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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Media coverage of the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.' |
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'This article outlines the media coverage after the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of presidents of the United States|35th]] [[president of the United States]], on November 22, 1963 at 12.30pm CST.
==Breaking the news==
===Locally in Dallas===
In Dallas, ''The Rex Jones Show'' on music station [[KFXR (AM)|KLIF]] was interrupted by the first news bulletin at approximately 12:38 p.m. CST.<ref>{{YouTube|id=3Mo2pl59XDU|title=KLIF-RADIO (DALLAS, TEXAS) (11/22/63) (3-HOUR, 8-MINUTE VERSION, WITH SOME EDITED MUSIC)}}</ref> A "bulletin alert" sounder faded in during the song "I Have a Boyfriend" by [[the Chiffons]]. The song was stopped and newscaster [[Gary DeLaune]] made the first announcement over the bulletin signal:
{{blockquote|This KLIF bulletin from Dallas: Three shots reportedly were fired at the motorcade of President Kennedy today near the downtown section. KLIF News is checking out the report. We will have further reports. Stay tuned.}}
[[KNGO|KBOX]] reporter Sam Pate, who was on the [[Interstate 35E (Texas)|Stemmons Freeway]] in a mobile news cruiser at the time of the shooting, covered the scene at Dealey Plaza and at Dallas City Hall with live radio updates. However, the widely repeated audio clip of Pate breathlessly reporting "It appears as though something has happened in the motorcade route!" is in fact taken from a reenactment recorded several days later.<ref>[https://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/25668-sam-pate/ Sam Pate's statement] filed in a CIA "JFK Assassination System" form, along with some other information about the recording, dated January 26, 1970. Page found 2022-11-22.</ref><ref>Pate's tape was analyzed to see if gunshots could be heard for spectral analysis. "The FBI also informed the Commission that the newsman had stated that most of the tape was not recorded in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination, but was recorded in a studio several days later after he had been dismissed by his station, KBOX." [https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1b.html Scientific Acoustical Evidence Establishes a High Probability That Two Gunmen Fired at President John F. Kennedy], JFK Assassination Records in the National Archives. Page found 2022-11-22.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Pate {{!}} The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza |url=https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928130037/https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
Dallas [[CBS Radio]] affiliate [[KRLD (AM)|KRLD]] concluded the coverage of the presidential party's arrival at Love Field and switched to reporter Bob Huffaker, who was standing at the corner of Main and Akard Streets in the downtown area, just 1/2 mile east of Dealey Plaza. After the president's car passed him, Huffaker continued reporting for several more minutes and was believed to have been on the air as the shooting took place (although shots cannot be heard in the audio coverage). Shortly after KRLD returned to regular programming with the nationally syndicated religious program ''[[Back to the Bible]]'', the first reports of the shooting came through CBS Radio. Huffaker was not aware of the developments until he arrived back at the KRLD studio after wrapping up his coverage, and he quickly drove to Parkland Hospital to report the scene outside the emergency entrance.
[[NBC Radio Network|NBC Radio]] affiliate [[WBAP (AM)|WBAP]] played instrumental music, with interruptions for local bulletins, until NBC Radio's continuous coverage began.
Dallas' ABC television affiliate [[WFAA-TV|WFAA]] was airing a local lifestyle program, ''The Julie Benell Show''. At 12:45 p.m. CST, the station abruptly switched from the prerecorded program to news director Jay Watson, who had been at Dealey Plaza and had heard three shots before running back to the station:
{{blockquote|Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. You'll excuse the fact that I am out of breath, but about 10 or 15 minutes ago, a tragic thing, from all indications at this point, has happened in the city of Dallas. Let me quote to you this... ''[briefly looks down at the bulletin sheet in his left hand]'' And I'll -- you'll excuse me if I am out of breath. A bulletin, this is from the United Press from Dallas: (Reading [[United Press International|UPI]] bulletin) 'President Kennedy and Governor John Connally have been cut down by assassins' bullets in downtown Dallas. They were riding in an open automobile when the shots were fired. The president, his limp body carried in the arms of his wife Jacqueline, has rushed to Parkland Hospital.'<ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|p=23}}</ref>}}
Watson then anchored WFAA's continuous coverage of the tragedy with [[Jerry Haynes]], host of the children's show ''Mr. Peppermint'', including an interview with witnesses [[Abraham Zapruder]] and Bill and Gayle Newman.
