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Timeline of Romanian history

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This is a timeline of Romanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Romania and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Romania. See also the list of Presidents of Romania.

Centuries: 5th BC · 4th BC · 3rd BC · 2nd BC · 1st BC · 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st
Prehistory: Paleolithic (Lower Paleolithic · Middle Paleolithic · Upper Paleolithic) · Epipaleolithic · Mesolithic · Neolithic (Chalcolithic) · Bronze Age · Iron Age
Ancient times: Dacia · Roman Dacia · Migration Period
Middle Ages: Early Middle Ages · High Middle Ages
Modern Romania: Early Modern Times · National awakening of Romania (Romania under Cuza and War of Independence) · Kingdom of Romania (Romania in World War I · Greater Romania · Romania in World War II · Post-war Romania) · Socialist Republic of Romania · Present-day Romania

Prehistory

Paleolithic

Main articles: Paleolithic Romania and Paleolithic Transylvania
See also: Paleolithic Europe

Lower Paleolithic

(2,600,000 – 300,000 BP)
See also: Lower Paleolithic Europe
Year Image Event
1,000,000 BP Carved tools first appear in territories that today constitute Romania, the remnants of what is known as the "Pebble culture" (Romanian: Cultură de prund). These tools have been attributed to groups of Homo erectus. (to 700,000 BP)[citation needed]

Middle Paleolithic

(300,000 – 50,000 BP)
Main article: Middle Paleolithic Romania
See also: Middle Paleolithic Europe

Upper Paleolithic

(50,000 – 13,000 BP)
Main articles: Upper Paleolithic Romania, Peștera cu Oase, and Peștera Muierilor
See also: Upper Paleolithic Europe
Year Image Event
40,500 BP Skull exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits. Some of the oldest modern human (Homo sapiens sapiens) remains found in Europe were discovered in The Cave with Bones (Romanian: Peștera cu Oase), in 2002 near Anina.

Epipaleolithic

(13,000 – 9,500 BP)
Main article: Epipaleolithic Transylvania
See also: Epipaleolithic Europe

Mesolithic

(9,500 – 7,500 BP)
Main articles: Mesolithic Romania and Mesolithic Transylvania
See also: Mesolithic Europe

Neolithic

(6,600 – 3,500 BC)
Main articles: Neolithic Romania, Neolithic Transylvania, Cucuteni culture, and Hamangia culture
See also: Neolithic Europe
Year Image Event
5500 BC Cucuteni pottery Cucuteni culture begins in territory stretching from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions in modern-day Ukraine.
5250 BC The Thinker of Hamangia Hamangia culture begins in Dobruja

Chalcolithic

(4,700 – 3,500 BC)
Main article: Chalcolithic Transylvania
See also: Chalcolithic Europe

Bronze Age

(3,500 – 1,100 BC)
Main articles: Bronze Age Romania, Bronze Age Transylvania, Baden culture, Coțofeni culture, Otomani culture, and Wietenberg culture
See also: Bronze Age Romania, Bronze Age Southeastern Europe, and Bronze Age Europe

Iron Age

(From 1,100 BC)
Main articles: Iron Age Romania and Iron Age Transylvania
See also: Iron Age Europe, Hallstatt culture, La Tène culture, Thracians, and Scythians

Ancient times

(600 BC – 500 AD)

Main articles: Ancient Romania and Timeline of Ancient Romania draft version - you can help

See also: Celts in Transylvania, Getae, Dacians, Dacia, Roman Dacia, and Roman Empire

BC

Year Image Event
440 BC The work Histories by Herodotus mentions the Getae among the tribes inhabiting the territory of modern Romania.[1]
5th century BC Charnabon, a mythical king, ruled over the Getae, as mentioned by Sophocles in the play Triptolem.

4th century BC

Main pages: 4th century BC in Romania, Getae, Helmet of Coţofeneşti, and Helmet of Iron Gates

Media related to Category:Romania in the 4th century BC at Wikimedia Commons

Year Date Image Event
339 BC Rex Histrianorum, a tribal leader near Histria, mentioned by Justinus.
4th century BC Golden Helmet of Coţofeneşti Helmet of Coţofeneşti is crafted.
4th century BC Helmet of Iron Gates Helmet of Iron Gates is crafted.
4th century BC King Cothelas,[2] father of Meda of Odessa, becomes ruler of the Getae.

3rd century BC

Year Date Image Event
3rd century BC King Dual[citation needed].
3rd century BC King Dromichaetes ruled both sides of the Danube.[3]
3rd century BC King Moskon ruled the northern parts of Dobrogea.[4]

2nd century BC

Year Date Image Event
200 BC Chieftain Zoltes is mentioned as being an enemy of the Greek colonies in Dobrogea.
200 BC The Kingdom of Dacia was led by King Oroles.
200 BC King Zalmodegicus ruled Histria.
200 BC King Rhemaxos protected Greek colonies in Dobrogea.[5][6]
168 BC King Rubobostes ruled Transylvania.

1st century BC

Year Date Image Event
1st century BC King Dicomes ruled Dacia.[7]
1st century BC King Rholes ruled Dobrogea.
1st century BC King Dapyx ruled Dobrogea.
82 - 44 BC King Burebista rules Dacia.
44 - 27 BC Deceneus is High Priest of Dacia.
29 - 27 BC King Zyraxes ruled northern Dobrogea.
23 BC In Ode 6 Book 3, Horace bemoans the immorality of Rome saying: "The Dacian and Ethiopian have almost demolished the city engaged in civil broils, the one formidable for his fleet, the other more expert for missile arrows."[8].
40 - 9 BC King Cotiso ruled Banat and Oltenia.
1st century BC - 1st century AD Dacian king Thiamarkos (inscription "Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei").[9]
9 BC - 30 AD King Comosicus ruled Dacia.

1st century

Year Date Image Event
1st century BC - 1st century AD Dacian king Thiamarkos (inscription "Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei").[9]
9 BC - 30 AD King Comosicus ruled Dacia.
c. 30 - 70 King Scorilo ruled Dacia.
68 - 87 King Duras ruled Dacia.
86 - 88 Roman Emperor Domitian loses war with the Kingdom of Dacia.
87 - 106 King Decebalus ruled Dacia.
1st century The Roman poet Ovid mentions lost works such as an Epithalamium,[10] a dirge,[11] and even a rendering in Getic[12].

