Jump to content

Cat state

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In quantum mechanics, the cat state, named after Schrödinger's cat,[1] refers to a quantum state composed of a superposition of two other states of flagrantly contradictory aspects. Generalizing Schrödinger's thought experiment, any other quantum superposition of two macroscopically distinct states is also referred to as a cat state. A cat state could be of one or more modes or particles, therefore it is not necessarily an entangled state. Such cat states have been experimentally realized in various ways and at various scales.

Oftentimes this superposition is described as the system being at both states at the same time,[2] such as the possibilities that a cat would be alive and dead at the same time. This description, however popular, is not correct,[3] since some experimental results depend on the interference of superposed states. For instance, in the well-known double-slit experiment, superposed states give interference fringes, whereas, had the particle been through both appertures, simple addition of single-hole results would obtain.

Cat states over distinct particles

[edit]

Concretely, a cat state can refer to the possibility that multiple atoms be in a superposition of all spin up and all spin down, known as a Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state (GHZ state), which is highly entangled. Since GHZ states are relatively difficult to produce but easy to verify they are often used as a benchmark for different platforms. Such a state for six atoms was realized by a team led by David Wineland at NIST in 2005[4] and the largest states have since grown to beyond 20.

Optically, the GHZ state can be realized with several distinct photons in a superposition of all polarized vertically and all polarized horizontally. These have been experimentally realized by a team led by Pan Jianwei at University of Science and Technology of China, for instance, four-photon entanglement,[5] five-photon entanglement,[6] six-photon entanglement,[7] eight-photon entanglement,[8] and five-photon ten-qubit cat state.[9]

This spin up/down formulation was proposed by David Bohm, who conceived of spin as an observable in a version of thought experiments formulated in the 1935 EPR paradox.[10]

Cat states in single modes

[edit]
Wigner quasiprobability distribution of an odd cat state of α = 2.5
Time evolution of the probability distribution with quantum phase (color) of a cat state with α = 3. The two coherent portions interfere in the center.

In quantum optics, a cat state is defined as the quantum superposition of two opposite-phase coherent states of a single optical mode (e.g., a quantum superposition of large positive electric field and large negative electric field): where and are coherent states defined in the number (Fock) basis. Notice that if we add the two states together, the resulting cat state only contains even Fock state terms:

As a result of this property, the above cat state is often referred to as an even cat state. Alternatively, we can define an odd cat state as

which only contains odd Fock states:

Even and odd coherent states were first introduced by Dodonov, Malkin, and Man'ko in 1974.[11]

Linear superposition of coherent states

[edit]
Wigner function of a Schrödinger cat state

A simple example of a cat state is a linear superposition of coherent states with opposite phases, when each state has the same weight:[12] The larger the value of α, the lower the overlap between the two macroscopic classical coherent states exp(−2α2), and the better it approaches an ideal cat state. However, the production of cat states with a large mean photon number (= |α|2) is difficult. A typical way to produce approximate cat states is through photon subtraction from a squeezed vacuum state.[13][14] This method usually is restricted to small values of α, and such states have been referred to as Schrödinger "kitten" states in the literature. A method to generate a larger cat state using homodyne conditioning on a number state splitted by a beam splitter was suggested and experimentally demonstrated with a clear separation between the two Gaussian peaks in the Wigner function.[15] More methods have been proposed to produce larger coherent state superpositions through multiphoton subtraction,[16] through ancilla-assisted subtraction,[17] or through multiple photon catalysis steps.[18] Optical methods to "breed" cat states by entangling two smaller "kitten" states on a beamsplitter and performing a homodyne measurement on one output have also been proposed[19] and experimentally demonstrated.[20] If the two "kittens" each have magnitude then when a probabilistic homodyne measurement on the amplitude-quadrature of one beamsplitter output yields a measurement of Q = 0, the remaining output state is projected into an enlarged cat state where the magnitude has been increased to [19][20]

Coherent state superpositions have been proposed for quantum computing by Sanders.[21]

Higher-order cat states

[edit]
Wigner quasiprobability distribution of cat states, grid. Cat states with 2, 3, 4 cats. The separation between cats range from 0.5, 1, 2, 4, showing increasingly sharp inference.