NBC affiliate [[KXAS-TV|WBAP]] was showing a program called ''Dateline'' at the time when the news first broke.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-11-22 |title=Television Log Friday |pages=17 |work=[[Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref>
===Nationally===
The first national news bulletin of the shooting was transmitted over the [[ABC Radio Network]] at 12:36 p.m. CST/1:36 p.m. EST.<ref name="ABC">{{harvnb|Trost|Bennett|2003|p=34}}</ref> The network was airing the ''Music in the Afternoon'' program hosted by Dirk Fredericks and Joel Crager,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXvbcEH3joU |title=JFK'S ASSASSINATION (ABC RADIO NETWORK) (NOVEMBER 22, 1963) |date=2013-11-26 |type=Video clip of radio broadcast |orig-date=1963-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Annual/1964/801-900-Radio-Annual-1964.pdf |title=Yearbook of Radio & Television |publisher=Radio Television Daily |year=1964 |edition=27th |pages=823, 826}}</ref> and [[Doris Day]]'s recording of "[[Hooray for Hollywood (song)|Hooray for Hollywood]]" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner interrupted with:
{{blockquote|We interrupt this program to bring you a special bulletin from ABC Radio. Here is a special bulletin from Dallas, Texas. Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today in downtown Dallas, Texas.<ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|p=22}}</ref> This is ABC Radio. To repeat, in Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today, the president now making a two-day speaking tour of Texas. We're going to stand by for more details on the incident in Dallas. Stay tuned to your ABC station for further details. Now we return you to your regular program.<ref name="ABC"/>}}
At 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m., CBS became the first television network to report the news, interrupting its live broadcast of the [[soap opera]] ''[[As the World Turns]]''. A large, black "CBS News Bulletin" slide appeared on-screen while [[Walter Cronkite]], reporting from the CBS Radio flash booth, filed an audio-only report. Cronkite could not immediately appear on the air because there were no active and ready cameras in the CBS newsroom; television cameras of the era used [[Video camera tube#Image orthicon|image orthicon tubes]] that required approximately 20 minutes of warmup time (CBS would, shortly after this, enact a policy that ensured a camera would be operational at all times for breaking news bulletins).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjYPWFfnL74C&pg=PA43|title=Principles of Fluoroscopic Image Intensification and Television Systems: Workbook and Laboratory Manual|last=Parelli|first=Robert J.|date=November 21, 1996|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781574440829|language=en}}</ref> Cronkite announced:
{{blockquote|Here is a bulletin from CBS News. In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas. The first reports say that President Kennedy has been seriously wounded by this shooting. More details just arrived. These details about the same as previously: President Kennedy shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She called "Oh, no!" The motorcade sped on. United Press says that the wounds for President Kennedy perhaps could be fatal. Repeating, a bulletin from CBS News: President Kennedy has been shot by a would-be assassin in Dallas, Texas. Stay tuned to CBS News for further details.}}
Cronkite broke in with a second bulletin just as ''As the World Turns'', which was still being performed live as nobody had been made aware of the interruptions, was about to return from its mid-show station identification break.<ref name="bugliosi">{{cite book |last=Bugliosi |first=Vincent |title=Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |date=2008-05-17 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-33215-5 |page=89}}</ref> The serial was then joined in progress, and during the advertising break that followed CBS broke in one more time with Cronkite updating the audience on what was transpiring. This time, he remained on the air filing reports over the bumper slide until the camera was ready, which happened to coincide with CBS’ station identification break at the top of the 2:00 PM hour; Cronkite then told viewers that the network would briefly pause so all of its affiliates could join the broadcast. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/21/asb.00.html|title=CNN Newsnight Aaron Brown transcript|date=November 21, 2003|website=transcripts.cnn.com|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref>
[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[NBC]] were not broadcasting nationally at the time of the CBS bulletins, and their affiliate stations were airing their own content.<ref name="TenBells" /> In New York, [[WABC-TV]]'s first bulletin came from Ed Silverman at 1:42 p.m. EST, interrupting a rerun of ''[[The Ann Sothern Show]]''. At the same time of ABC-TV's first bulletin, NBC Radio reported the first of three "Hotline Bulletins", each preceded by a "talk-up alert" that provided all NBC-affiliated stations 30 seconds to join their parent network.
