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Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by SoLando (talk | contribs) at 08:36, 8 October 2015 (→‎Operations by Russian military: that's speculation, and the Daily Expresss isn't the most reliable when it comes to matters like this. It's a tabloid with a history of hyperbole). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
Part of the military intervention against ISIL
and the Syrian Civil War

Two Sukhoi Su-25s at Bassel Al-Assad International Airport in Latakia, one type of ground attack aircraft involved in the intervention
Date30 September 2015 – present (8 years, 10 months and 1 week)
Standort
Syria
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

Air war
 Russland
 Syria

Coalition forces-ground
 Iran

  • Elite Militias

 Syria
Hezbollah

Supported by:
 Iraq[1]

 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[2]

Army of Conquest:[3]

Free Syrian Army[5]

Supported by:
 Vereinigte Staaten[6]
Commanders and leaders
Russland Vladimir Putin
Russland Sergey Shoygu
Russland Valery Gerasimov
Russland Viktor Bondarev
Syria Bashar al-Assad
Syria Fahd Jassem al-Freij
Syria Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Syria Issam Hallaq
Iran Ali Khamenei[10]
Iran Hassan Rouhani
Iran Qasem Soleimani
Hassan Nasrallah

Islamic State Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani (Spokesperson)
Abu Suleiman al-Naser (Replacement Military Chief)[11]
Abu Ali al-Anbari (Deputy, Syria)
Abu Omar al-Shishani (Field commander in Syria) [12][13]

Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Leader of the al-Nusra Front)

Abu Yahia al-Hamawi[14] (Leader of Ahrar ash-Sham)

Albay Ahmed Berri

Vereinigte Staaten Barack Obama
Units involved

Russian Armed Forces:

Syrian Armed Forces:

Iranian Armed Forces:

Shi'ite Militias[18][19][19]
Hezbollah

Military of ISIL

al-Nusra Front[4]

Ahrar ash-Sham[4]

Falcons of Mount Zawiya Brigade[20]

Tajammu al-Izzah[21]
Strength

Coalition forces:

Russia:
3 Buyan-class corvette[22]
1 Gepard-class frigate[23]
12 Su-24Ms
12 Su-25SMs[24][25]
6 Su-34s[26]
4 Su-30SMs[27]
15 Mi-24 and Mi-17[28]
3 SA-22 SAMs[29]
6 T-90 Tanks[30]
35 armored personnel carriers[31]
15 Heavy Artillery Pieces[32]
200-800 Marine advisors[33][34]
Unspecified number of Special Forces operatives[35]
7th Guards Airborne Division[36]

Syria:
150,000 personnel[37]

Iran:
7,000-15,000[38][39] Shi'ite militias:

20,000[38]

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:
Around 100,000 fighters (according to Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)[40]
At least a few hundred tanks[41][42]
3 drones[43][44][45][46]

al-Nusra Front:
10,000[47]
Ahrar ash-Sham:

10,000-20,000[48]

Free Syrian Army:

Between 45,000 and 60,000 fighters
Casualties and losses

Russland Russia:

  • No casualties

Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:

  • 12+ killed[49]
  • 30 vehicles destroyed[50]

al-Qaeda:

Free Syrian Army

1 leader killed,[52]
22 wounded[53]

On 30 September 2015, Russia started a military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[54]

It consisted of air strikes by Russia against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, al-Qaeda in the Levant, and other enemies of the internationally recognized Syrian government, with significant ground support from Iranian ground troops working in conjunction with the Syrian Army and allies.[55] Prior to the intervention, Russia's involvement in the Syrian Civil War had mainly consisted of arming the Syrian Army.[56] Russia intervened after a formal request from the Syrian government for military help against rebel and jihadist groups in Syria.[57]

Background

See also: Russia's role in the Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Civil War is being waged between myriad opposition and government groups and their local and foreign support bases, who share a shifting, complex web of inter-relationships. After almost a year of air strikes conducted by the US-led intervention proved to be unsuccessful against ISIS,[58] Russia, an ally of Syria, started sending its own warplanes and equipment to an airbase near the port city of Latakia in Syria. Russia announced its own coalition against ISIS together with Iran, Iraq and Syria.[59]

On 30 September 2015, the upper house of the Federal Assembly (Russia), the Federation Council, approved the request of President Vladimir Putin to deploy the Russian Air Force in Syria.[60] The Syrian government sent a formal request to Russia for military help, after which Russia answered with its first series of air strikes against militants.[60]