It is also possible to control the phase-space angle between the involved coherent amplitudes so that they are not diametrically opposed. This is distinct from controlling the quantum phase relation between the states. Cat states with 3 and 4 subcomponents have been experimentally realized,[22] e.g., one might have a triangular cat state:

A very big cat state, with 10 cats separated at .

or a triangle superposed with vacuum state:

or a square cat state:

The three-component cat states naturally appear as the low-energy eigenstates of three atoms, trapped above a chiral waveguide. [23]

Decoherence

[edit]
Animation showing first the "growth" of a pure even cat state up to α = 2, followed by dissipation of the cat state by losses (the rapid onset of decoherence visible as a loss of the middle interference fringes)

The quantum superposition in cat states becomes more fragile and susceptible to decoherence, the larger they are. For a given well-separated cat state (|α| > 2), an absorption of 1/|α|2 is sufficient to convert the cat state to a nearly equal mixture of even and odd cat states.[24] For example, with α = 10, i.e., ~100 photons, an absorption of just 1% will convert an even cat state to be 57%/43% even/odd, even though this reduces the coherent amplitude by only 0.5%. In other words, the superposition is effectively ruined after the probable loss of just a single photon.[25]

Cat qubit

[edit]

Cat states can also be used to encode quantum information in the framework of bosonic codes. The idea of using cat qubits as a bosonic code for quantum information processing traces back to Cochrane et al.[26] Quantum teleportation using cat states was suggested by Enk and Hirota[27] and Jeong et al.[28] in view of traveling light fields. Jeong et al. showed that one can discriminate between all of the four Bell states in the cat-state basis using a beam splitter and two photon-number parity detectors,[28] while this task is known to be highly difficult using other optical approaches with discrete-variable qubits. The Bell-state measurement scheme using the cat-state basis and its variants have been found to be useful for quantum computing and communication. Jeong and Kim[29] and Ralph et al.[30] suggested universal quantum computing schemes using cat qubits, and it was shown that this type of approach can be made fault-tolerant.[31]

Bosonic codes

[edit]

In quantum information theory, bosonic codes encode information in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of a single mode.[22][26][29][30][32][33]

This is in stark contrast with most encodings for which a 2-dimensional system - a qubit - is used to encode information. The numerous dimensions enable a first degree of redundancy and hence of error protection within a single physical degree of freedom which may consist of the propagating mode of an optical set-up, the vibration mode of a trapped ion or the stationary mode of a microwave resonator. Moreover, the dominant decoherence channel is photon loss [22] and no extra decay channels are known to be added if the number of photons is increased.  Hence, to identify a potential error, one needs to measure a single error syndrome, thereby allowing one to realize a significant hardware economy. In these respects, bosonic codes are a hardware efficient path towards quantum error correction.[34]

All the bosonic encodings require non-linearities to be generated, stabilized and measured. In particular, they can't be generated or stabilized with only a linear modes and linear displacements. In practice, ancillary systems are needed for stabilization and error tracking. However,  the ancillary systems also have errors, which can in reverse ruin the quantum information. Being immune to these errors is called ‘’fault tolerance’’ and is critical. In particular, even though a linear memory is only subject to photon loss errors, it also experiences dephasing once coupled to a non-linear ancillary system.[35][36]

Cat codes

[edit]

Bosonic codes draw their error protection from encoding quantum information in distant locations of the mode phase space. Among these bosonic codes, Schrödinger cat codes encode information as a superposition of coherent states where is the complex amplitude of the field, which are quasi-classical states of the mode.

For instance, the two-component cat code[22][26][29][30][32] may be defined as:

The computational basis states , and , converge towards the coherent states and when is large.

Another example is the four-component cat code defined as:

Other cat states encoding exist such as squeezed cat codes[37] or pair cat codes in 2-mode system.[38]

2-component cat code

[edit]

The two basis states of this code and are the coherent states and to a very good approximation when is large.[29][30] In the language of quantum information processing, cat-state decoherence, mostly originating from single photon loss, is associated with phase-flips. On the contrary, bit-flips bear a clear classical analogue: the random switch between the two coherent states.