2nd century

Year Date Image Event
101 - 102 First war between the Roman Empire and Dacia which ended in an unfavorable peace treaty for emperor Trajan.
105 - 106 Peace broken, King Decebalus loses Second Dacian War, the south-west part of Dacia becomes a Roman province.
106 Roman emperor Trajan is awarded the title Dacicus Maximus after having won the Second Dacian War.[13][non-primary source needed]
118 Roman emperor Hadrian is awarded the Dacicus Maximus title after having won a battle against the Free Dacians.[14][non-primary source needed]
157 Roman emperor Antoninus Pius is praised with the title Dacicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Free Dacians.[15][non-primary source needed]
170/171 The Costoboci tribe invades Roman territory.[16][17][18][17][19][20] Meeting little opposition, they swept through and raided the provinces of Moesia Inferior, Moesia Superior, Thracia, Macedonia and Achaea.[21][20][22]
2nd century Pieporus is king over the Dacian Costoboci (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costoboci#Onomastics).[23][24]
2nd century Tribal king Tarbus is mentioned by Dio Cassius without having his origin specified. Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity[25][26]
2nd century Roman emperor Trajan writes a book about his Dacian Wars called Dacica which has now been lost.
2nd century Criton of Heraclea writes a book about the history of the Geto-Dacians called Getica[27].
2nd century Cassius Dio writes in his work History of Rome about the tribute that Rome paid Dacia in exchange for peace under Trajan, saying: "after spending some time in Rome he made a campaign against the Dacians; for he took into account their past deeds and was grieved at the amount of money they were receiving annually, and he also observed that their power and their pride were increasing."[28].

3rd century

Year Date Image Event
236 Roman emperor Maximinus I receives the Dacicus Maximus title after winning a battle against the Free Dacians.[29][30][non-primary source needed]
247 Roman emperor Philip the Arab received the Carpicus Maximus title after having won a battle against the Carps.[31][non-primary source needed]
249 Roman emperor Decius wins a battle against the Free Dacians and thus is given the title Dacicus Maximus.[32][33][non-primary source needed]
251 Roman emperor Decius wins an other battle against the raiding Free Dacians and is awarded the title Dacicus Maximus.[33][non-primary source needed]
July 251 Roman emperor Decius is slain during an expedition against the Carps that is also known as the Battle of Abritus. The Carps had retaken Dacia and Moesia according to Lactantius[34].
256 Roman emperor Gallienus receives the title Dacicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Free Dacians.[35][non-primary source needed]
257 Roman emperor Gallienus receives the title Dacicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Free Dacians.[36][non-primary source needed]
260 After the defeat and capture of Roman emperor Valerian, Dacian general Regalianus became Roman emperor for a brief period.[37]
272 Roman emperor Aurelianus is awarded the title Carpicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Carps.[38][non-primary source needed]
275 Roman emperor Aurelianus is given the title Dacicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Free Dacians.[39][38][non-primary source needed]
271-275 Roman withdrawal from Dacia occurs under Roman emperor Aurelianus after 169 years of rule.
296-305 Diocletian, Galerius and other tetrarchs are awarded five Carpicus Maximus titles due to winning battles against the Carps.[40][non-primary source needed]

4th century

Year Date Image Event
296-305 Diocletian, Galerius and other tetrarchs are awarded five Carpicus Maximus titles due to winning battles against the Carps.[40]
305-311 Roman emperor Galerius is awarded six Carpicus Maximus titles after winning six battles against the Carps[41] and wanted to change the name of the Roman empire to that of the Dacian empire according to Lactantius[42].
317 Roman emperor Constantine I the Great is awarded the title Carpicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Carps.[43]
381 The Byzantine chronicler Zosimus records an invasion over the Danube by a barbarian coalition of Huns, Scirii and what he terms Karpodakai, or Carpo-Dacians, as being defeated by emperor Theodosius.[44]
4th century Tabula Peutingeriana shows about 88 localities, the names of some of which were still Dacian at the time of its compiling as they end in -dava. 20 of them are still inhabited today, and 6 of them still retain the same name, or, incorporate their original names into their current name.

Early Middle Ages

(501 – 1200 AD)
Main articles: Romania in the Early Middle Ages and Origin of the Romanians
See also: Migration Period

5th century

Year Date Image Event
466 Aethicus Ister from Histria in Dobrogea finishes his trip around the world.[45]
5th century A 5th century burial contained a Roman type brooch[46].

6th century

Year Date Image Event
587 First written record about a Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe: a Byzantine soldier, native to Thrace (in present-day Bulgaria, Greece or Turkey), shouted at his companion "torna, torna fratre" ("turn around, turn around, brother") during a Byzantine campaign against the Avars invading the Balkan Peninsula.[47][48][49]
6th century Procopius mentions forts[where?] with names such as Skeptekasas, Burgulatu, Loupofantana and Gemellomountes. Modern authors claim these as Romanian names: Seven House, Broad City, Wolf's Well and Twin Mountains.[50][51]

7th century

Year Date Image Event
7th century Ananias of Shirak, a 7th-century Armenian geographer described the "large country of Dacia" as inhabited by Slavs who formed "twenty-five tribes".[52][53][54]

8th century

Year Date Image Event
8th century Cremation cemeteries of the "Nuşfalau-Someşeni group" were discovered in northwestern Transylvania, with their 8th- and 9th-century tumuli.[55][56][57]
8th century Paganus and Sabinus are mentioned as rulers supplied by the warlike "rouman" population[citation needed] that was incorporated in the Bulgarian kingdom that ruled at the time.[58][59][better source needed]

9th century

Year Date Image Event
824 The Fourth Section of the Royal Frankish Annals mentions the Obotrites, also referred to as Praedenecenti, that live in the Dacia by the Danube and that are immediately beckoned to come.[60]
9th century Fine, gray vessels were also unearthed in the 9th-century "Blandiana A"[61] cemeteries in the area of Alba-Iulia, which constitutes a "cultural enclave" in Transylvania.[62][63] Near these cemeteries, necropolises of graves with west–east orientation form the distinct "Ciumbrud group".[64][61][65] Female dress accessories from "Ciumbrud graves" are strikingly similar to those from Christian cemeteries in Bulgaria and Moravia.[64][65]