Operations by Russian military

Russian Su-24 fighter jets at an air base in Latakia, Syria

The first series of air strikes took place on 30 September 2015 in areas around the cities of Homs and Hama, targeting the mainstream opposition.[54] Russian warplanes attacked rebel positions "in al-Rastan, Talbiseh and Zafaraniya in Homs province; Al-Tilol al-Hmer in Quneitra province; Aydoun, a village on the outskirts of the town of Salamiya; Deer Foul, between Hama and Homs; and the outskirts of Salmiya".[61] In total, 20 flights were made.[62] Most of the initial airstrikes targeted positions of Free Syrian Army.[63][64]

According to Hezbollah media outlet Al Mayadeen, the Army of Conquest around Jisr ash-Shugour was bombed on 1 October by Russian planes; at least 30 air strikes were carried out.[9] Another series of Russian airstrikes carried out that same day hit ISIL positions in Raqqa governorate.[2]

On 2 October, the Russian Air Force began bombing Al-Nusra Front positions in al-Rastan and Talbiseh in the Homs province.[7] Later, they proceeded with bombing Al-Nusra in Kafr Zita, Al-Ghaab Plains, Kafr Nabl, Kafr Sijnah, and Al-Rakaya in the Hama province.[7] The Syrian Air Force and the Russian Air Force jointly bombed Al-Nusra in Jisr al-Shughur.[7] At night, the Russian Air Force targeted ISIS with 11 airstrikes over Al-Raqqah while targeting electrical grids outside it, 2 airstrikes over Shadadi-Hasakah Highway, and 3 airstrikes in Al-Mayadeen, Deir ez-Zor province.[7] The primary ISIS military base in Tabaqa Military Airport was also attacked, with the barracks being destroyed in two airstrikes.[8] Near the Military Airport, an ISIS weapons supply depot in Al-‘Ajrawi Farms was also bombed.[8] At the same time, the ISIS primary headquarters in Tabaqa National Hospital was heavily damaged in a Russian airstrike.[7][8] In Al-Hasakah province, the Russian Air Force targeted ISIS in Al-Shadadi and Al-Houl, while the Syrian Air Force attacked an ISIS convoy along the Deir ez-Zor-Hasakah Highway.[8]

On 3 October, reports indicated that Hezbollah and Iranian fighters were preparing major ground offensives to be coordinated with Russian airstrikes.[65] According to CNN, the Russian defense ministry said its soldiers bombed nine ISIS positions near the terror group's de facto capital in Raqqa. At least 11 were killed in an alleged double strike by Russia in Syria's Idlib province, according to opposition groups.[66]

By 6 October, rebel groups had begun evacuating from hitherto secure bases on the Turkish border in anticipation of intensified Russian strikes. Others had been forced to reposition themselves on existing frontlines.

On 7th October, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said that in the eight days since the airstrikes began, 112 targets around Syria had been hit.[67]

In the night towards 7 October, four warships from the Russian Navy's Caspian Flotilla launched a salvo of 26 3M-14T Kalibr NK cruise missiles that hit 11 targets within Syrian territory. The missiles passed through Iranian and Iraqi airspace in order to reach their targets at a distance of well over about 1,500 kilometers (930 miles).[68][69]

On 7th October, Russian and Syrian ground forces began coordinated attacks on Islamic State targets. This came after a battallion sized Russian assault force arrived over the last week including "artillery, there are long-range rocket capabilities, there are air defense capabilities" along with artillery and advanced tanks.[70] Spetsnaz are likely also operating in a combined arms operation.[71]

Iranian role

See also: Iranian support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War

The Quds Force under General Qasem Soleimani has been involved in support of the Assad government since the very beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011. This support has taken many forms, chief among them military support in terms of training, logistics, deployments of allied militias to Syria (particularly Shi'ite militias), operational and strategic planning, intelligence-sharing and weaponry. Iran is estimated to be providing the equivalent of many billions of dollars in financial aid.[38] Key victories were achieved with substantial support provided by the Quds force, namely the al-Ghab plains battles, Aleppo offensives, Dara'aya offensives of 2015 and the al-Qusayr offensives which established government and Hezbollah control over the northern Qalamoun region and the border crossings from Lebanon to Syria.

