (2nd ed. ed.). Grendon: Gibraltar Books. p. 107. ISBN 0948466146.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ a b c De la Penya i Parell, Narcís Feliu: Anales de Cataluña. Vol. III. Barcelona: Juan Pablo Martí, 1709, pp. 526-527
- ^ Jackson, William G. F. (1986). The Rock of the Gibraltarians. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses p.107
- ^ Hills, George (1974). Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar. London: Robert Hale & Company p.193
- ^ López de Ayala, Ignacio (1782). Historia de Gibraltar (in Spanish).
- ^ Montero, Francisco María (1860). Historia de Gibraltar y su Campo (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica.
- ^ Álvarez Vázquez, Manuel (2003). "Gibraltar en la 'Gaceta de Madrid' (1704- 1705)" (PDF). Almoraima (in Spanish) (29): 333–350.
- ^ Sáez Rodríguez, Ángel J. (2007). Las defensas de Gibraltar (siglos XII-XVIII) (in Spanish). Málaga: Editorial Sarriá. p. 95. ISBN 978-84-96799-10-3.
Bibliography
- Montero, Francisco María (1860). Barbard College Library (ed.). Historia de Gibraltar y su campo (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- Ferrer Del Río, Antonio (1856). Historia del reinado de Carlos III en España (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta de Matute y Compagni. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- Tubino, Francisco María (1863). Gibraltar: Ante la historia, la diplomacia y la política (in Spanish). Seville: La Andalucia. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- Jackson, William Godfrey Fothergill (1987). The Rock of the Gibraltarians. London and Toronto: Farleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3237-8.