10th century

Year Date Image Event
10th century According to the Arab chronicler Mutahhar al-Maqdisi, "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj, Alans, Greeks and many other peoples."[66]

11th century

Year Date Image Event
1003 The rulers Gelou, Glad and Menumorut are mentioned as ruling in Transylvania.
1018/1019 The name "Blökumenn" is mentioned in a Nordic saga with respect to events that took place in either 1018 or 1019 somewhere at the northwestern part of the Black Sea and believed by some to be related to the Vlachs.[67][68]
1066 Byzantine writer Kekaumenos, author of the Strategikon, described a 1066 Roman (Vlach) revolt in northern Greece.[69]

12th century

Year Date Image Event
1164 Prince Andronikos Komnenos, son of Bynzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, was apprehended by Vlachs in his escape taking the road towards Galitza/Galicia.[70]
1166 Byzantine historian John Kinnamos described Leon Vatatzes' military expedition along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of Vlachs in battles with the Magyars (Hungarians) in 1166.[71][72]
12th century Benjamin of Tudela of the Kingdom of Navarre was one of the first writers to use the word Vlachs for a Romance-speaking population.[73]
12th century Vlachs created a state called Romania in nowadays Bosnia.[citation needed]

Middle Ages

(1201–1600 AD)
Main article: Romania in the Middle Ages

13th century

Year Date Image Event
1213 An army of Vlachs, Transylvanian Saxons, and Pechenegs, led by Ioachim of Sibiu, attacked the Bulgars and Cumans that were from Vidin[citation needed].
1230 Adventure 22 of The Nibelungenlied states that a certain Duke Ramunnch from Wallachia was present at Atilla's wedding with 700 men riding as swiftly as flying birds.[74][75]
1241 The Persian chronicle Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh mentions several rulers from Wallachia such as Bezerenbam and Mişelav and the country of Ilaut.[76][77][unbalanced opinion?]
1247 The diploma of King Béla IV of Hungary issued on the 2nd of July 1247 mentions the local rulers knyaz John, knyaz Farcaş, voivode Litovoi and voivode Seneslau.[78] Seneslau and Litovoi are expressly said to be Vlachs (Olati) in the king's diploma.[78]
1288 First evidence of Diet in Transylvania[citation needed].
13th century Simon of Keza states in his Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum that the Vlachs remained in Pannonia.[79][80]
13th century The Asen royal family that is said to be of Vlach origin were the founders and rulers of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

14th century

Year Date Image Event
1330 Basarab I of Wallachia wins the Battle of Posada against Charles I Robert of Hungary.
14th century Vlach settlements existed throughout much of today's Croatia,[81] but centres of population were focused around the Velebit and Dinara mountains and along the Krka and Cetina rivers.[81]

15th century

Year Date Image Event
1437 The Transylvanian peasant revolt broke out at Bobâlna.
1465 14 October Radu cel Frumos issues a writ from his residence in Bucharest.
1476 The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz remarked in 1476 that Moldavians and Wallachians "share a language and customs".[82]

16th century

Year Date Image Event
1521 Neacșu's letter is one of the oldest surviving documents written in the Romanian language.
1532 Francesco della Valle writes that "they name themselves Romei in their own language" ("si dimandano in lingua loro Romei") and, he also cites the expression "Do you know Romanian?" ("se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano?").[83]
1534 Tranquillo Andronico remarks that ""Vlachs now name themselves Romanians (Valachi nunc se Romanos vocant).[84]
1542 The Transylvanian Szekler Johann Lebel wrote that "the Vlachs name each other Romuini".[85]
1554 The Polish chronicler Stanislaw Orzechowski mentions that "in their language, the vlachs name themselves romini".[86]
1563 An Acts of the Apostles book is printed by Coresi in the Romanian language, though written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
1570 The Croatian Ante Verančić specifies that "the vlachs from Transylvania, Moldova and Transalpina name themselves romans".[87]
1574 Pierre Lescalopier writes that "those that live in Moldova, Wallachia and most of Transylvania consider themselves as being descendants of romans and name their language romanian".[88]
1575 Ferrante Capecci, after travelling through Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldova, mentions that the dwellers of these lands are named "romanesci".[89]
1580 The Orăștie Palia is the oldest translation of the Pentateuch written in the Romanian language.[90]
1600 Wallachian prince Mihai Viteazul briefly imposes his rule over the other two historic principalities inhabited by Romanians - Transylvania and Moldavia.

Early Modern Times

(1601–1800)
Main articles: Early Modern Romania, Early Modern Wallachia, and Early Modern Moldavia