After the loss of Idlib province to a rebel offensive in the first half of 2015, the situation was judged to have become critical for Assad's survival. High level talks were initiated between Moscow and Iran which continue to this day which involved the Russian and Iranian foreign ministers, concerning possible solutions to the Syrian conflicts. On 24 July, ten days after the signing of the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1 countries, General Qasem Soleimani visited Moscow.[72] Though the exact content of the meeting between Soleimani and Putin is widely speculated about, there is growing consensus that the chief matter at hand was a plan of coordinated escalation of military forces in Syria.[73]

In mid-September 2015, the first reports of new detachments from the Iranian revolutionary guards arriving in Tartous and Latakia in west Syria were made. With much of the SAA and NDF units deployed to more volatile fronts, the Russian Marines and Iranian Revolutionary Guard (IRG) have relieved their positions by installing military checkpoints inside the cities of Slunfeh (east Latakia Governorate), Masyaf (east Tartous Governorate) and Ras Al-Bassit (Latakia coastal city).[74] There were also further reports of new Iranian contingents being deployed to Syria in early October 2015.[75] It is generally thought that Iran will be playing a leading role in the ground operations of Syria's army and allies, whilst Russia will be leading in the air in conjunction with the Syrian air force, thereby establishing a complementary role.[10]

Outside of the battlefield itself the Iranian government has dramatically increased its efforts in supporting the Syrian government and its military. Recently there has been an exponential increase in recruitment efforts aimed at drawing on Shi'ite militias in Iraq in order to deploy them to Syria.[18] One of the leading militias in Iran's efforts to bolster the war effort in Syria is Kata'ib al-Imam Ali, with Jaafar al-Bindawi, the militia's former head of training and logistics, would be leading the deployment in Syria, while Ali Nizam would serve as the new logistical director for Syrian affairs. Another important allied militia in this context is Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba which similar to Kata'ib al-Imam Ali was formed with Iranian assistance from mainly former Sadrist supporters and fighters. There is increasing evidence that these Iranian-backed militias are not only operating under Iranian guidance but are also cooperating with the Russian military command established in Syria.[18]

Reactions

Anti-IS coalition

Russian and US representatives meet to discuss the situation in Syria on 29 September 2015

In a joint statement on 3 October 2015, the U.S.-led anti-IS coalition called on Russia to curtail its air campaign in Syria, saying the airstrikes had hit Syrian opposition groups and civilians. Such strikes would "only fuel more extremism", the statement issued by the U.S., UK, Turkey and other coalition members declared.[76] "We call on the Russian Federation to immediately cease its attacks on the Syrian opposition and civilians and to focus its efforts on fighting ISIL."[77] U.S. President Barack Obama, at a news conference on Oct. 2, underscored the coalition statement by saying the Russian action was driving moderate opposition groups underground, and would result in "only strengthening" IS.[78] The United States continues to pledge support to the Free Syrian Army and insist that Syrian President Bashar al-Assad step down.[79]

Russland

On 30 September 2015, the Russian Orthodox Church spokesman Vsevolod Chaplin, talking about the support of the government's action on the part of all the religious groups in Russia, said the fight against terrorism was a "moral fight, a holy fight if you will".[80][81] Leader of the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia, Chief Mufti Talgat Tadzhuddin stated: "We fully back the use of a contingent of Russian armed forces in the battle against international terrorism."[82]

On 1 October 2015, President Vladimir Putin dismissed reports of alleged casualties among civilians caused by Russian airstrikes in Syria as "information warfare" against Russia, adding that these claims had begun before the planes used in the airstrikes had even taken off.[83] The Russian Defence Ministry made a claim that satellite images confirm that some air strikes hit alleged ISIS positions.[84]

Syria

The Syrian ambassador to Moscow, Riyad Haddad stated that the Russian air force is acting in full coordination with the Syrian army. He added that Syria's position is that the Russian intervention is the only legitimate intervention under international law, and called for other countries to join what he termed the "non-criminal" Russian-led intervention in Syria.[85]

Iran

Iran was confirmed as having hundreds of troops in Syria ready for combat against ISIS.[86]

Israel

Benjamin Netanyahu meets with Vladimir Putin in Moscow, 21 September 2015

Israel was given advance warning of the airstrikes and has set up a working group to "coordinate on everything" with the Russians.[87] They were particularly concerned about ensuring the de facto alliance between Hezbollah and Russia won't lead to any unfortunate incidents.[88] According to Zvi Magen, former Israeli ambassador to Moscow, “Israel made clear to him [Putin] that we have no real problem with Assad, just with Iran and Hizbullah, and that message was understood.”[89]

China

China denied sending warships and troops to Syria after rumors about it were circulated around the internet.[90]