Three minutes later, [[Don Pardo]] interrupted [[WNBC-TV]]'s local rerun of ''[[Bachelor Father (US TV series)|Bachelor Father]]'' with the news, announcing: "President Kennedy was shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She cried 'Oh no!' The motorcade sped on."<ref name="Associated Press 1963 page=14" /><ref name="NBCNews">{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=13}}</ref> At 1:53 p.m. EST, NBC broke into programming with an NBC Network bumper slide followed by coverage anchored by [[Chet Huntley]] and [[Bill Ryan (journalist)|Bill Ryan]].<ref name="NBCNews" /> However, NBC's camera was not ready and its coverage was limited to audio-only reports. At 1:57 p.m. EST, just as [[Frank McGee (journalism)|Frank McGee]] joined the broadcast, NBC began broadcasting the report when its camera became operational.<ref name="PhilGries">{{cite web |title=JFK Assassination Coverage |url=http://www.atvaudio.com/jfk.php |access-date=April 8, 2010 |work=Archival Television Audio}}</ref> However, the first few minutes are considered lost, as the network did not begin recording at the start of its coverage, though an audio recording of Pardo's bulletins exists.<ref>{{YouTube|id=oJnoFA0u2Eg |title=NBC-TV COVERAGE OF JFK'S ASSASSINATION ON NOVEMBER 22, 1963 (6+ HOURS)}}</ref>
Other than for two audio-only bulletins (one following the initial report), ABC did not disrupt its affiliate stations' programming, instead waiting until the network was to return to broadcasting at 2:00 p.m. EST to begin its coverage.
Radio coverage was reported by Don Gardiner (ABC), [[Allan Jackson]] (CBS) and (after a top-of-the-hour newscast) [[Peter Hackes]] and [[Edwin Newman]] (NBC).
==Television and radio coverage (from approx. 2:00 to 2:40 p.m. EST)==
===ABC===
Providing the reports for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Television]] were [[Don Goddard]], [[Ron Cochran]], and Ed Silverman in New York, [[Edward P. Morgan]] in Washington, [[Bob Clark (television reporter)|Bob Clark]] (who as noted above had been riding in the motorcade when Kennedy was shot) from Parkland Hospital, and Bill Lord from the Dallas County sheriff's office. As with the other networks, ABC interspersed with their Dallas affiliate WFAA-TV 8 for up-to-date information. Reporting from WFAA were Bob Walker (who had been at Love Field for live coverage of the President's arrival) and Jay Watson (who had remained on the air locally from the time he broke into local programming upon his return from Dealey Plaza). They were later joined by Bob Clark upon his arrival from the hospital.
ABC's initial coverage of the incident was very disorganized. Cochran, ABC's primary news anchor, was on his lunch break when word of the assassination attempt first broke and the network had to call him back to the studio. Silverman was the voice accompanying ABC's first bulletin, broadcast during a rerun episode of ''[[Father Knows Best]]'' that was airing on a majority of the network's affiliates in the Mountain Time Zone at the time; the surviving videotape of ABC's initial bulletins appears to have been recorded by then-affiliate [[KTVK]] in Phoenix, as it contains the interruption of ''Father Knows Best''. The first on-camera report was given by Goddard in the network's news studio, which was too far away from the teletype machines. Goddard then moved to the newsroom and was joined by the returning Cochran, and the technical crew began constructing an impromptu news set around them (ABC did not have studio space ready for such an occasion; NBC had a flash studio in its newsroom and CBS' reports came directly from their own newsroom as they had since they launched an evening newscast earlier in 1963). Cochran and Goddard were forced to stand and awkwardly hold microphones and headsets so they could report the information.
In addition to the disorganization in New York, ABC was not able to switch to Dallas to speak to its correspondents. Only one feed was available to them at first, which came from the Dallas Trade Mart and CBS affiliate KRLD reporter Eddie Barker. CBS had earlier aired snippets of Barker's report, but had cut it off to return to its own reporting of the incident before Barker finished; ABC aired the remainder of the report until the end. The reason that ABC was able to air the CBS affiliate's coverage was due to a pool arrangement the three major Dallas stations agreed to for the President's visit. [[KXAS|WBAP]] was responsible for covering the President's visit to Fort Worth and his departure and landing at Love Field, WFAA was assigned to cover the parade through downtown Dallas, and KRLD was set up at the Dallas Trade Mart for the address the President was to give.
At 2:25 p.m. EST, while attempting to switch to Bob Clark in Dallas, ABC Radio reported that Parkland Hospital said President Kennedy was dead, and then stressed that it was unconfirmed. Upon reporting the news, anchor Don Gardiner said this to his audience:
{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, this is a moment trying for all of us. Let us pause, and let us all pray.}}
ABC Radio then stopped coverage to broadcast orchestral music.<ref>http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/ABC_JFK_03.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref>
At 2:33 p.m. EST, Cochran reported on ABC Television that the two priests who were called into the hospital to administer the last rites to the President said that he had died from his wounds. Although this was an unconfirmed report, ABC prematurely placed a photo of the President with the words "JOHN F. KENNEDY – 1917–1963" on the screen.