17th century

Year Date Image Event
1601 The assassination of Mihai Viteazul ends the union[which?] achieved one year before;
After the assassination of Mihai Viteazu, the Hungarian-origin Transylvanian noblemen swear allegiance to Rudolph II, the Habsburg Emperor. Giorgio Basta's terror regime commences;
1605 Stephen Bocskay becomes Prince of Transylvania guaranteeing religious freedom and broadening Transylvania's independence;
1606 The Treaty of Vienna gives constitutional and religious rights and privileges to all Hungarian-speaking Transylvanians but none to Romanian-speaking people. The treaty guarantees the right of Transylvanians to elect their own independent princes in the future;
1613 Gabriel Bethlen becomes Prince of Transylvania succeeding to Gabriel Báthory. Under Bethlen's rule, the principality experiences a golden age. He promoted agriculture, trade, and industry, sank new mines, sent students abroad to Protestant universities, and prohibited landlords from denying an education to children of serfs;
1618 Transylvania take part to Thirty Years' War. Gabriel Bethlen invades Hungary and proclaims himself as King of Hungary;
1621 On 31 December, Peace of Nikolsburg ends the war between Transylvania and Habsburgs. The conditions of Treaty of Vienna signed in 1606 are reinforced;
1632 The first war between Wallachia, led by Matei Basarab, and Moldavia led by Vasile Lupu;
1640 Grigore Ureche, in his The Chronicles of the land of Moldavia states that the language spoken by Moldavians is an amalgam of Latin, French, Greek, Polish, Turkish, Serbian, and so on, though assuming the preponderance of the Latin influence and claims that, at a closer look, all Latin words could be understood by Moldavians.[91]
1648 Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. Transylvania is mentioned as a sovereign state;
1653 The second war between Matei Basarab and Vasile Lupu ends with the Moldavian throne being given to Gheorghe Ştefan;
1655 Seimeni revolt starts;
1657 George II Rákóczi invades Poland only to be defeated. The Ottoman Empire take advantage of the new situation and restore the military power in Transylvania;
1661 In April Prince Kemény proclaims the secession of Transylvania from the Ottomans and appeals to help from the Habsburg Empire. He was not aware of the secret agreement between the Habsburg Empire and Ottomans and the move will end his reign. Transylvania becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire;
1682 The capital of Transylvania is moved to Sibiu (then Nagyszeben);
1683 The defeat of Ottoman armies in Battle of Vienna means the end of Ottoman rule over Transylvania. The Roman Catholic Church becomes official church in Transylvania in a move directed by the Habsburgs to weak the noblemen estates, which were both Roman Catholic and Protestant;
1692 The Habsburgs control over Transylvania is consolidated even more and the princes are replaced with governors named directly by the Habsburg Emperors, who themselves become Princes of Transylvania;
1698 Bucharest becomes capital of Wallachia. Until then the capital was in Târgovişte. Constantin Brâncoveanu's 16-year reign commences during which period Wallachia enjoys a golden age;
1699 The Emperor Leopold I decrees Transylvania's Orthodox Church to be one with the Roman Catholic Church, by joining the newly created Romanian Greek-Catholic Church;
1699 Martinus Szent-Ivany mentions that the Vlachs use the following phrases "Si noi sentem Rumeni" meaning "we are Romanians too" and "Noi sentem di sange Romena", meaning "We are of Roman blood".[92]

18th century

Year Date Image Event
1711 Transylvania's direct-autonomy to Habsburg Empire ends, as the region comes under the administrative area of Hungary;
1714 Constantin Brâncoveanu is killed in Istanbul at the order of Sultan Ahmed III, who did not agree with Brâncoveanu alliances with Habsburg and Russian empires;
1715 The Phanariote period starts. Nicholas Mavrocordatos becomes the first Phanariote prince of Wallachia. The influence of Ottoman Empire is greater than ever;
1716 The Habsburg Empire invades Wallachia during the Austro-Turkish War;
1718 Oltenia becomes part of the Habsburg Empire;
1739 Oltenia is reconquered by the Ottomans
1746 Constantine Mavrocordatos abolishes the serfdom and creates a more effective central administration|administrative apparatus;
1749 Serfdom abolished.
1765 The Grand Principality of Transylvania is proclaimed, consolidating a special separate status within the Habsburg Empire originally granted in 1691. This was however just a mere formality, as Transylvania is still an administrative area of Hungary;
1768 Wallachia is occupied by Russia during the Fifth Russo-Turkish War; (to 1774)
1784 The Revolt of Horea, Cloşca and Crişan starts in November and lasts until February in 1785. The main demands were related to the feudal serfdom and the lack of political equality between Romanians and other ethnicities of Transylvania;
1791 Romanian-speaking Transylvanians petition to Emperor Leopold II for recognition as the fourth nation of Transylvania and for religious equality. Their demands are rejected and their old marginalised status is reinforced;

National awakening of Romania

(1801–1880)
Main articles: National awakening of Romania, ASTRA, Transylvanian School, Asociaţia Transilvană pentru Literatura Română şi Cultura Poporului Român, Avram Iancu, Wallachian uprising of 1821, Wallachian Revolution of 1848, and Regulamentul Organic

19th century

Year Date Image Event
1801 Russia assumes a protective right over Romanian-speaking Christians in the Danubian lands and soon began to growth its influence in the region;
1802 Sámuel Teleki, then Chancellor of Transylvania, inaugurates the first library in Transylvania and present-day Romania. On 15 December, János Bolyai is born in Cluj Napoca. Today the town's main university is named after him and Victor Babeş;
1806 Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg Empire is reorganised and becomes the Austrian Empire;
Wallachia is occupied by Russia.
1813 Caragea's plague claims 60,000 deaths in Wallachia during 1813 and 1814;
1817 Mihail Kogălniceanu is born. He will play a major role in the politics of Romania in second half of the 19th century;
1818 Ion Caragea adopts the first modern code of law in Wallachia;
1821 Following the death of Alexandros Soutzos a boyar regency is set;
The anti-boyar and anti-Phanariote uprising takes place being led by Tudor Vladimirescu. On 28 May, a treaty is signed between Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ending the war when Bessarabia becomes part of the Russian Empire;
The Phanariote rule ends. Moldavia is occupied by Alexander Ypsilantis's Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence;
1822 Ionică Tăutu, representing a group of low-ranking boyars in Moldavia, proposed a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles;
1826 Local leaders in Moldavia are allowed by the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire;
1829 Following the Treaty of Adrianople, without overturning Ottoman suzerainty, places Wallachia and Moldavia under Russian empire military rule till Turkey pays an indemnity.; Wallachia gains the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila, Russia annexes the Danube estuary.
The seventh Russo-Turkish War brings Pavel Kiselyov at the leadership of Moldavia;
1834 Regulamentul Organic, an quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in Wallachia and Moldavia. Sfatul Boieresc, the first Legislative Assembly in Wallachia is established;
Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in Wallachia and Moldavia. Sfatul Boieresc, the first Legislative Assembly in Wallachia is established Mihail Sturdza, a man with unionist ideas, becomes Prince of Moldavia;
1844 The Gypsies slavery ends;
1847 A custom union with Wallachia is established;
1848 The Revolution are very active in this part of Europe. The Hungarians demand more rights, including a provision on the union between Transylvania and Hungary. The Romanian-speaking Transylvanians carry their own parallel revolution led by Avram Iancu, which opposed the union with Hungary;
The Revolutions of 1848 waves spread in Wallachia where the Romanian-speaking Wallachians try to overrule the Russian Empire's administration, demand the abolition of boyar privilege and a land reform. The revolutionaries are successful enough to create a provisional government in June and forced Gheorghe Bibescu, the Prince of Wallachia, to abdicate and leave into exile. A series of reforms follow the protests, the abolition of Roma slavery being one of them;
The Revolutions of 1848 wave hits Moldavia but the success is far from the success in Wallachia, as the revolts are quickly suppressed;
1849 The revolt led by Avram Iancu obtains some rights for the Romanian-speaking Transylvanians, in spite of strong opposition from Hungary;
Grigore Alexandru Ghica becomes prince of Moldavia. He introduces important administrative reforms and promotes economic development and education;
1850 Mihai Eminescu, regarded today as the most famous and influential Romanian poet is born;
1854 The first railway line on Romania's present-day territory opens on 20 August and between Oraviţa in Banat and Baziaş;
The Russian Empire protectorate ends. It is followed by an Ottoman occupation for several months and then a two-year-long Austrian occupation;
1856 Wallachia and Moldavia are brought under the influence of the Western European powers under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris;
The end of the Crimean War means the ends of Russia dominance in Moldovia;
1859 The National Party is founded. Its leader, Alexandru Ioan Cuza will play a major role in the formation of Romania just three years later;

