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Minimum Age Convention, 1973

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C138, Minimum Age Convention, 1973
Convention Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment
Member states of the Convention.
  16
  15
  14
Drafted26 June 1973
Effective19 June 1976
Condition2 ratifications
Ratifiers176
DepositaryDirector-General of the International Labour Office
LanguagesFrench and English

The ILO Convention Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment C138,[1] is a convention adopted in 1973 by the International Labour Organization. It requires ratifying states to pursue a national policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment or work. It is one of eight ILO fundamental conventions. Convention C138 replaces several similar ILO conventions in specific fields of labour.

Minimum ages

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Countries are free to specify a minimum age for labour, with a minimum of 15 years. A declaration of 14 years is also possible when for a specified period of time. Laws may also permit light work for children aged 13–15 (not harming their health or school work). The minimum age of 18 years is specified for work which "is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of young persons". Definitions of the type of work and derogations are only possible after tripartite consultations (if such a system exists in the ratifying country).

Effect on other conventions

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The convention is a revision of several conventions for workers in specific areas. Upon entry into force, some of these conventions were closed for ratification and becoming a party to this convention automatically resulted in denunciation of the older ones. An overview of older minimum age conventions of ILO is shown below:

ILO code Field conclusion date entry into force closure for signature/withdrawal Parties
(January 2023)		 Denunciations
(January 2023)		 Revising convention(s) Text and ratifications references
C5 Industrie 28 November 1919 13 June 1921 N.A. 1 71 C59, this convention [2][3]
C7 Sea 7 July 1920 27 September 1921 19 June 2021[4] 1 52 C58, this convention, MLC [5]
C10 Agriculture 16 November 1921 31 August 1923 N.A. 4 51 this convention [6][7]
C15 trimmers and stokers 11 November 1921 20 November 1922 N.A. 7 62 this convention [8][9]
C33 Non-Industrial Employment (revised) 30 April 1932 6 June 1935 29 December 1950 2 23 C60, this convention [10][11]
C58 Sea (revised) 24 October 1936 11 April 1939 N.A. 6 45 this convention, MLC [12][13]
C59 Industry (revised) 22 June 1937 21 February 1941 19 June 1976 8 28 this convention [14][15]
C60 Non-Industrial Employment 22 June 1937 29 December 1950 N.A. 0 11 this convention [16][17]
C112 Fishermen 19 June 1959 7 November 1961 N.A. 2 27 this convention, Work in Fishing Convention [18][19]
C123 Underground Work 22 June 1965 10 November 1967 N.A. 21 20 this convention [20][21]

Ratifications

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Minimum ages defined by states

  14 (32%)
  15 (43%)
  16 (25%)

ILO Convention C138 entered into force one year after deposition of the first two ratifications (Cuba and Libya). As of July 2023 176 countries have ratified Convention C138. Initially, however, the pace of ratification of this convention was extremely slow. Therefore, an alternative Convention with a more limited scope was initiated in 1999.[22] It concerns ILO Convention 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour.

Convention C138 enters into force for a ratifying country one year after ratification. This can be denounced[clarification needed] every 10 years in the year after 10 years have passed (e.g. 19 June 2027 – 19 June 2028).