Contrary to the  other  bosonic codes that aim at delocalizing information in both direct space and in reciprocal space, the 2-component cat encoding relaxes one constraint by only delocalizing in one space. The resulting qubit is only protected against one of the two error channels (bit-flips) but consequently the acquired protection is more efficient in terms of required photon number. In order to correct against the remaining error channel (phase-flips), one needs to concatenate with another code in a bias preserving way, such as with a repetition code[39] or a surface code.[40]

As stated above, even though a resonator alone typically suffer only from single photon loss, a finite temperature environment causes single photon gain and the coupling to the non-linear resources effectively induces dephasing. Moreover, single photon losses do not only flip the parity of the cat state but also cause a deterministic decrease of the amplitude of coherent states, the cat “shrinks”. All these effects tend to cause bit-flips. Hence, to protect the encoded states several stabilization procedures were proposed:

  • dissipative: use engineered dissipation such that its steady states form the cat-qubit manifold.[32][41][42]
  • hamiltonian: use an engineered Hamiltonian such that its degenerate ground states form the cat-qubit manifold[43][44][45]
  • gate-based: regularly re-inflate the cat using optimal control, computer-generated pulses.

The two first approaches are called autonomous since they don't requires active correction, and  can be combined. So far, autonomous correction has been proven more fault-tolerant than gate-based correction because of the type of interaction used in gate-based correction.

Bit flip suppression with was demonstrated for two-legged cats with dissipative stabilization[46] at the mere cost of linear increase of phase flip due to single photon loss.

4-component cat code

[edit]