Romania under Cuza and War of Independence

(1859–1880)
Main articles: United Principalities and Romanian War of Independence
See also: Union of Transylvania with Romania
Year Date Image Event
1859 Alexandru Ioan Cuza is elected Prince of Moldavia on January 5. Three weeks later he is also elected Prince of Wallachia, thus achieving a de facto union of the two principalities under the name of Romania;
1860 University of Iaşi is established, as the first institution of higher education in Romanian language with faculties of literature, philosophy, law, science and medicine and schools in music and art. The Romanian Army is founded. Romania switch from Cyrillic script to Latin script that is still in use today;
1861 On 5 February, the 1859 union is formally declared and a new country, Romania is born. The capital city is chosen to be Bucureşti. On 23 December, Abdülaziz, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire officially recognizes the union but only for the duration of Cuza's reign;
The Transylvanian Association for the Literature and Culture of the Romanians is founded in Sibiu, as the first cultural association of the Romanian-speaking Transylvanians;
1862 The Government of Romania is formed with Alexandru Constantin Moruzi as the first ever Prime Minister.
1863 Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the Agrarian Reform in which the majority of the land is transferred into the property of those who worked it. As there was not enough land, the Secularization of monastery estates in Romania, in which large estates owned by the Romanian Orthodox Church are transferred under state ownership and than to private property, takes place. This was an important turning point in the history of Romania, as it marked the almost disappearance of the Boyar class, leaving the country to look towards capitalism and industrialization;
1864 The Parliament of Romania is formed. A tuition-free, compulsory public education for primary schools is introduced in Romania for the first time. Also a Criminal Code and a Civil Code, both based on the Napoleonic Code, are introduced;
1865 On 1 January, Casa de Economii şi Consemnaţiuni, the first bank of Romania, is established. On 19 June Evangelis Zappas, one of the richest men in the world at that date dies aged 65. Born in the Ottoman Empire in today's Greece he lived in Romania most of his life;
1866 On 22 February, Alexandru Ioan Cuza is forced to sign his abdication, which was mainly caused by the Agrarian Reform from 1863 made himself many enemies. Due to the country's political issues and its financial collapse, the Parliament takes the decision to bring a foreign price to the vacant throne. On 26 March, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becomes Prince of Romania as Carol. Originally, the offer was made to Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders but he refused. On 1 April, the Romanian Academy is established. On 1 July, the first constitution of Romania is ratified.;
1867 On 22 April the Leu currency is adopted;
Austria-Hungary is formed as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise to replace the Austrian Empire. Transylvania becomes integrated part of Hungary;
1869 The Bucureşti - Giurgiu railway works are concluded after four years and the line become the first of this kind in Romania. However, it is not the first railway built on the present territory of Romania. The first railway was built in 1854 in Banat;
1870 The short-lived Republica Ploieşti is formed in the city of Ploieşti, as a revolt against the Prince;
1877 On 16 April, Romania and the Russian Empire sign a treaty under which Russian troops are allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition to respect the integrity of Romania. On 21 May, the Parliament of Romania declare the independence of the country. In the fall Romania join the Russo-Turkish War on the Russian Empire side. In November, deeply defeated in the Battle of Plevna, the Ottoman Empire request an armistice.
1878 Romania independence is recognised by the Central Powers on 13 July. Following the Treaty of Berlin, Romania now include territories of Northern Dobruja, the Danube Delta, and Insula Şerpilor. In return the southern counties of Bassarabia are returned to Russian Empire;
1880 National Bank of Romania is established in April. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada. Căile Ferate Române, Romania's state-owned railway company starts its operations;

Kingdom of Romania

(1881–1947)
Main article: Kingdom of Romania
Year Date Image Event
1881 On 26 March, Carol I is crowned as King. His wife Elisabeth becomes Queen. Romania becomes kingdom. On 19 August George Enescu is born;
The National Party of Romanians in Transylvania is formed as the first party of the Romanians in Transylvania;
1882 The Stock Exchange opens in Bucureşti;
1884 The first ever telephone in Romania is installed;
1885 Patriarch Joachim IV signs the recognition of the autocephalous status of the Romanian Orthodox Church that granted it equal rights with those of the other orthodox churches.
1886 The construction of the Athenaeum begins. Although the work would continue until 1897, the first concert took place in 1886 and it was performed by Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra;
1889 Mihai Eminescu dies aged 39;
1892 The Transylvanian Memorandum is signed by the leaders of the Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph, asking for equal ethnic rights with the Hungarians, and demanding an end to persecutions and Magyarization attempts. The memorandum was forwarded to the Hungarian Parliament and the results was that the Romanian leaders are sentenced to long terms in prison;
1894 Leaders of the Transylvanian Romanians who sent a Memorandum to the Austrian Emperor demanding national rights for the Romanians are found guilty of treason;
1895 King Carol I Bridge is inaugurated on 26 September. At the time it was the longest in Europe and second longest in the World;
1896 The construction of Port of Constanţa begins. Since then it has been the most important port in Romania. In May, cinema arrives in Romania for the first time;
1897 Bram Stoker publishes his most famous novel, Dracula, which is based on Vlad Tepes, a Romanian ruler;
1900 The Post Palace is inaugurated. Today it houses the National Museum of Romanian History;

