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List of Scottish inventions and discoveries

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"the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics"

Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented, innovated, or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland. In some cases, an invention's Scottishness is determined by the fact that it came into existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning), by non-Scots working in the country. Often, things that are discovered for the first time are also called "inventions" and in many cases there is no clear line between the two.

Some Scottish contributions have indirectly and directly led to controversial political ideas and policies, such as the measures taken to enforce British hegemony in the time of the British Empire.[2] There are many books devoted solely to the subject, as well as scores of websites listing Scottish inventions and discoveries with varying degrees of science.[not verified in body]

Even before the Industrial Revolution, Scots have been at the forefront of innovation and discovery across a wide range of spheres. Some of the most significant products of Scottish ingenuity include James Watt's steam engine, improving on that of Thomas Newcomen,[3] the bicycle,[4] macadamisation (not to be confused with tarmac or tarmacadam[5]), Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the first practical telephone,[6] John Logie Baird's invention of television,[7][8] Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin[9] and insulin.[10]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations, or discoveries that are known or generally recognised as being Scottish.

Road transport innovations

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Civil engineering innovations

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Aviation innovations

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Power innovations

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Shipbuilding innovations

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Military innovations

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Heavy industry innovations

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Agricultural innovations

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Communication innovations

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Publishing firsts

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Culture and the arts

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Scientific innovations

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The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocating piston meter by Thomas Kennedy Snr.[124]

Sports innovations

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Scots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:

Medical innovations

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Household innovations

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Weapons innovations

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Miscellaneous innovations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 1: Electromagnetism
  2. ^ a b Chua, Amy (2007). Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-385-51284-8. OCLC 123079516.
  3. ^ a b "BBC - History - James Watt". Retrieved 31 December 2008.
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  5. ^ a b "Encyclopædia Britannica: John Loudon Mcadam (British inventor)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  6. ^ "Scottish Science Hall of Fame - Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)". Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  7. ^ "BBC - History - John Logie Baird". Retrieved 31 December 2008.
  8. ^ The World's First High Definition Colour Television System. and McLean, p. 196.
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  10. ^ a b "Nobelprize.org: John Macleod - Biography". Retrieved 31 December 2008.
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  94. ^ Kass-Simon, Gabriele; Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah (1993). Women of Science: Righting the Record. Indiana University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0253208132.
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  101. ^ Colloid chemistry Robert James Hartman, Herman Thompson Briscoe Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947
  102. ^ Chemistry and chemical reactivity, Volume 2 By John C. Kotz, Paul Treichel, John Raymond Townsend
  103. ^ Scottish pride: 101 reasons to be proud of your Scottish heritage Heather Duncan
  104. ^ Criminalistics: Forensic Science and Crime By James Girard
  105. ^ Noble Gases By Jens Thomas
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  108. ^ "John Scott Russell and the solitary wave". www.macs.hw.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
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Publications

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  • Great Scottish Discoveries and Inventions, Bill Fletcher, William W. Fletcher, John Harrold, Drew, 1985, University of California, ISBN 0-86267-084-5, ISBN 978-0-86267-084-9
  • Great Scottish inventions and discoveries: a concise guide : a selection of Scottish inventions and discoveries made over a period stretching back to the fifteenth century, John Geddes, Northern Books, 1994
  • Scottish Inventors, Alistair Fyfe, HarperCollins, 1999, ISBN 0-00-472326-0, ISBN 978-0-00-472326-6
  • The Scottish invention of America, democracy and human rights: a history of liberty and freedom from the ancient Celts to the New Millennium, Alexander Leslie Klieforth, Robert John Munro, University Press of America, 2004, ISBN 0-7618-2791-9, ISBN 978-0-7618-2791-7
  • Philosophical chemistry in the Scottish enlightenment: the doctrines and discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black, Arthur L. Donovan
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