In order to add first order protection against phase-flips within a single degree of freedom, a higher dimension manifold is required. The 4-component cat code uses the even-parity submanifold of the superposition of 4 coherent states to encode information. The odd-parity submanifold is also 2-dimensional and serves as an error space since a single photon loss switches the parity of the state. Hence, monitoring the parity is sufficient to detect errors caused by single photon loss.[47][48] Just as in the 2-component cat code, one needs to stabilize the code in order to prevent bit-flips. The same strategies can be used but are challenging to implement experimentally because higher order non-linearities are required.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ John Gribbin (1984), In Search of Schrödinger's Cat, ISBN 0-552-12555-5, 22 February 1985, Transworld Publishers, Ltd, 318 pages.
  2. ^ Dennis Overbye, "Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory". The New York Times Tuesday (Science Times), December 27, 2005 pages D1, D4.
  3. ^ Albert, David Z. (2000). Quantum mechanics and experience (7. print., 1. paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74113-3.
  4. ^ Leibfried D, Knill E, Seidelin S, Britton J, Blakestad RB, Chiaverini J, Hume D, Itano WM, Jost JD, Langer C, Ozeri R, Reichle R, Wineland DJ (1 Dec 2005). "Creation of a six-atom 'Schrödinger cat' state". Nature. 438 (7068): 639–642. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..639L. doi:10.1038/nature04251. PMID 16319885. S2CID 4370887.
  5. ^ Zhao, Zhi; Yang, Tao; Chen, Yu-Ao; Zhang, An-Ning; Żukowski, Marek; Pan, Jian-Wei (2003-10-28). "Experimental Violation of Local Realism by Four-Photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement". Physical Review Letters. 91 (18): 180401. arXiv:quant-ph/0302137. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..91r0401Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.180401. PMID 14611269. S2CID 19123211.
  6. ^ Pan, Jian-Wei; Briegel, Hans J.; Yang, Tao; Zhang, An-Ning; Chen, Yu-Ao; Zhao, Zhi (July 2004). "Experimental demonstration of five-photon entanglement and open-destination teleportation". Nature. 430 (6995): 54–58. arXiv:quant-ph/0402096. Bibcode:2004Natur.430...54Z. doi:10.1038/nature02643. PMID 15229594. S2CID 4336020.
  7. ^ Lu, Chao-Yang; Zhou, Xiao-Qi; Gühne, Otfried; Gao, Wei-Bo; Zhang, Jin; Yuan, Zhen-Sheng; Goebel, Alexander; Yang, Tao; Pan, Jian-Wei (2007). "Experimental entanglement of six photons in graph states". Nature Physics. 3 (2): 91–95. arXiv:quant-ph/0609130. Bibcode:2007NatPh...3...91L. doi:10.1038/nphys507. S2CID 16319327.
  8. ^ Yao, Xing-Can; Wang, Tian-Xiong; Xu, Ping; Lu, He; Pan, Ge-Sheng; Bao, Xiao-Hui; Peng, Cheng-Zhi; Lu, Chao-Yang; Chen, Yu-Ao; Pan, Jian-Wei (2012). "Observation of eight-photon entanglement". Nature Photonics. 6 (4): 225–228. arXiv:1105.6318. Bibcode:2012NaPho...6..225Y. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.354. S2CID 118510047.
  9. ^ Gao, Wei-Bo; Lu, Chao-Yang; Yao, Xing-Can; Xu, Ping; Gühne, Otfried; Goebel, Alexander; Chen, Yu-Ao; Peng, Cheng-Zhi; Chen, Zeng-Bing; Pan, Jian-Wei (2010). "Experimental demonstration of a hyper-entangled ten-qubit Schrödinger cat state". Nature Physics. 6 (5): 331–335. arXiv:0809.4277. Bibcode:2010NatPh...6..331G. doi:10.1038/nphys1603. S2CID 118844955.
  10. ^ Amir D. Aczel (2001), Entanglement: the unlikely story of how scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers proved Einstein's spookiest theory. ISBN 0-452-28457-0. Penguin: paperback, 284 pages, index.
  11. ^ V. V. Dodonov; I. A. Malkin; V. I. Man'ko (15 March 1974). "Even and odd coherent states and excitations of a singular oscillator". Physica. 72 (3): 597–615. Bibcode:1974Phy....72..597D. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(74)90215-8.
  12. ^ Souza, L. A. M.; Nemes, M. C.; Santos, M. França; de Faria, J. G. Peixoto (2008-09-15). "Quantifying the decay of quantum properties in single-mode states". Optics Communications. 281 (18): 4696–4704. arXiv:0710.5930. Bibcode:2008OptCo.281.4696S. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2008.06.017. S2CID 119286619.