20th century

Year Date Image Event
1904 The first refinery, a Romanian-American joint venture is founded and to process oil produced in the Prahova River valley;
1906 Traian Vuia Achieved a short hop of 20 Meters at 1 Meter height in his aircraft Vuia I.
Aurel Popovici, a Transylvanian lawyer and politician, proposes the federalization of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy into the so-called United States of Greater Austria under the model of United States of America with a total of 15 component states, Transylvania being one of them;
1907 Violent peasant revolts crush throughout Romania, thousands of persons killed.
1913 At the end of the Balkan Wars, Romania acquire the southern part of the Dobruja from Bulgaria. On 1 April, the Parliament vote the law of the military aviation, Romania being the fifth nation in the world to have an Air Force;
1914 On 10 October, Carol I dies and he is succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand, who becomes the second King of Romania as Ferdinand I. His wife, Maria becomes queen;
Transylvania enters World War I on the Austria-Hungary side;

Romania in World War I

Main article: Romania during World War I
Year Date Image Event
1916 Despite choosing to stay away from the war, the death of King Carol I and the course of events made Romania to change its view and decide to enter the war on the Entente side, demanding the territory of Transylvania. The demands of the Romanian Government were finally accepted and following the First Treaty of Bucharest, Romania declare war to the Central Powers on 27 August and launch attacks through the Southern Carpathians and into Transylvania. Poorly trained and equipped, the Romanian Army cannot face the power of the German, Bulgarian and Ottoman armies and Bucureşti is lost in December. Iaşi becomes temporarily the capital city of Romania;
1917 The Battle of Mărăşeşti, between 6 August and 8 September, could have been the turning point but the retreat of the Russian Army from Romania left the Romanians no choice but to ask for peace;
1918 In January USA President Woodrow Wilson requests autonomy for the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary. Between 26 and 28 March a Congress of Nationalities of Austria-Hungary takes place in Rome when a motion is passed, demanding the recognition of the right of each nation to constitute into a national state, which would stay independent, or would unite with its already existing national state. On 1 December assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia declare the Union of Transylvania with Romania;
The Second Treaty of Bucharest is signed on 7 May. However, after the successful offensive of the on the Entente, on the Thessaloniki front which put Bulgaria out of the war, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November. On 28 November the Romanian representatives of Bucovina voted for union with the Kingdom of Romania, followed by the proclamation of the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania on 1 December, by the representatives of Transylvanian Romanians and of the Transylvanian Saxons gathered at Alba Iulia. Both proclamations were not, however, yet recognized by the Entente powers;
1919 Béla Kun, the leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, decides to attack Romania to regain the lost territories in Transylvania without any success. The counter-offensive led to the occupation of the Hungarian capital Budapest in August by the Romanian Army putting an end to the self-proclaimed Hungarian Soviet Republic. In meantime, the union proclamations of Bucovina, Basarabia and Transylvania are officially recognized by the Treaty of Versailles and later by the Treaty of Trianon and the Kingdom of Romania expand its borders.

Greater Romania

(1920–1939)
Main articles: Greater Romania and Union of Transylvania with Romania
Year Date Image Event
1920 On 20 January, Romania become founding member of League of Nations. The CFRNA (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation) is established, becoming the first airline in Romania;
1921 On 23 April, Romania and Czechoslovakia sign a peace treaty in Bucureşti. It will be followed by a similar treaty between Romania and Yugoslavia signed it Belgrade one month later. A new land reform takes place, at the idea of King Ferdinand I, who wanted to repay the soldiers and their families for sacrifices made during the war;
1922 King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria are crowned in Alba Iulia as King and Queen of all Romanians;
1925 The Romanian Orthodox Church is officially recognized;
1927 On 20 July, King Ferdinand I dies and Mihai I, his grandson, becomes the third King of Romania after his father Carol renounced to his rights to the throne in two years earlier. On 24 July, the Iron Guard is formed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. The Iron Guard will play a major role in the Romanian political and social system over the next decade and a half;
1930 Carol II returns to Romania on 7 June and he is proclaimed King one day later, thus becoming the fourth King of Romania and the first born in Romania. The Societatea Anonimă Română de Telefoane is established and Romania start to use landline telephony at wide scale;
1933 On 10 December, Ion Duca, Prime Minister of Romania at the time, bans the Iron Guard. On 29 December, Ion Duca is assassinated by members of the paramilitary organisation;
1937 A new palace is built to replace the old residence of the heads of states of Romania, which has been in use for over a century. Today the National Museum of Art of Romania is located in the palace;
1938 In a bid for political unity against the fascist movement known as the Iron Guard, which was gaining popularity, Carol II dismissed the government headed by Octavian Goga. The activity of the Romanian Parliament and of all political parties was suspended and the country is governed by royal decree. Miron Cristea, the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church become Prime Minister on 11 February;

Romania in World War II

Main article: Romania during World War II
Year Date Image Event
1939 Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, in which the Soviet side claims Basarabia. The territory is given to the Soviet Union together with the northern part of Bucovina one year later. On 21 September Armand Călinescu, Prime Minister of Romania, is murdered by the Iron Guard.
1940 On 27 June, following an ultimatum issued by the Soviet Union, Romania loses Basarabia. On 30 August, under the Second Vienna Award, Romania loses the northern part of Transylvania to Hungary. Only one week later the Kadrilater is lost to Bulgaria. On 4 September, Horia Sima, leader of the Iron Guard, and Ion Antonescu, a Romanian Army General, Prime Minister of Romania at that date, form the "National Legionary State" in Romania, forcing the abdication of King Carol II. Mihai I becomes king for the second time two days later. On 8 October, Nazi troops begin crossing into Romania. On 23 November, Romania joins the Axis Powers.
1941 Between 21 January and 23 January, a rebellion organised by the Iron Guard takes place in Bucharest. Later known as the Bucharest pogrom, it follows the decision made by Ion Antonescu to cut off the privileges of the Iron Guard. During the rebellion, 125 Jews and 30 army soldiers die. After the order is restored, the Iron Guard is banned. On 22 June, Romania joins Operation Barbarossa, attacking the Soviet Union hoping to recover the lost territories of Basarabia and Bucovina. Later, Romania annexes Soviet lands immediately east of the Dnister.
1943 Romania becomes a target of Allied aerial bombardment;
1944 On 23 August, King Mihai leads a successful coup with support from opposition politicians and the army. Ion Antonescu is arrested. On 12 September, an Armistice Agreement is signed with the Allied powers. Romania join the Allied powers. In October Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe in spheres of influence after the war. The Soviet Union were offered a 90% share of influence in Romania. Battle of Romania begins;