Saudi-Arabien

On 1 October 2015, Reuters reported that Saudi Arabia had demanded that Russia cease its intervention, repeating claims made by Western diplomats that Russia was targeting the moderate anti-government opposition rather than "ISIS".[91]

Non-state actors

Representatives of the Kurds People's Protection Units (YPG) and Euphrates Volcano - the joint forces of YPG and FSA, expressed their support for Russian air strikes against Islamic State. They also asked for Russian help in weaponry and for the cooperation with Russian in the fight against Islamic State and Al-Nursa.[92][93]

In response to reports of Russian intervention, the Army of Conquest's Liwa al-Haqq commander Abu Abdullah Taftanaz posted a tweet addressing the "infidel Russians", inviting them to send troops to Syria and saying that "we have thousands like Khattab" who would "slaughter your pigs".[94][95] Abu Abdullah Taftanaz also tweeted Russian military terms for Syrian rebels to familiarize themselves with if they intercepted Russian radio chatter.[96][97][98][99][100] Reportedly Chechen and Caucasian foreign fighters have begun flocking to the coastal regions of Syria where the Russians are based in order to seek them out.[101]

Ahmad Eissa al-Sheikh, a commander in Turkish/Saudi-backed Ahrar ash-Sham,[102] threatened to bring upon "Russian hell in a Levantine flavor" if they encountered the Russians.[103][104] Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya leader Abu Abdullah ash-Shami tweeted about the "globalization" of the "Levantine Jihad".[105][106] He also tweeted that on the Russians and said that "The Levant will become their graveyard, with the permission of Allah".[107]

The Al-Qaeda-linked Al-Nusra Front[108] has set a reward for the seizure of Russian soldiers of 2,500,000 Syrian pounds (approximately US$13,000).[109][110]

The Syria-based, Al-Qaeda linked Saudi cleric Abdallah Muhammad Al-Muhaysini threatened that Syria would be a "tomb for its invaders" or "graveyard for invaders" in response to the Russian intervention and brought up the Soviet war in Afghanistan.[111][112][113]

The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood issued a statement declaring Jihad against Russia obligatory (Fard 'ayn) upon all who are able to carry weapons.[114][115][116] They reiterated the Russian Orthodox Church's call of the operation as a Holy War.[117][118][119][120][121][122][123]

55 Saudi religious scholars signed a statement against the Russian intervention, first addressing the Russians as "Oh Russians, oh extremist people of the Cross", reminding them of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and addressing the Orthodox Russia as the heir of the Soviet Communists, accusing them of "supporting the Nusyari regime" and invading "Muslim Syria", accusing the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church of declaring a "Crusade" and telling them they will meet the fate of the Soviet Union and suffer "a shameful defeat in the Levant" as what happened in Afghanistan. The statement also addressed "Our people in the Levant", telling able bodied and people who are able to contribute to join the "Jihad" instead of emigrating. The statement also called for all factions against the government in Syria to unite; the statement addressed "Arab and Muslim countries", telling them that there is a "real war against Sunnis and their countries and identity" at the hands of the "Western-Russian and Safavid and Nusayri alliance", calling for the termination of all relations with Iran and Russia with Muslim countries and to "protect the land and people of the Levant from the influence of the Persians and Russians", especially calling upon Qatar, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia to support the Levant.[124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132] The statement called on "all those who are able, and outside of Saudi Arabia, to answer the calls of jihad".[133][134]

Islamist leader Wagdy Ghoneim called the intervention as the "Infidel Russian occupation in Syria" and called Bashar al-Assad as "an infidel and a criminal" and claimed the Russia is "communist" and that it has "no religion".[135]

Egyptian political commentator Ayat Oraby called the war a "New Crusade".[136]

Media analysis

Thomas L. Friedman, a columnist for the New York Times, wrote that Putin is "effectively putting a target on himself in the eyes of all Sunni Muslims".[137] Voice of America predicted a major backlash against the Russians at the hands of jihadists.[138]

Sputnik International political observer Dmitry Babich criticized the anti-Russian rhetoric in Western media with claims they were attacking the moderate opposition. He highlighted how western propaganda was "delivering false, sometimes even immoral information" to paint Vladimir Putin as a villain with hidden motives.[139]

The Syrian Arab News Agency reported that terrorists were in panic and fleeing Syria in their thousands in response to the Russian intervention. They expressed the view that the "moderate opposition" were in fact hired mercenaries trained in CIA supervised training camps in Turkey, Jordan, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, many of whom had switched allegiance and taken their weaponry to ISIL and other terrorist groups paying more once they controlled the oil fields.[140]

See also

References

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