Five minutes later, this photo was again prematurely placed when Cochran received an erroneous report that the President had died at 1:35 p.m. CST when, in fact, he had died at 1:00 p.m. CST. A few minutes following that, Cochran received further information regarding the President's condition and relayed the following to the ABC viewing audience:
{{blockquote|Government sources now confirm...we have this from Washington. Government sources now confirm that President Kennedy is dead. So that, apparently, is the final word and an incredible event that I am sure no one except the assassin himself could have possibly imagined would occur on this day.}}
On ABC Radio, Gardiner reported the news, but did not say whether or not it was official. ABC then switched to Pete Clapper on [[Capitol Hill]] for an interview with the Senate's press liaison Richard Reidel. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death:
{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead. The President is dead. Let us pray.}}
ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music.
===CBS===
At 2:00 p.m. EST, CBS took an extended station identification break so the affiliates in the Mountain and Pacific time zones could join the rest of the network in covering the story. Cronkite, now at his desk in the newsroom, appeared on camera for the first time and, for the sake of any new viewers who might not have been aware of what was happening, told the audience of the attempt made on the President's life.
From the time the CBS affiliates joined Cronkite in the news room at the top of the hour to approximately 2:38 p.m. EST, the coverage alternated from the CBS Newsroom and Cronkite, to KRLD-TV's [[Eddie Barker]] at the Dallas Trade Mart where President Kennedy was to give his luncheon address.
At approximately 2:11 p.m. EST, CBS News correspondent [[Dan Rather]] telephoned one of the two priests who performed last rites on Kennedy to confirm that he had indeed been shot. "Yes, he's been shot and he is dead," the priest told Rather. Almost simultaneously at the Trade Mart, a doctor went up to Barker and whispered, "Eddie, he is dead... I called the emergency room and he is DOA." Moments later, as the news cameras panned throughout the Trade Mart crowds, Barker gave this report:
{{blockquote|As you can imagine, there are many stories that are coming in now as to the actual condition of the President. One is that he is dead; this cannot be confirmed. Another is that Governor Connally is in the operating room; this we have not confirmed.}}
Several minutes later, when CBS switched back to KRLD and the Trade Mart for another report, Barker repeated the claim of the President's death, adding "the source would normally be a good one." During this report, as Barker was speaking of security precautions for the President's visit, a Trade Mart employee was shown removing the Presidential seal from the podium where President Kennedy was to have spoken.
====CBS Radio's death announcement====
At 2:19 p.m. EST, CBS Dallas correspondents Dan Rather and Eddie Barker spoke by telephone to "compare notes, to take stock". Rather was aware that there was an open line to New York as the two of them spoke, but "didn't realize how many people were ''on'' that phone line", which included at least three individuals from CBS Radio.<ref name=":1">{{YouTube|title=walter cronkite documentary about JFK broadcast|id=tkiBRcdH_Pc}}</ref> Rather, who had "no doubt in his mind" that Kennedy was dead, nevertheless was not delivering ''official'' word to CBS Radio, nor was he aware that his discussion with Barker would be construed as such. As Rather spoke to Barker, an individual from CBS Radio asked, "Did you say the president is dead?" Rather replied, "Yes."<ref name=":1" /> Based on the call, CBS Radio newsroom supervisor Robert Skedgell wrote "JFK DEAD" on a slip of paper and handed it to CBS Radio news anchor [[Allan Jackson]]. At 2:22 p.m. EST, eleven minutes before Kilduff's official announcement, Jackson made the following announcement:
{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, the president of the United States is dead. John F. Kennedy has died of the wounds he received in an assassination in Dallas less than an hour ago. We repeat: it has just been announced that President Kennedy is dead.<ref name="WCCO-AM-1">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=11:58|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}
After the announcement, CBS Radio, apparently trying to play "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", accidentally aired a brief excerpt of an LP [[Samuel Barber]]'s ''[[Adagio for Strings]]'' played at the wrong speed of 78 RPM.<ref name="WCCO-AM-2">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=12:27|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> After a few seconds of silence, Jackson repeated the news:
{{blockquote|John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President Of The United States, is dead at the age of 46. Shot by an assassin as he drove through the streets of Dallas, Texas less than an hour ago. Repeating this: the President is dead, killed in Dallas, Texas by a gunshot wound.<ref name="WCCO-AM-3">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=12:44|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}
This was followed by an excerpt from the first movement to [[Beethoven]]'s [[Pastoral Symphony]].<ref name="WCCO-AM-4">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=13:15|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> After the music, Jackson again repeated the news:
{{blockquote|We repeat our announcement that the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead in Dallas, Texas, of an assassin's bullets. He was shot, and governor Tom Connelly of the state of Texas was shot, as they rode in a motorcade through the streets of Dallas less than an hour ago. Governor Connelly is in serious condition, President John Kennedy is dead. The 35th president of the United States, he was 46 years old.