Post-war Romania

(1945–1947)
Year Date Image Event
1945 On 1 March, Petru Groza becomes the first Communist Prime Minister of Romania after Nicolae Rădescu was forced to submit resignation by the Soviet Union's deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Andrei Y. Vishinsky. Later on that year Romania takes part in the Battle on Budapest as well as the Battle on Prague. Despite joining the Allies only in August 1944, Romania had an important contribution to shortening WWII by six months, according to Sir Winston Churchill;
1946 The Romanian Communist Party won the elections held on 19 November through electoral fraud;

Communist Romania

(1947–1989)
Main article: Communist Romania
Year Date Image Event
1947 Following the abdication of Mihai I, the People's Republic of Romania is declared on 30 December against the majority of people who supported the monarchy. The new leader of Romania becomes Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party;
1948 A new constitution is ratified on 13 April. Two months later, on 11 June all banks and major enterprises are nationalized. During the year, also in the years to come, many pre-war politicians, businessmen, priests and even ordinary people are thrown in prisons. On 30 August, following the model of Soviet NKVD, the Romanian secret policed is formed;
1949 A forced collectivization, in which the agriculture is organized under the socialist model, comes into force. Romania join Comecon. The construction of Danube-Black Sea Canal starts. The canal was the most known labour camp in the history of Romania;
1951 During the night of 18 June the third-largest mass deportation in modern Romanian history takes place. Some 45,000 people are taken from their homes and deported to the Bărăgan plain;
1952 The Hungarian Autonomous Province, the one and only autonomous province in modern Romania, is created. It will be disestablished in 1968. The second Communist constitution is ratified;
1953 The Danube-Black Sea Canal is halted and the labour camp disestablishedied Iuliu Maniu dies in Sighet prison;
1954 SovRoms, joint ventures between Romania and Soviet Union are formed. They will prove their inefficiency for Romania from the first day of establishment and most of them will be dissolved in 1956;
1955 Romania joins the Warsaw Pact. On 14 February, a group of Romanian anti-Communists occupies the Romanian embassy in Berne demanding the release from prisons of many public personalities. With the help of the Swiss police, the order is re-established two days later. On 14 December, Romania join the United Nations;
1956 On 28 October a radio station calling itself "Romania of the future. The voice of resistance" begins broadcasting on different wavelengths. Many protests, especially amongst students, follows in November. On 31 December, Televiziunea Română start to broadcast first programmes;
1957 ARO is established in Câmpulung-Muscel and start to manufacture off-road vehicles. ARO IMS become the first car built in Romania after World War II. Over the next three decades ARO will be a landmark of Romania.
1958 The Soviet Union Army leave Romania after fourteen years of occupation;
1959 On 28 July, the Ioanid Gang carries out the most famous bank robbery ever to occur in a Communist state;
1960 Oliviu Beldeanu, the leader of the group that occupied the Romanian embassy in Berne five years earlier, is executed in Bucureşti;
1965 On 19 March, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej dies and Nicolae Ceauşescu is elected General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and becomes the state leader. The official name of the country is changed into The Socialist Republic of Romania. The third Communist constitution is ratified;
1966 Intreprinderea de Autoturisme Piteşti is established. Two years later Romania start the mass production, the first mass production of a car - Dacia 1100. Nicolae Ceauşescu orders that the abortion decree signed in 1957 to be reversed and new policies to increase birth rate and fertility rate are introduced. The policy fails, as the population begins to swell, accompanied by rising poverty and increased homelessness children in the urban areas;
1968 Romania refuse to participate in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Nicolae Ceauşescu openly condemns the action, thus he becomes a Western world favourite. Richard Nixon's visit to Romania was the first by an American president to a Communist country. The Patriotic Guards are formed as an additional defence force in case of an attack from the outside;
1972 In order to develop a "multilaterally socialist society", Nicolae Ceauşescu starts urban planning, following the ideologies of North Korea. The face of the country is completely changed in the years to come;
1974 Nicolae Ceauşescu becomes the first President of Romania. Romania become the first country in the Eastern Bloc ever to establish economic relations with the European Community. The Generalised System of Preferences is signed, followed by an Agreement on Industrial Products in 1980.
1976 At the age of 14, Nadia Comăneci becomes one of the stars of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. During the team portion of the competition, her routine on the uneven bars is scored at a 10.0. It is the first time in modern Olympic gymnastics history that the score had ever been awarded. Over the next years, Nadia will become one of the best known Romanians in the world;
The Danube-Black Sea Canal project restarts;
1977 On 4 March 21:20 local time, an earthquake occurs with a magnitude of 7.4 and epicentre in Vrancea at a depth of 94 kilometres. The earthquake killed about 1,570 people and injured more than 11,000. Total damages are estimated at more than two billion dollars. On 1 July 35,000 out of 90,000 miners in Jiu Valley decide to stop working. Their protest is the biggest of this kind in Communist Romania before the 1989 revolution. The strike only ends when Nicolae Ceauşescu intervened in person.
1978 Ion Mihai Pacepa, a senior officer in Securitate, defected to the United States becoming the highest ranking defector from the Eastern Bloc;
1980 Construction of the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant begins. The fourth Communist constitution is ratified;
1981 The 1981 Summer Universiade becomes the most important sport event ever to be hosted by Romania. Dumitru Prunariu becomes the first Romanian in space;
1983 As part of the urban planning programme, significant portions of the historic centre of Bucureşti are demolished in order to accommodate standardized apartment blocks and government buildings, including the grandiose Centrul Civic and the palatial House of the People, the second largest building in the world;
1984 Romania is, alongside People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia, one of the three Communist countries to take part to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, USA. The Danube-Black Sea Canal is finally completed after nearly four decades;
1986 On 7 May, Steaua Bucureşti win the European Cup and become the first and only football team from a Communist country to win the trophy;
1987 In a climate of economic depression and food shortages a rebellion erupts on 15 November in the city of Braşov. Over 300 protesters are arrested for hooliganism.
1989 On 16 December, protests break out in Timişoara. Five days later Nicolae Ceauşescu organises a mass meeting in Bucureşti. The jeers and whistles soon erupt into a riot, as the crowd takes to the streets, placing the capital in turmoil. Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife leave Bucureşti putting an end to four decades of Communist rule in Romania. On 25 December, after a short trial, Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife are executed.

