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Functional urban area

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Illustration showing the difference between the city, the functional urban area (Milan metropolitan area), and the metropolitan region of Milan.
Illustration of the delimitation process for the functional urban area (red outline) of Genoa (red fill) and its commuting zone (pink fill).

The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ),[1] is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2] It consists of a city and its commuting zone,[3] which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[4]

The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region."[5] To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.[6]

History

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The definition was introduced under the name Larger urban zone (LUZ) in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[7][8] Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[9][10][11]

In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.[citation needed]

In 2011, the European Commission has developed a new definition of LUZ in cooperation with the OECD.[12] The term Larger urban zone (LUZ) was later renamed as the Functional urban area (FUA).[1]

In 2020, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Bank have also adopted the Functional urban area as their definition for delimitation of metropolitan areas.[13]

List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017

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This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

  Areas outside of the European Union
Rank Functional urban area Land Population Area (km2)
1 Paris  Frankreich 13,998,000 12,079.87[14]
2 Istanbul  Türkei 11,154,928
3 London  Vereinigtes Königreich 10,345,124 8,900[14]
4 Madrid  Spanien 5,804,829 8,022
5 Ruhr Area  Deutschland 5,302,179 4,435
6 Berlin  Deutschland 4,971,331 17,385
7 Naples  Italien 4,475,682 564.95
8 Barcelona  Spanien 4,233,638 1,796.64
9 Athens  Griechenland 4,013,368 3,806.92
10 Ankara  Türkei 3,736,359
11 Rome  Italien 3,457,690 3,666.66
12 Hamburg  Deutschland 3,134,620 7,304
12 Milan  Italien 3,076,643 1,348.32
13 Katowice metropolitan area  Polen 2,710,397 2,650.65
14 Stuttgart  Deutschland 2,663,660 3,654
15 Warsaw  Polen 2,631,710 5,201.72
16 Manchester  Vereinigtes Königreich 2,539,100 1,280
17 Munich  Deutschland 2,531,706 5,504
18 Frankfurt  Deutschland 2,517,561 4,305
19 İzmir  Türkei 2,459,474
20 Lisbon  Portugal 2,435,837 1,432.49
21 Budapest  Ungarn 2,393,846 2,538[14]
22 Leeds  Vereinigtes Königreich 2,393,300 5,114[14]
23 Birmingham  Vereinigtes Königreich 2,357,100 1,598
24 Vienna  Österreich 2,179,769 4,610.93[14]
25 Bucharest  Rumänien 2,140,194 662
26 Prague  Tschechische Republik 1,964,750 6,977[14]
27 Cologne  Deutschland 1,873,580 1,626
28 Stockholm  Schweden 1,860,872 6,519
29 Copenhagen  Dänemark 1,806,667[14] 2,759[14]
30 Brussels  Belgien 1,800,663 1,613.91
31 Glasgow  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,747,100 3,346
32 Turin  Italien 1,745,221 1,878.97
33 Lyon  Frankreich 1,717,300 5,997.68[14]
34 Belgrade  Serbien 1,683,962 514
35 Valencia  Spanien 1,564,145 1,440.58
36 Dublin  Republic of Ireland 1,535,446[14]
37 Düsseldorf  Deutschland 1,525,029 1,201
38 Bursa  Türkei 1,474,482
39 Amsterdam  Niederlande 1,443,258 859.28
40 Adana  Türkei 1,394,130
41 Liverpool  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,365,900 821
42 Bielefeld  Deutschland 1,297,876 2,921
43 Hanover  Deutschland 1,294,447 2,966
44 Nuremberg  Deutschland 1,288,797 2,934
45 Sheffield  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,277,100 1,846
46 Kraków  Polen 1,264,322 2,988.65
47 Sofia  Bulgarien 1,263,807[14] 3,424.2[14]
48 Seville  Spanien 1,249,346 3,081.9
49 Bremen  Deutschland 1,249,291 5,885
50 Helsinki  Finnland 1,224,107 2,969.94
51 Rotterdam  Niederlande 1,186,818 611.75
52 Łódź  Polen 1,163,516 2,857.51
53 Ostrava  Tschechische Republik 1,153,876 3,889.6[14]
54 Zürich   Schweiz 1,110,478 1,086.14
55 Tricity  Polen 1,105,203 3,457.32
56 Porto  Portugal 1,099,040 562.32
57 Oslo  Norwegen 1,090,513 6,920
58 Newcastle upon Tyne  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,055,600 3,385
59 Gaziantep  Türkei 1,052,795
60 Toulouse  Frankreich 1,052,497 4,706.93[14]
61 Wrocław  Polen 1,031,439 4,582.2
62 Poznań  Polen 1,018,511 3,719.2
63 Gothenburg  Schweden 1,015,974 3,694.86
64 Bristol  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,006,600 1,635
65 Riga  Lettland 1,003,949 5,382.5

List of functional urban areas

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This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[15] This data is also included.