The following countries have ratified this convention:
Land Date Minimum age (years)
Afghanistan 7 April 2010 14
Albanien 16 February 1998 16
Algerien 30 April 1984 16
Angola 13 June 2001 14
Antigua und Barbuda 17 March 1983 16
Argentinien 11 November 1996 14
Armenien 27 January 2006 16
Australien 13 June 2023 15
Österreich 18 September 2000 15
Aserbaidschan 19 May 1992 16
Bahamas 31 October 2001 14
Bahrain 7 March 2012 15
Bangladesch 22 March 2022 14
Barbados 4 January 2000 15
Belarus (as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) 3 May 1979 16
Belgien 19 April 1988 15
Belize 6 March 2000 14
Benin 11 June 2001 14
Bolivien 11 June 1997 14
Bosnien und Herzegowina 2 June 1993 15
Botswana 5 June 1997 14
Brasilien 28 June 2001 16
Brunei 17 June 2011 16
Bulgarien 23 April 1980 16
Burkina Faso 11 February 1999 15
Burundi 19 July 2000 16
Kambodscha 23 August 1999 14
Kamerun 13 August 2001 14
Kanada 8 June 2016 16
Kap Verde 7 February 2011 15
Zentralafrikanische Republik 28 June 2000 14
Tschad 21 March 2005 14
Chile 1 February 1999 15
China 28 April 1999 16
Kolumbien 2 February 2001 14
Komoren 17 March 2004 15
Congo 26 November 1999 14
Costa Rica 11 June 1976 15
Côte d'Ivoire 7 February 2003 14
Kroatien 8 October 1991 15
Cuba 7 March 1975 15
Zypern 2 October 1997 15
Tschechische Republik 26 April 2007 15
Democratic Republic of the Congo 20 June 2001 14
Dänemark 13 November 1997 15
Dschibuti 14 June 2005 16
Dominica 27 September 1983 15
Dominikanische Republik 15 June 1999 14
Ecuador 19 September 2000 14
Ägypten 9 June 1999 14
El Salvador 23 January 1996 14
Äquatorial-Guinea 12 June 1985 14
Eritrea 22 February 2000 14
Estland 15 March 2007 15
Äthiopien 27 May 1999 14
Fidschi 3 January 2003 15
Finnland 13 January 1976 15
Frankreich 13 July 1990 16
Gabun 25 October 2010 16
Gambia 4 September 2000 14
Ghana 6 June 2011 15
Georgien 23 September 1996 15
Deutschland 8 April 1976 15
Griechenland 14 March 1986 15
Grenada 14 May 2003 16
Guatemala 27 April 1990 14
Guinea 6 June 2003 16
Guinea-Bissau 5 March 2009 14
Guyana 15 April 1998 15
Haiti 5 March 2009 14
Honduras 9 June 1980 14
Ungarn 28 May 1998 16
Island 6 December 1999 15
Indien 13 June 2017 14
Indonesien 7 June 1999 15
Iraq 13 February 1985 15
Irland 22 June 1978 16
Israel 21 June 1979 15
Italien 28 July 1981 15
Jamaika 13 October 2003 15
Japan 5 June 2000 15
Jordanien 23 March 1998 16
Kasachstan 18 May 2001 16
Kenia 9 April 1979 16
Kiribati 17 June 2009 14
Südkorea 28 January 1999 15
Kuwait 15 November 1999 15
Kirgisistan 31 March 1992 16
Laos 13 June 2005 14
Lettland 2 June 2006 15
Libanon 10 June 2003 14
Lesotho 14 June 2001 15
Liberia 13 June 2022 15
Libyen 19 June 1975 15
Litauen 22 June 1998 16
Luxemburg 24 March 1977 15
Mazedonien 17 November 1991 15
Madagaskar 31 May 2000 15
Malawi 19 November 1999 14
Malaysia 9 September 1997 15
Malediven 4 January 2013 16
Mali 11 March 2002 15
Malta 9 June 1988 16
Mauretanien 3 December 2001 14
Mauritius 30 July 1990 15
Mexiko 10 June 2015 15
Moldawien 21 September 1999 16
Montenegro 3 June 2006 15
Mongolei 16 December 2002 15
Marokko 6 January 2000 15
Mosambik 16 June 2003 15
Myanmar 8 June 2020 14
Namibia 15 November 2000 14
Nepal 30 May 1997 14
Netherlands (European territory) 14 September 1976 15
Netherlands (Aruba) 18 February 1986[23] 15
Nicaragua 2 November 1981 14
Niger 4 December 1978 14
Nigeria 2 October 2002 15
Norwegen 8 July 1980 15
Oman 21 July 2005 15
Pakistan 6 July 2006 14
Panama 31 October 2000 14
Papua-Neuguinea 2 June 2000 16
Paraguay 3 March 2004 14
Peru 13 November 2002 14
Philippinen 4 June 1998 15
Polen 22 March 1978 15
Portugal 20 May 1998 16
Katar 3 January 2006 16
Rumänien 19 November 1975 16
Russia (as the Soviet Union) 3 May 1979 16
Ruanda 15 April 1981 14
St. Kitts und Nevis 3 June 2005 16
St. Vincent und die Grenadinen 25 July 2006 14
Samoa 29 October 2008 15
San Marino 1 February 1995 16
São Tomé and Príncipe 4 May 2005 14
Saudi-Arabien 2 April 2014 15
Senegal 15 December 1999 15
Serbia (as Serbia and Montenegro) 24 November 2000 15
Seychellen 7 March 2000 15
Sierra Leone 13 June 2011 16
Singapur 7 November 2005 15
Slowakei 29 September 1997 15
Slowenien 29 May 1992 15
Salomonen 22 April 2013 14
Südafrika 30 March 2000 16
South Sudan 29 April 2012 14
Spanien 16 May 1977 16
Sri Lanka 11 February 2000 14
Sudan 7 March 2003 14
Surinam 15 January 2018 16
Swasiland 23 October 2002 15
Schweden 23 April 1990 15
Schweiz 17 August 1999 15
Syria 18 September 2001 15
Tadschikistan 26 November 1993 16
Tansania 16 December 1998 14
Thailand 11 May 2004 15
Togo 16 March 1984 14
Trinidad und Tobago 3 September 2004 16
Tunesien 19 October 1995 16
Türkei 30 October 1998 15
Turkmenistan 27 March 2012 16
Uganda 25 March 2003 14
Ukraine (as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) 3 May 1979 16
Vereinigte Arabische Emirate 2 October 1998 15
Vereinigtes Königreich 7 June 2000 16
Uruguay 2 June 1977 15
Usbekistan 6 March 2009 15
Venezuela 15 July 1987 14
Vietnam 24 June 2003 15
Vanuatu 24 June 2019 14
Jemen 15 June 2000 14
Sambia 9 February 1976 15
Simbabwe 6 June 2000 14