Present-day Romania

Year Date Image Event
1989 The National Salvation Front (FSN) take the power during the Romanian Revolution. The leader is elected Ion Iliescu. The new name of the republic becomes Romania;
1990 On 20 May, free elections are held in Romania for the first time after fifty years. FSN, which became a political party, win the elections. Ion Iliescu is elected the second President of Romania. Before and after the elections, a protest initiated by the students and professors of University of Bucharest, which was also supported by many intellectuals, demanded that former members of the Romanian Communist Party, which included Ion Iliescu, should be banned from elections. The protest was ended by the intervention of the miners from Jiu Valley, brought to Bucureşti by Iliescu himself in what is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad;
1991 A new constitution is ratified;
1992 Elections are held and Ion Iliescu wins a second mandate. Privatization of the industry starts;
1993 Romania apply to become a member of the European Union. The first wireless telephony system becomes active;
1995 The Stock Exchange reopens in Bucureşti;
1996 Emil Constantinescu becomes the third President of Romania;
1997 Romania join the countries able to use GSM telephony;
2000 Ion Iliescu returns to power after winning the elections;

21st century

Year Date Image Event
2004 Romania joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Traian Băsescu becomes the fourth President of Romania. ;
2007 On 1 January, Romania join the European Union. Traian Băsescu was temporarily suspended for alleged constitutional violations and replaced with Nicolae Văcăroiu.
2008 In February the Government overrule court decision that commission investigating Communist-era secret police is illegal. For two days, starting on 2 April, Romania host 2008 NATO summit. Legislative election are held on 30 November. Emil Boc becomes the new Prime Minister following the elections.
2009 Badly affected by the Late-2000s recession, the International Monetary Fund and other lenders agree to provide Romania a rescue package worth 20bn Euros. A Government crisis begins in April when the Social Democratic Party pulls out of ruling coalition, leaving Prime Minister Emil Boc at head of minority government, which subsequently loses a confidence vote in parliament. On 6 December, Traian Băsescu is re-elected as president for a second mandate after marginally winning the presidential election in front of Mircea Geoană.
2013–14 Large protests against Prime Minister Victor Ponta.
2014 21 December Klaus Iohannis becomes the fifth President of Romania, who is also the first German ethnic President of Romania.

See also

Cities in Romania

Further reading

  • William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Danubian Principalities". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg – via Hathi Trust. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Henry Smith Williams, ed. (1908). "Chronological Summary of the History of the Balkan States and Modern Greece: Rumania". Historians' History of the World. Vol. 24. London: Hooper & Jackson. pp. 240–3. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Roumania", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co. – via Hathi Trust {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • "Romania". Political Chronology of Europe. Europa Publications. 2003. pp. 197–205. ISBN 978-1-135-35687-3. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • David Turnock (2006). "Chronology: Romania". The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region. Routledge. p. 440+. ISBN 978-1-134-67876-1.

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  82. ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz ISBN 19-0101-900-4, p. 593
  83. ^ "...si dimandano in lingua loro Romei...se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano?..." in: Claudiu Isopescu, Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento, in Bulletin de la Section Historique, XVI, 1929, p. 1- 90
  84. ^ Tranquillo Andronico in Endre Veress', Fontes rerum transylvanicarum: Erdélyi történelmi források, Történettudományi Intézet, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest, 1914, S. 204
  85. ^ "Ex Vlachi Valachi, Romanenses Italiani,/Quorum reliquae Romanensi lingua utuntur.../Solo Romanos nomine, sine re, repraesentantes./Ideirco vulgariter Romuini sunt appelanti", Ioannes Lebelius, De opido Thalmus, Carmen Istoricum, Cibinii, 1779, p. 11 – 12
  86. ^ "qui eorum lingua Romini ab Romanis, nostra Walachi, ab Italis appellantur" St. Orichovius, Annales polonici ab excessu Sigismundi, in I. Dlugossus, Historiae polonicae libri XII, col 1555
  87. ^ „...Valacchi, qui se Romanos nominant...„ “Gens quae ear terras (Transsylvaniam, Moldaviam et Transalpinam) nostra aetate incolit, Valacchi sunt, eaque a Romania ducit originem, tametsi nomine longe alieno...“ De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transaplinae, in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Scriptores; II, Pesta, 1857, p. 120
  88. ^ "Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l’empereur… Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain … " în Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l’an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, în: Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii și materiale de istorie medievală, IV, 1960, p. 444
  89. ^ “Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli...” în: Maria Holban, Călători străini despre Țările Române, București, Editura Stiințifică, 1970, vol. II, p.158 – 161
  90. ^ Palia de la Orǎștie (1581 – 1582), Bucharest, 1968
  91. ^ Grigore Ureche, Ch. For our Moldavian language, in Chronicles of the land of Moldavia, available at Wikisource
  92. ^ "Valachos...dicunt enim communi modo loquendi: Sie noi sentem Rumeni: etiam nos sumus Romani. Item: Noi sentem di sange Rumena: Nos sumus de sanguine Romano" Martinus Szent-Ivany, Dissertatio Paralimpomenica rerum memorabilium Hungariae, Tyrnaviae, 1699, p. 39
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