The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[16]

  Areas outside of the European Union
Functional urban area Land OECD Population (2014) [15] Eurostat Population (2006)[17] Eurostat Population (2016)[18]
Amsterdam metropolitan area  Niederlande 2,452,659 2,497,000[a] 2,771,661
Antwerp  Belgien 1,081,904 1,406,000[b] 1,100,139
Athens  Griechenland 3,535,055 3,761,000 3,863,763
Barcelona metropolitan area  Spanien 3,846,697 4,082,000[c] 5,445,616
Berlin  Deutschland 4,399,542 4,016,000 5,005,216
Bilbao  Spanien 1,013,805 947,000 1,025,109
Birmingham (West Midlands)  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,957,078 3,701,107 2,332,629
Bordeaux  Frankreich 1,175,699 No data 1,244,264
Bremen  Deutschland 1,027,192 1,077,000 1,244,363
Bristol  Vereinigtes Königreich 836,621 1,041,000 1,090,080
Brussels-Capital Region  Belgien 2,588,102 2,639,000[b] 2,625,525
Bucharest metropolitan area  Rumänien 2,402,530 2,158,558 2,403,107
Budapest metropolitan area  Ungarn 2,879,601 2,523,000 2,993,948
Cardiff  Vereinigtes Königreich 664,861 1,097,000 1,085,526
Copenhagen  Dänemark 2,025,171 1,881,000[d] 1,893,010
Dublin Metropolitan Area  Irland 1,836,119 1,261,332 1,263,035
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region  Deutschland 2,533,311 2,764,000[e] 2,573,745
Gdańsk  Polen 1,105,467 No data 1,141,954[f]
Greater Glasgow  Vereinigtes Königreich 967,101 1,395,000 1,789,003
Metropolitan Gothenburg  Schweden 1,015,974 No data 1,006,548[g]
The Hague  Niederlande 906,897 1,404,000[a] 1,070,027
Hamburg Metropolitan Region  Deutschland 3,008,841 2,983,000 3,173,871
Hanover  Deutschland 1,217,511 No data 1,300,687
Helsinki Metropolitan Area  Finnland 1,498,050 1,285,000 1,532,309
Katowice metropolitan area  Polen 2,589,349 3,029,000[h] 2,743,929
Kraków metropolitan area  Polen 1,362,740 1,236,000 1,276,438
West Yorkshire (Leeds – Bradford)  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,774,552[i] 2,302,000 2,238,127
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai  Frankreich/
 Belgien 		1,363,465[j] 1,379,000[k] 2,572,374
Lisbon metropolitan area  Portugal 3,039,662 2,791,000 2,839,908
Liverpool/Birkenhead  Vereinigtes Königreich 954,181 2,241,000 1,352,000
Łódź  Polen 939,568 1,165,000 1,116,660
London metropolitan area  Vereinigtes Königreich 11,701,236 13,109,000 12,250,000
Lyon  Frankreich 1,960,847 1,669,000 2,188,759
Madrid metropolitan area  Spanien 7,079,173 5,263,000 6,378,297
Greater Manchester  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,935,559 2,556,000 2,615,144
Mannheim  Deutschland 1,230,276 No data 1,172,821
Marseille  Frankreich 1,773,503 1,530,000 1,750,885[l]
Milan metropolitan area  Italien 4,159,854 4,136,000[m] 4,267,946
Munich  Deutschland 2,965,871 2,665,000[n] 2,808,581
Naples metropolitan area  Italien 4,475,682 4,654,259[o] 4,127,390
Nice  Frankreich 865,195 1,082,000 1,017,307
Nottingham-Derby  Vereinigtes Königreich 863,918 1,614,000 1,927,550
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region  Deutschland 1,169,367 1,443,000 1,301,504
Greater Oslo  Norwegen 1,299,955 1,037,000 1,144,883
Ostrava  Tschechische Republik no data no data 1,119,593[p]
Paris metropolitan area  Frankreich 12,037,889 13,975,000 12,824,000
Porto Metropolitan Area  Portugal 1,737,829 1,245,000[q] 1,286,111
Portsmouth-Southampton  Vereinigtes Königreich 594,455 1,547,000 1,498,402[r]
Prague  Tschechische Republik 1,910,396 1,669,000 2,224,080[s]
Rhein-Nord[t] (Düsseldorf – Neuss)  Deutschland 1,427,823[u] 3,073,000[v] 1,527,176
Rhein-Süd[t] (Cologne – Bonn)  Deutschland 1,926,073[w] 3,070,000[v] 3,023,545[x]
Riga  Lettland No data 1,195,000 1,089,767
Rome metropolitan area  Italien 4,149,364 4,353,738 3,700,000
Rotterdam  Niederlande 1,509,373 1,904,000[a] 1,818,563
Ruhr area  Deutschland No data[y] 5,376,000[v] 5,045,784
Saarbrücken – Forbach  Deutschland/
 Frankreich 		570,479[z] 1,102,000 822,128
Seville  Spanien 1,500,644 1,180,000[aa] 1,877,060
Sofia  Bulgarien No data 1,260,120 1,543,377
Metropolitan Stockholm  Schweden 2,018,208 2,171,000 2,034,354[citation needed]
South Yorkshire (Sheffield)  Vereinigtes Königreich 920,128 1,569,000 1,596,298
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region  Deutschland 1,965,942 2,289,000 2,678,795
Thessaloniki metropolitan area  Griechenland 975,439 1,052,000 1,166,914
Toulouse  Frankreich 1,309,149 No data 1,388,978
Turin metropolitan area  Italien 1,774,507 1,601,000[ab] 2,302,353
Newcastle-Sunderland  Vereinigtes Königreich 1,082,729[ac] 1,599,000 1,141,879
Valencia  Spanien 1,668,153 1,398,000[ad] 2,516,818
Vienna  Österreich 2,793,631 2,584,000 2,339,807
Warsaw metropolitan area  Polen 3,037,890 2,785,000 3,304,641
Zagreb  Kroatien No data 1,107,115 1,123,374
Zürich metropolitan area   Schweiz 1,246,968 1,615,000 1,984,534