References

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  1. ^ 1973 ILO Convention C138: Minimum Age Convention (Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment)(58th Conference Session Geneva 1973), 1015 United Nations Treaty Series, p. 297.
  2. ^ "Convention C005 - Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 5)". www.ilo.org.
  3. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  4. ^ "Withdrawal of Convention 7 withdrawal of minimum age (sea) convention, 1920 (No. 7)" (PDF). ILO. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Convention C007 - Minimum Age (Sea) Convention, 1920 (No. 7)". www.ilo.org.
  6. ^ "Convention C010 - Minimum Age (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 (No. 10)". www.ilo.org.
  7. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  8. ^ "Convention C015 - Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) Convention, 1921 (No. 15)". www.ilo.org.
  9. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  10. ^ "Convention C033 - Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention, 1932 (No. 33)". www.ilo.org.
  11. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  12. ^ "Convention C058 - Minimum Age (Sea) Convention (Revised), 1936 (No. 58)". www.ilo.org.
  13. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  14. ^ "Convention C059 - Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937 (No. 59)". www.ilo.org.
  15. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  16. ^ "Convention C060 - Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention (Revised), 1937 (No. 60)". www.ilo.org.
  17. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  18. ^ "Convention C112 - Minimum Age (Fishermen) Convention, 1959 (No. 112)". www.ilo.org.
  19. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  20. ^ "Convention C123 - Minimum Age (Underground Work) Convention, 1965 (No. 123)". www.ilo.org.
  21. ^ "Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications by Convention". www.ilo.org.
  22. ^ Nissen, A. (15 June 2018). "Can WTO Member States Rely on Citizen Concerns to Prevent Corporations from Importing Goods Made from Child Labour?". Utrecht Law Review. 14 (2): 70. doi:10.18352/ulr.436. hdl:10535/10409. p. 74 referring to 1999 ILO Convention C182: Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour), 2133 United Nations Treaty Series, p. 163
  23. ^ Verdragenbank Archived 2 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
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