According to the constitution, Vice President Lyndon Johnson will now succeed Mr. Kennedy in office. Mr. Johnson will become the 36th president of the United States, very probably within a few hours upon taking the oath of office.<ref name="WCCO-AM-5">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=14:03|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}
After Jackson's announcement, his co-anchor [[Dallas Townsend]] added:
{{blockquote|Well, as a matter of fact, Allan, Lyndon Johnson is now the president whether he takes the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|Oath]] or not. He is the president.<ref name="WCCO-AM-6">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=15:03|access-date=June 28, 2015}}</ref>}}
Townsend's comment was followed by "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]".
====CBS TV====
While CBS Radio had taken Dan Rather's earlier discussion with Barker as confirmation of the president's death, there was a debate going on between CBS television network officials as to whether or not to report this development, as Rather's report was not a truly official confirmation. At 2:27 p.m. EST, they decided to give Rather's report to Cronkite, who relayed this to the nation:
{{blockquote|We just have a report from our correspondent Dan Rather in Dallas that he has confirmed that President Kennedy is dead. There is still no official confirmation of this. However, it's a report from our correspondent, Dan Rather, in Dallas, Texas.}}
Approximately five minutes after this, one of the newsroom staff members rushed to Cronkite's desk with another bulletin. As Cronkite read the bulletin, he had to re-read it as he stumbled over his words.
{{blockquote|The priest... who were with Kennedy... the two priests who were with Kennedy say that he is dead of his bullet wounds. That seems to be about as close to official as we can get at this time.}}
Although Cronkite continued to stress that there was no official confirmation, the tone of Cronkite's words seemed to indicate that it would only be a matter of time before the official word came. Three minutes later, he received the same report that ABC's Ron Cochran chose to relay as official word. Cronkite did not do the same, reporting it instead in this context:
{{blockquote|And now, from Washington, government sources say that President Kennedy is dead. Those are government sources, still not an official announcement.}}
Cronkite continued as before while still awaiting word of the official confirmation of the President's death, which at this time had been relayed by Kilduff at the hospital two minutes prior but had not made the press wires yet. After speaking about what Kennedy had done earlier that day in Fort Worth, Cronkite noted that the plane from Fort Worth flew the President to his "rendezvous with ''death, apparently'', in Dallas", although the official bulletin still had not arrived yet.
Immediately after that, at 2:38 p.m. EST, Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement:
{{blockquote|From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official: ''[reading [[Associated Press|AP]] flash]'' 'PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIED AT 1 P.M. (CST),'<ref name="Associated Press 1963 page=15"/> 2:00 Eastern Standard Time, some thirty-eight minutes ago.}}
After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses, visibly moved for a moment. Cronkite continued:
{{blockquote|Vice President Johnson... ''(clears throat)'' ...has left the hospital in Dallas, but we do not know to where he has proceeded. Presumably, he will be taking the oath of office shortly and become the thirty-sixth president of the United States.}}
There was a sense of irony to CBS' coverage of the assassination. On September 2, 1963, Kennedy gave an interview with Cronkite, helping CBS inaugurate network television's first half hour evening newscast.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cronkite|first=Walter|title=A Reporter's Life|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1996|isbn=0-394-57879-1}}</ref>
It should perhaps be noted that CBS did not include any further coverage from Dallas or Washington as the other networks had until after the announcement of Kennedy's death. As coverage continued following the announcement, [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]] relieved Cronkite in New York while Neil Strawser reported from CBS' Washington bureau and Dan Rather and Eddie Barker provided reports from KRLD in Dallas.