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Part of the Randstad polycentric urban region consisting of the metropolitan areas of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht (982,000). The total population of the region is 7,100,000.
  2. ^ a b The Flemish Diamond metropolitan region, which consists of the metropolitan areas of Brussels, Antwerp, Gent, and Leuven, has a total population of 5,103,000.
  3. ^ Total population is 4,251,000 if the metropolitan area of Mataro (169,000) is included.
  4. ^ Part of the wider Öresund region, which includes the Swedish metropolitan area of Malmö (961,000). The total regional population is 2,842,000.
  5. ^ Part of the Rhein-Main metropolitan region with a total population of 4,149,000, which additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Darmstadt (501,000), Wiesbaden (453,000), and Mainz (431,000).
  6. ^ 2014 data
  7. ^ 2017 data
  8. ^ Part of the polycentric Upper Silesian urban region with a total population of 5,294,000. The region additionally includes the metropolitan areas of Ostrava (1,046,000), Bielsko-Biala (584,000) and Rybnik (526,000).
  9. ^ Leeds and Bradford counted separately.
  10. ^ Kortrijk not included.
  11. ^ Part of the wider Lille-Bassin Minier region with a total population of 3,115,000.
  12. ^ 2014 data
  13. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 6,011,000.
  14. ^ When combined with the Augsburg metropolitan area (606,000), the region has a total population of 3,271,000.
  15. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 3,714,000.
  16. ^ 2015
  17. ^ Part of a wider polycentric urban region with a population of 1,778,000.
  18. ^ Excludes Southampton
  19. ^ 2015
  20. ^ a b Polycentric metropolitan area
  21. ^ Excludes Neuss.
  22. ^ a b c Part of the polycentric urban region of Rhein-Ruhr, which has a total population of 12,190,000.
  23. ^ Excludes Bonn which has a population of 750,370
  24. ^ Excludes Bonn
  25. ^ Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund counted separately.
  26. ^ Saarbrücken only
  27. ^ Total population is 1,262,000 if the metropolitan area of Utrera (82,000) is included.
  28. ^ Total population is 1,716,000 if the metropolitan of Pinerolo is included.
  29. ^ Excludes Sunderland
  30. ^ Total population is 1,499,000 if the metropolitan area of Sagunto is included.

References

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  1. ^ a b "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat. Within the Urban Audit, (...) functional urban areas were previously referred to as 'larger urban zones'.
  2. ^ Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ^ "European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition". Eurostat.
  4. ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). "Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition". Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
  5. ^ "What is the Urban Audit?". Urban Audit. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
  6. ^ "Territorial typologies manual - cities, commuting zones and functional urban areas". Eurostat. The main building blocks are data for 1 km² population grid cells. […] The typology for functional urban areas is established at the level of local administrative units (LAUs). Once all grid cells have been classified and urban centres identified, the next step concerns overlaying these results onto LAUs […]
  7. ^ "City statistics – Urban audit". Eurostat. 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009.
  8. ^ "The shift of Eurostat to Urban Statistics". Dr. Berthold Feldmann, Eurostat. March 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
  9. ^ www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094822/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999003.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094843/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999004.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094905/http://www.statistiques-locales.insee.fr/Fiches/RS/AU1999/RS_AU1999006.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ Lewis Dijkstra, Hugo Poelman (1 March 2012). Cities in Europe - The new OECD-EC definition (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved 8 June 2024. Until recently, there was no harmonised definition of 'a city' for European and other countries member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This undermined the comparability, and thus also the credibility, of cross-country analysis of cities. To resolve this problem, the OECD and the European Commission developed a new definition of a city and its commuting zone in 2011. […] Each city is part of its own commuting zone or a polycentric commuting zone covering multiple cities. These commuting zones are significant, especially for larger cities. The cities and commuting zones together (called Larger Urban Zones) account for 60 % of the EU population.
  13. ^ European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). "Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition". Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 3. doi:10.2785/706535. ISBN 978-92-76-20306-3.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
  15. ^ a b "OECD Populations in cities". OECD. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  16. ^ "Urban Audit Database". Urbanaudit.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  17. ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
  18. ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en [bare URL]
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