  13. ^ Ourjoumtsev, Alexei; Tualle-Brouri, Rosa; Laurat, Julien; Grangier, Philippe (2006-04-07). "Generating Optical Schrödinger Kittens for Quantum Information Processing" (PDF). Science. 312 (5770): 83–86. Bibcode:2006Sci...312...83O. doi:10.1126/science.1122858. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16527930. S2CID 32811956.
  14. ^ Wakui, Kentaro; Takahashi, Hiroki; Furusawa, Akira; Sasaki, Masahide (2007-03-19). "Photon subtracted squeezed states generated with periodically poled KTiOPO4". Optics Express. 15 (6): 3568–3574. arXiv:quant-ph/0609153. Bibcode:2007OExpr..15.3568W. doi:10.1364/OE.15.003568. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 19532600. S2CID 119367991.
  15. ^ Ourjoumtsev, Alexei; Jeong, Hyunseok; Tualle-Brouri, Rosa; Grangier, Philippe (2007-08-16). "Generation of optical 'Schrödinger cats' from photon number states". Nature. 448 (7155): 784–786. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..784O. doi:10.1038/nature06054. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 17700695. S2CID 4424315.
  16. ^ Takeoka, Masahiro; Takahashi, Hiroki; Sasaki, Masahide (2008-06-12). "Large-amplitude coherent-state superposition generated by a time-separated two-photon subtraction from a continuous-wave squeezed vacuum". Physical Review A. 77 (6): 062315. arXiv:0804.0464. Bibcode:2008PhRvA..77f2315T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.77.062315. S2CID 119260475.
  17. ^ Takahashi, Hiroki; Wakui, Kentaro; Suzuki, Shigenari; Takeoka, Masahiro; Hayasaka, Kazuhiro; Furusawa, Akira; Sasaki, Masahide (2008-12-04). "Generation of Large-Amplitude Coherent-State Superposition via Ancilla-Assisted Photon Subtraction". Physical Review Letters. 101 (23): 233605. arXiv:0806.2965. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101w3605T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.233605. PMID 19113554. S2CID 359835.
  18. ^ Miller Eaton; Rajveer Nehra; Olivier Pfister (2019-08-05). "Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill state preparation by photon catalysis". arXiv:1903.01925v2 [quant-ph].
  19. ^ a b Lund, A. P.; Jeong, H.; Ralph, T. C.; Kim, M. S. (2004-08-17). "Conditional production of superpositions of coherent states with inefficient photon detection" (PDF). Physical Review A. 70 (2): 020101. arXiv:quant-ph/0401001. Bibcode:2004PhRvA..70b0101L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.70.020101. hdl:10072/27347. ISSN 1050-2947. S2CID 23817766.
  20. ^ a b Sychev DV, Ulanov AE, Pushkina AA, Richards MW, Fedorov IA, Lvovsky AI (2017). "Enlargement of optical Schrödinger's cat states". Nature Photonics. 11 (6): 379. arXiv:1609.08425. Bibcode:2017NaPho..11..379S. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2017.57. S2CID 53367933.
  21. ^ Sanders, Barry C. (1992-05-01). "Entangled coherent states". Physical Review A. 45 (9): 6811–6815. Bibcode:1992PhRvA..45.6811S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.45.6811. PMID 9907804.
  22. ^ a b c d Vlastakis, Brian; Kirchmair, Gerhard; Leghtas, Zaki; Nigg, Simon E.; Frunzio, Luigi; Girvin, S. M.; Mirrahimi, Mazyar; Devoret, M. H.; Schoelkopf, R. J. (2013-09-26). "Deterministically Encoding Quantum Information Using 100-Photon Schrodinger Cat States" (PDF). Science. 342 (6158): 607–610. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..607V. doi:10.1126/science.1243289. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24072821. S2CID 29852189.
  23. ^ Sedov, D. D.; Kozin, V. K.; Iorsh, I. V. (31 December 2020). "Chiral Waveguide Optomechanics: First Order Quantum Phase Transitions with Z_3 Symmetry Breaking". Physical Review Letters. 125 (26): 263606. arXiv:2009.01289. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.125z3606S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.263606. PMID 33449725. S2CID 221538041.
  24. ^ Glancy, Scott; de Vasconcelos, Hilma Macedo (2008). "Methods for producing optical coherent state superpositions". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 25 (5): 712–733. arXiv:0705.2045. Bibcode:2008JOSAB..25..712G. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.25.000712. ISSN 0740-3224. S2CID 56386489.