===NBC===
At NBC-TV, [[Chet Huntley]], [[Bill Ryan (journalist)|Bill Ryan]], and [[Frank McGee (journalist)|Frank McGee]] anchored from the network's emergency "flash" studio (code name 5HN) in New York, with reports from [[David Brinkley]] and [[Martin Agronsky]] in Washington, Charles Murphy and Tom Whelan from NBC affiliate WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) in Fort Worth, Texas, and [[Robert MacNeil]], who had been in the motorcade, at [[Parkland Hospital]].<ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=13–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Howard|date=1988-11-22|title=Death of Kennedy & Birth of TV News|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-22-ca-507-story.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> [[Edwin Newman]] reported from NBC Radio with periodic simulcast with NBC-TV. NBC Radio's coverage was simulcast in Canada by [[CBC Radio One|CBC Radio]].<ref>Ahluwalia, Raj (2002). ''We Interrupt This Program''. Toronto: Winding Stair Press. p. 52.</ref> Also, the United States' international shortwave broadcaster, [[Voice of America]], relayed portions of NBC's coverage (including the simulcast with the television coverage) as part of its English-language coverage of the tragic news. (A short aircheck of VOA exists in which the announcers on duty attempt to make sense of the conflicting reports about Kennedy's condition, and then the station briefly simulcasts NBC before heading into [[Polish language|Polish-language]] programming at 1:00 p.m. Central Time.)
Throughout the first 35 minutes, there were technical difficulties with the Fort Worth TV relay as well as with the phone link MacNeil was using to report from the hospital.<ref name="TenBells">{{cite news|title=Ten Bells Signaled Moment in History|agency=Associated Press|date=November 17, 1988|first=Alan|last=Robinson}}</ref> When the coverage began, McGee was waiting for MacNeil to call in with information. While Ryan and Huntley were recounting the information, McGee got MacNeil on the line and told him to recount chronologically what happened.<ref name="NBC News 1966 page=14">{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=14}}</ref> The NBC flash studio had no way of patching calls through the studio speakers, however, so nobody else could hear what MacNeil was saying.<ref name="TenBells"/> While the studio crew worked on a solution, McGee improvised and told MacNeil to relay the information in fragments, which he would then repeat for the audience. While they were talking, Huntley was handed a speaker from off camera and took the receiver from McGee so he could attach it to the earpiece, this enabling MacNeil to be heard. However, by that time there was no further information to report; MacNeil had a medical student from Parkland hold the phone line for him so that he could return to the emergency ward for the latest developments. He would return briefly several minutes later to offer more word on the condition of the President, during which the phone link temporarily worked, but as MacNeil left again the relay cut out. Before he left, he informed McGee that a press conference regarding Kennedy's condition was forthcoming.<ref name="NBC News 1966 page=14"/>
At approximately 2:35 p.m. EST, shortly after Ryan reported that a neurosurgeon had just arrived at Parkland to assist in treating Kennedy. Huntley alluded to the last time a president had died in office:
{{blockquote|In just this momentary lull, I would assume that the memory of every person listening at this moment has flashed back to that day in April 1945 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt{{nbsp}}...}}
However, he was unable to complete his thought. The flash regarding the priests who administered the Last Rites to the President had reached the desk while Huntley was speaking, and Ryan interrupted him to relay this:<ref name="DeathNews"/>
{{blockquote|Excuse me, Chet. Here is a flash from the Associated Press, dateline Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation, but this is what we have on a flash basis from the Associated Press: 'Two priests in Dallas who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation. This is the only word we have indicating that the president may, in fact, have lost his life. It has just moved on the Associated Press wires from Dallas. The two priests were called to the hospital to administer the last rites of the Roman Catholic Church. And it is from them, we get the word, that the president has died, that the bullet wounds inflicted on him as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas have been fatal. We will remind you that there is no official confirmation of this from any source as yet.}}
As this was going on, McGee received a report from Parkland Hospital. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, Vice President Johnson had been advised to begin heading back to Washington to assume executive duties in case he needed to be sworn in. Johnson decided to wait until he received word of Kennedy's condition, which he did at approximately 1:20 PM CST.<ref name="MillerPage315"/><ref name="Johnson-Page11"/> McGee reported to Ryan that a motorcade carrying the Johnsons had just left Parkland Hospital, which Ryan took to be confirmation of the President's death as the priests had reported.
