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Acanthus (ornament)

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Composite capital with acanthus leaves

The acanthus (Ancient Greek: ἄκανθος) is one of the most common plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration in the architectural tradition emanating from Greece and Rome.[1]

Architecture

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Timeline of acanthus styles: a) Greek; b) Roman; c) Byzantine; d) Romanesque; e & f) Gothic; g) Renaissance; h & i) Baroque; j & k) Rococo
Acanthus mollis leaf; in both this and A. spinosus the leaf forms are rather variable

In architecture, an ornament may be carved into stone or wood to resemble leaves from the Mediterranean species of the Acanthus genus of plants, which have deeply cut leaves with some similarity to those of the thistle and poppy. Both Acanthus mollis and the still more deeply cut Acanthus spinosus have been claimed as the main model, and particular examples of the motif may be closer in form to one or the other species; the leaves of both are, in any case, rather variable in form. The motif is found in decoration in nearly every medium.

The relationship between acanthus ornament and the acanthus plant has been the subject of a long-standing controversy. Alois Riegl argued in his Stilfragen that acanthus ornament originated as a sculptural version of the palmette, and only later began to resemble Acanthus spinosus.[2]

Greek and Roman

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In ancient Roman and ancient Greek architecture acanthus ornament appears extensively in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and applied to friezes, dentils and other decorated areas. The oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia, c. 450–420 BC, but the order was used sparingly in Greece before the Roman period. The Romans elaborated the order with the ends of the leaves curled, and it was their favourite order for grand buildings, with their own invention of the Composite, which was first seen in the epoch of Augustus.[3] Acanthus decoration continued in popularity in Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic architecture. It saw a major revival in the Renaissance, and still is used today.

The Roman writer Vitruvius (c. 75 – c. 15 BC) related that the Corinthian order had been invented by Callimachus, a Greek architect and sculptor who was inspired by the sight of a votive basket that had been left on the grave of a young girl. A few of her toys were in it, and a square tile had been placed over the basket, to protect them from the weather. An acanthus plant had grown through the woven basket, mixing its spiny, deeply cut leaves with the weave of the basket.

Byzantine

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Some of the most detailed and elaborate acanthus decoration occurs in important buildings of the Byzantine architectural tradition, where the leaves are undercut, drilled, and spread over a wide surface. Use of the motif continued in Medieval art, particularly in sculpture and wood carving and in friezes, although usually it is stylized and generalized, so that one doubts that the artists connected it with any plant in particular. After centuries without decorated capitals, they were revived enthusiastically in Romanesque architecture, often using foliage designs, including acanthus. Curling acanthus-type leaves occur frequently in the borders and ornamented initial letters of illuminated manuscripts, and are commonly found in combination with palmettes in woven silk textiles. In the Renaissance classical models were followed closely, and the acanthus becomes recognisable again in large-scale architectural examples. The term is often also found describing more stylized and abstracted foliage motifs, where the similarity to the species is weak.

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Lewis & Darley 1986, p. 20.
  2. ^ Riegl 1992, pp. 187–206.
  3. ^ Strong, D. E. (1960). "Some early examples of the composite capital". Journal of Roman Studies. 50: 119–128. doi:10.2307/298294. JSTOR 298294. S2CID 162473543.
  4. ^ Honour & Fleming 2009, p. 147.
  5. ^ Robertson 2022, p. 323.
  6. ^ Eastmond, Anthony (2013). The Glory of Byzantium and early Christendom. Phaidon. p. 81. ISBN 978 0 7148 4810 5.
  7. ^ Watkin 2022, p. 123.
  8. ^ "Ancien hôtel de Cluny et Palais des Thermes, actuellement Musée National du Moyen Âge". pop.culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  9. ^ Bailey 2012, pp. 238.
  10. ^ Florea 2016, p. 243.
  11. ^ Jones 2014, p. 241.
  12. ^ Jones 2014, p. 273.
  13. ^ "PAIRE DE VASES « FUSEAU »". amisdulouvre.fr. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  14. ^ Bresc-Bautier 2008, p. 122.
  15. ^ Jones 2014, p. 296.
  16. ^ Watkin 2022, p. 490.
  17. ^ Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017, p. 153.
  18. ^ Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017, p. 123.
  19. ^ Jones 2014, p. 294.

References

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  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2012). Baroque & Rococo. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-5742-8.
  • Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008). The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace. Musée du Louvre Éditions. ISBN 978-2-7572-0177-0.
  • Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide. Order of Architects of Romania. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6.
  • Florea, Vasile (2016). Arta Românească de la Origini până în Prezent (in Romanian). Litera. ISBN 978-606-33-1053-9.
  • Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2009). A World History of Art - Revised Seventh Edition. Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85669-584-8.
  • Jones, Denna, ed. (2014). Architecture The Whole Story. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-29148-1.
  • Lewis, Philippa; Darley, Gillian (1986). Dictionary of Ornament. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 9780394509310.
  • Riegl, A (1992). Problems of style: foundations for a history of ornament. Translated by Kain, E. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-65658-8.
  • Robertson, Hutton (2022). The History of Art - From Prehistory to Presentday - A Global View. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-02236-8.
  • Watkin, David (2022). A History of Western Architecture. Laurence King. ISBN 978-1-52942-030-2.

Further reading

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