  25. ^ Serafini, A.; De Siena, S.; Illuminati, F.; Paris, M. G. A. (2004). "Minimum decoherence cat-like states in Gaussian noisy channels" (PDF). Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics. 6 (6): S591–S596. arXiv:quant-ph/0310005. Bibcode:2004JOptB...6S.591S. doi:10.1088/1464-4266/6/6/019. ISSN 1464-4266. S2CID 15243127.
  26. ^ a b c Cochrane, P.T.; Milburn, G.J.; Munro, W.J. (1999-04-01). "Macroscopically distinct quantum-superposition states as a bosonic code for amplitude damping". Physical Review A. 59 (4): 2631. arXiv:quant-ph/9809037. Bibcode:1999PhRvA..59.2631C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.59.2631. ISSN 2469-9934. S2CID 119532538.
  27. ^ van Enk, S. J.; Hirota, O. (2001-07-13). "Entangled coherent states: Teleportation and decoherence". Physical Review A. 64 (2): 022313. arXiv:quant-ph/0012086. Bibcode:2001PhRvA..64b2313V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.022313. ISSN 2469-9934. S2CID 119492733.
  28. ^ a b Jeong, H.; Kim, M.S.; Lee, Jinhyoung (2001-10-10). "Quantum-information processing for a coherent superposition state via a mixed entangled coherent channel". Physical Review A. 64 (5): 052308. arXiv:quant-ph/0104090. Bibcode:2001PhRvA..64e2308J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052308. ISSN 2469-9934. S2CID 119406052.
  29. ^ a b c d Jeong, H.; Kim, M.S. (2002-03-21). "Efficient quantum computation using coherent states". Physical Review A. 65 (4): 042305. arXiv:quant-ph/0109077. Bibcode:2002PhRvA..65d2305J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.65.042305. ISSN 2469-9934. S2CID 36109819.
  30. ^ a b c d Ralph, T.C.; Gilchrist, A.; Milburn, G.J.; Munro, W.J.; Glancy, S. (2003-10-20). "Quantum computation with optical coherent states". Physical Review A. 68 (4): 042319. arXiv:quant-ph/0306004. Bibcode:2003PhRvA..68d2319R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.68.042319. ISSN 2469-9934. S2CID 9055162.
  31. ^ Lund, A.P.; Ralph, T.C.; Haselgrove, H.L. (2008-01-25). "Fault-Tolerant Linear Optical Quantum Computing with Small-Amplitude Coherent States". Physical Review A. 100 (3): 030503. arXiv:0707.0327. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100c0503L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.030503. ISSN 2469-9934. PMID 18232954. S2CID 22168354.
  32. ^ a b c Mirrahimi, Mazyar; Leghtas, Zaki; Albert, Victor V; Touzard, Steven; Schoelkopf, Robert J; Jiang, Liang; Devoret, Michel H (2014-04-22). "Dynamically protected cat-qubits: a new paradigm for universal quantum computation". New Journal of Physics. 16 (4): 045014. arXiv:1312.2017. Bibcode:2014NJPh...16d5014M. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/4/045014. ISSN 1367-2630. S2CID 7179816.
  33. ^ Michael, Marios H.; Silveri, Matti; Brierley, R. T.; Albert, Victor V.; Salmilehto, Juha; Jiang, Liang; Girvin, S. M. (2016-07-14). "New Class of Quantum Error-Correcting Codes for a Bosonic Mode". Physical Review X. 6 (3): 031006. arXiv:1602.00008. Bibcode:2016PhRvX...6c1006M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.6.031006. S2CID 29518512.
  34. ^ Leghtas, Zaki; Kirchmair, Gerhard; Vlastakis, Brian; Schoelkopf, Robert J.; Devoret, Michel H.; Mirrahimi, Mazyar (2013-09-20). "Hardware-Efficient Autonomous Quantum Memory Protection". Physical Review Letters. 111 (12): 120501. arXiv:1207.0679. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111l0501L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.120501. PMID 24093235. S2CID 19929020.
  35. ^ Reagor, Matthew; Pfaff, Wolfgang; Axline, Christopher; Heeres, Reinier W.; Ofek, Nissim; Sliwa, Katrina; Holland, Eric; Wang, Chen; Blumoff, Jacob; Chou, Kevin; Hatridge, Michael J. (2016-07-08). "Quantum memory with millisecond coherence in circuit QED". Physical Review B. 94 (1): 014506. arXiv:1508.05882. Bibcode:2016PhRvB..94a4506R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.94.014506. S2CID 3543415.
  36. ^ Rosenblum, S.; Reinhold, P.; Mirrahimi, M.; Jiang, Liang; Frunzio, L.; Schoelkopf, R. J. (2018-07-20). "Fault-tolerant detection of a quantum error". Science. 361 (6399): 266–270. arXiv:1803.00102. Bibcode:2018Sci...361..266R. doi:10.1126/science.aat3996. PMID 30026224. S2CID 199667382.