On NBC Radio and CBC Radio, Newman reported the same flash, having received it about half a minute after Ryan did:
{{blockquote|Here is a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds suffered in the assassination attempt today.' I repeat, a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' This is the latest information we have from Dallas. We are, of course, standing by to give you all available information as it comes to us. I will repeat, with the greatest regret, this flash: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he has died of bullet wounds.'<ref>http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/NBC_Radio_JFK_News_%20Coverage_5.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref>}}
At that point, both radio networks rejoined NBC-TV where Ryan reported that there may in fact be confirmation of the priests' account of Kennedy's death. The feed then switched back to Charles Murphy at WBAP-TV, who reported that although no official statement had been released by the President's staff, the Dallas Police Department had been notified of Kennedy's death and radioed the word to every one of its officers on duty shortly before the flash from Dallas made the wires.<ref name="DeathNews"/>
As Murphy was filing his report, McGee got back in touch with Robert MacNeil, who had just returned from the aforementioned press conference. Partway through the report, the audio link was fixed and MacNeil could be clearly heard in the studio and on the air. McGee was unaware of this, as he simply carried on as he had been:<ref name="DeathNews"/>
{{blockquote|White House (Acting) Press Secretary... Malcolm Kilduff... has just announced that President Kennedy... died at approximately 1:00 Central Standard Time, which is about 35 minutes ago... (''audio enabled'') ...after being shot at (after being shot)... by an unknown assailant (by an unknown assailant) ...during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas (during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas).}}
After MacNeil had finished giving all the relevant information available, he left the phone to obtain further information. McGee, wiping a tear from his eye, stood by and kept the phone line open for MacNeil's next update.
===KLIF Radio, Dallas===
From local radio station [[KLIF (AM)|KLIF]], Gary Delaune relayed the bulletins as received with reports from Joe Long from KLIF News Mobile Unit #4. Long, who had reported the President's arrival at Love Field earlier and filed reports from his news cruiser after he had gotten stuck in traffic in the midst of the chaos,<ref>{{cite web |title=ReelRadio - The Steve Eberhardt Collection - KLIF Dallas November 22, 1963 |url=http://reelradio.com/se/klif63.html |website=ReelRadio |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> later joined Delaune in the studio; Roy Nichols took over the #4 mobile unit and headed for Parkland Hospital. After a report from the Trade Mart, radio broadcaster and KLIF founder [[Gordon McLendon]] returned to the radio station to relieve Delaune. The reporters continuously stressed, as a strict radio station rule of McLendon's, whether the information received is from official or unofficial sources, especially concerning reports of the President's death. At approximately 1:38 p.m. CST, KLIF's Teletype sounded ten bells (indicating an incoming bulletin of utmost importance) and Long was given the official flash:
{{blockquote|Gordon McLendon: The President is clearly, gravely, critically, and perhaps fatally wounded. There are strong indications that he may already have expired, although that is not official, we repeat, not official. But, the extent of the injuries to Governor Connally is, uh, a closely shrouded secret at the moment...
Joe Long: President Kennedy is dead, Gordon. This is official word.
Gordon McLendon: Ladies and gentlemen, the President is dead. The President, ladies and gentlemen, is dead at Parkland Hospital in Dallas.}}
KLIF's continuous coverage would eventually be aired over an ad-hoc radio network of its own, as the station's coverage was fed to KLIF's sister stations in Houston, Louisville, and other cities and reportedly aired (with or without permission) on dozens, possibly hundreds, of others.
Following the official announcement of President Kennedy's death, all three commercial networks suspended their regular programming and commercials for the first time in the short history of television and ran coverage on a non-stop basis for four days.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=5–6, 12–13}}</ref> The assassination of President Kennedy was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of American television until just before 9:00 a.m. EDT, September 11, 2001, when the networks were on the air for 72 hours straight covering the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terrorist attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks|date=September 15, 2001|first1=Bill|last1=Carter|first2=Jim|last2=Rutenberg|newspaper=New York Times|page=A14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-the-attacks-television-viewers-again-return-to-traditional-networks.html?pagewanted=print|quote=Sometime around 9 a.m. yesterday a television milestone was reached: three broadcast networks had covered one news event for more consecutive hours than any previous event in American history. The terrorist attacks on New York and the Pentagon have truly become the story of a lifetime on television, surpassing even the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which no network covered for more than 70 consecutive hours. As of yesterday morning, CBS, NBC and ABC, the three networks at the time of Kennedy's assassination and funeral, had been on the air continuously, without commercial interruption, for 72 hours (though some affiliates continued to air regularly-scheduled local newscasts during that time).}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
A [[Reuters]] tickertape machine reported news of the assassination at GMT 6:42 PM, 12 minutes after the event.
{{blockquote|President Kennedy was shot at today while riding in a motor convoy. A photographer reported seeing blood on the President's head.}}
Granada Television, broadcasting the news program ''Scene at 6:30'' to the north of England from [[Manchester]], reported the news just before GMT 7:00. The [[BBC]] shortly followed up with announcements on its three national radio networks, including the program ''[[Radio Newsreel]]'' which ran from GMT 7:00 to GMT 7:30 PM with a Washington-based BBC journalist providing live updates by phone to an estimated 2.7 million listeners.
