Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Doxapram: Difference between pages

{{short description|Medication used for stimulating respiration}}

| verifiedrevid = 461091361

| IUPAC_name = 1-ethyl-4- (2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)- 3,3-diphenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one

| image = Doxapram.svg

| width = 201

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 3044

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = 94F3830Q73

| smiles = O=C4N(CC)CC(CCN1CCOCC1)C4(c2ccccc2)c3ccccc3

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 1754

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChI = 1S/C24H30N2O2/c1-2-26-19-22(13-14-25-15-17-28-18-16-25)24(23(26)27,20-9-5-3-6-10-20)21-11-7-4-8-12-21/h3-12,22H,2,13-19H2,1H3

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey = XFDJYSQDBULQSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}

| CAS_number = 309-29-5

| ATC_prefix = R07

| ATC_suffix = AB01

| ATC_supplemental =

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 681848

| PubChem = 3156

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank = DB00561

| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}

| KEGG = D07873

| bioavailability =

| protein_bound =

| metabolism =

| elimination_half-life =

| pregnancy_category =

| legal_status = Rx only

| routes_of_administration = [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]

'''Doxapram hydrochloride''' (marketed as '''Dopram''', Stimulex or Respiram) is a respiratory stimulant, or [[analeptic]]. Administered [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]]ly, doxapram stimulates an increase in [[Lung volumes|tidal volume]], and [[respiration (physiology)|respiratory rate]].

==Mechanism of action==

[[File:Doxapram.JPG|thumb|alt=photograph of a vial of doxapram|A vial of doxapram]]

Doxapram stimulates [[chemoreceptor]]s in the [[Carotid body|carotid bodies]] of the carotid arteries, which in turn, stimulates the respiratory center in the [[brainstem]].

==Appearance==

Doxapram is a white to off-white, odorless, crystalline powder that is stable in light and air. It is soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in ether. Injectable products have a pH from 3.5-5. [[Benzyl alcohol]] or [[chlorobutanol]] is added as a preservative agent in commercially available preparations.

==Uses==

Doxapram is used in [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] settings to stimulate the respiratory rate in patients with [[respiratory failure]]. It may be useful for treating respiratory depression in patients who have taken excessive doses of drugs such as [[opioid]]s which may fail to respond adequately to treatment with [[naloxone]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.naabt.org/documents/packageinsert.pdf | title = Buprenorphine Drug Data Sheet | work = Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | date =}}</ref>

It is equally as effective as [[pethidine]] in suppressing shivering after [[surgery]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh P, Dimitriou V, Mahajan RP, Crossley AW | title = Double-blind comparison between doxapram and pethidine in the treatment of postanaesthetic shivering | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 685–688 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 8251281 | doi = 10.1093/bja/71.5.685 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Doxapram has been used as a reversal agent after general anesthesia in captive [[Elasmobranchii|sharks and rays]], but it must be used with caution, as the animals can become excitatory as a [[side effect]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Smith MF | title=The Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II: Recent Advances in the Care of Sharks, Rays and Their Relatives | publisher=Ohio Biological Survey | year=2017 |page=292| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlJhzgEACAAJ | access-date=2022-03-30}}</ref>

==Side effects==

Side effects include [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[anxiety]], [[Tachycardia|rapid heart rate]], [[tremor]], [[Perspiration|sweating]], and [[vomiting]]. [[Seizure|Convulsions]] have been reported. Its use is relatively contraindicated in people with [[coronary artery disease]], [[epilepsy]], and high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated in newborns and small children, mainly due to the presence of [[benzyl alcohol]], which is included as a preservative.

==See also==

* [[Pentethylcyclanone]] (similar structure)

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Respiratory stimulants}}

[[Category:Respiratory agents]]

[[Category:Pyrrolidones]]

[[Category:4-Morpholinyl compounds]]