  37. ^ Schlegel, David S.; Minganti, Fabrizio; Savona, Vincenzo (2022-01-07). "Quantum error correction using squeezed Schrödinger cat states". Physical Review A. 106 (2): 022431. arXiv:2201.02570. Bibcode:2022PhRvA.106b2431S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.106.022431. S2CID 245827749.
  38. ^ Albert, Victor V; Mundhada, Shantanu O; Grimm, Alexander; Touzard, Steven; Devoret, Michel H; Jiang, Liang (2019-06-12). "Pair-cat codes: autonomous error-correction with low-order nonlinearity". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (3): 035007. arXiv:1801.05897. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4c5007A. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab1e69. ISSN 2058-9565. S2CID 119085415.
  39. ^ Guillaud, Jérémie; Mirrahimi, Mazyar (2019-12-12). "Repetition Cat Qubits for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation". Physical Review X. 9 (4): 041053. arXiv:1904.09474. Bibcode:2019PhRvX...9d1053G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.041053. ISSN 2160-3308. S2CID 209386562.
  40. ^ Darmawan, Andrew S.; Brown, Benjamin J.; Grimsmo, Arne L.; Tuckett, David K.; Puri, Shruti (2021-09-16). "Practical Quantum Error Correction with the XZZX Code and Kerr-Cat Qubits". PRX Quantum. 2 (3): 030345. arXiv:2104.09539. Bibcode:2021PRXQ....2c0345D. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.030345. S2CID 233306946.
  41. ^ Gerry, Christopher C; Hach, Edwin E (1993-03-08). "Generation of even and odd coherent states in a competitive two-photon process". Physics Letters A. 174 (3): 185–189. Bibcode:1993PhLA..174..185G. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(93)90756-P. ISSN 0375-9601.
  42. ^ Garraway, B. M.; Knight, P. L. (1994-09-01). "Evolution of quantum superpositions in open environments: Quantum trajectories, jumps, and localization in phase space". Physical Review A. 50 (3): 2548–2563. Bibcode:1994PhRvA..50.2548G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.50.2548. hdl:10044/1/481. PMID 9911174.
  43. ^ Grimm, A.; Frattini, N. E.; Puri, S.; Mundhada, S. O.; Touzard, S.; Mirrahimi, M.; Girvin, S. M.; Shankar, S.; Devoret, M. H. (August 2020). "Stabilization and operation of a Kerr-cat qubit". Nature. 584 (7820): 205–209. arXiv:1907.12131. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..205G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2587-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32788737. S2CID 221111017.
  44. ^ Puri, Shruti; Boutin, Samuel; Blais, Alexandre (2017-04-19). "Engineering the quantum states of light in a Kerr-nonlinear resonator by two-photon driving". npj Quantum Information. 3 (1): 18. arXiv:1605.09408. Bibcode:2017npjQI...3...18P. doi:10.1038/s41534-017-0019-1. ISSN 2056-6387. S2CID 118656060.
  45. ^ Gautier, Ronan; Sarlette, Alain; Mirrahimi, Mazyar (May 2022). "Combined Dissipative and Hamiltonian Confinement of Cat Qubits". PRX Quantum. 3 (2): 020339. arXiv:2112.05545. Bibcode:2022PRXQ....3b0339G. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020339. S2CID 245117665.
  46. ^ Lescanne, Raphaël; Villiers, Marius; Peronnin, Théau; Sarlette, Alain; Delbecq, Matthieu; Huard, Benjamin; Kontos, Takis; Mirrahimi, Mazyar; Leghtas, Zaki (May 2020). "Exponential suppression of bit-flips in a qubit encoded in an oscillator". Nature Physics. 16 (5): 509–513. arXiv:1907.11729. Bibcode:2020NatPh..16..509L. doi:10.1038/s41567-020-0824-x. hdl:1854/LU-8669531. ISSN 1745-2481. S2CID 198967784.
  47. ^ Ofek, Nissim; Petrenko, Andrei; Heeres, Reinier; Reinhold, Philip; Leghtas, Zaki; Vlastakis, Brian; Liu, Yehan; Frunzio, Luigi; Girvin, S. M.; Jiang, L.; Mirrahimi, Mazyar (August 2016). "Extending the lifetime of a quantum bit with error correction in superconducting circuits". Nature. 536 (7617): 441–445. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..441O. doi:10.1038/nature18949. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 27437573. S2CID 594116.
  48. ^ Gertler, Jeffrey M.; Baker, Brian; Li, Juliang; Shirol, Shruti; Koch, Jens; Wang, Chen (February 2021). "Protecting a bosonic qubit with autonomous quantum error correction". Nature. 590 (7845): 243–248. arXiv:2004.09322. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..243G. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03257-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33568826. S2CID 215828125.