On BBC television, the first announcement to air was made at GMT 7:05 PM by a junior and unfamiliar newsreader, John Roberts, just prior to the program ''[[Tonight (1957 TV programme)|Tonight]]''. ''Tonight'' continued with its planned edition until around GMT 7:26 PM when Roberts returned to provide updates of Kennedy's critical condition. Shortly after on air he answered a phone call from [[BBC Monitoring]] which relayed news of the death of Kennedy as reported by the [[Voice of America]]. Roberts' countenance visibly changed and he announced to the audience, "We regret to announce that President Kennedy is dead," before bowing his head and not looking up. For the next 19 minutes the BBC screened its logo and a revolving globe, punctuated by three bulletins read by Roberts. BBC management then decided to revert back to regular programming, screening ''Here's Harry'' from GMT 7:45 PM, followed by ''[[Dr. Finlay's Casebook]]'', a decision which attracted over 2,000 phone calls and 500 letters and telegrams in complaint.
At GMT 11:00 pm, four hours after the news broke, the BBC broadcast ''Tribute to President Kennedy'', featuring Prime Minister [[Alec Douglas-Home]], Liberal leader [[Jo Grimond]] and Leader of the Opposition [[Harold Wilson]] who had sped from North Wales to the BBC's Manchester studio.
On ITV television, a newsflash interrupted a game show around GMT 7:10 PM, but the program continued, as did ''[[Emergency - Ward 10]]'' which followed at GMT 7:30 PM. Ten minutes later the program was cut and an announcement of Kennedy's death was made, and updates continued over the station's interlude card. A recorded programme of solemn music performed by the Hallé Orchestra followed. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How the Kennedy assassination caught the BBC on the hop|website=The Independent|date=18 November 2003|access-date=22 February 2023}}
</ref>
==Return to Washington==
Once back at ''Air Force One'', and only after Mrs. Kennedy and President Kennedy's body had also returned to the plane, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn]] in by [[Sarah T. Hughes]] as the [[List of presidents of the United States|36th]] [[president of the United States]] at 2:38 p.m. CST.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=33–35}}</ref> One of President Kennedy's aides stayed with his coffin during the swearing-in of Johnson.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=22–23}}</ref>
At about 6:00 p.m. EST, ''Air Force One'' arrived at [[Andrews Air Force Base]] near Washington, D.C.<ref name="Arrival"/><ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=11, 34}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=33, 37}}</ref> The television networks made the switch to the AFB just as the plane touched down.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|p=13}}</ref> Reporting on the arrival for the TV networks were:
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
! Network
! Reporting
! Contributing<ref name="ArrivalReportContributions"/><ref name="Schindler">{{cite book|title=The View from the Control Room|first=Max|last=Schindler|year=2020|publisher=Outskirts Press, Inc.|isbn=978-1977233400}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| ABC
| Richard Bate<ref>{{harvnb|Trost|Bennett|2003|p=141}}</ref>
| [[Frank Reynolds]]
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| CBS
| Charles Von Fremd<ref>{{cite news|title=Networks suspend commercial programs|first=Rick|last=Du Brow|agency=United Press International|date=November 23, 1963|quote=CBS-TV reporter Charles Von Fremd summed up the scene aptly: 'An historic but aching moment.'}}</ref>
| [[Dan Rather]]
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| NBC
| [[Bob Abernethy]] & [[Nancy Dickerson]]<ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=32–34}}</ref><ref name="Schindler"/>
| Ray Scherer
|}
The contributors to the reporting on the arrival for the TV networks contributed along with NBC Director Max Schindler, who directed the coverage of the arrival for the networks, in 1965 when he directed ''A Conversation with the President'' at the White House with President Johnson during a conversation with him.<ref name="Schindler"/><ref name="ArrivalReportContributions"/>
After President Kennedy's brother (and Attorney General) [[Robert F. Kennedy]], boarded the plane,<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=10–11}}</ref> Kennedy's casket was removed from the rear entrance and loaded into a light gray US Navy ambulance for its transport to the [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center|Bethesda Naval Hospital]] for an autopsy and mortician's preparations.<ref name="WhitePage11"/><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=30–31}}</ref> When Jackie Kennedy stepped off the plane with her brother-in-law, her pink suit and legs were still stained with her husband's blood.<ref name="WhitePage11">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=11}}</ref> All that long afternoon and into the early morning hours of the next day, the widow objected to leaving her husband's body, except for the swearing in of Johnson.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Life|date=November 29, 1963|volume=55|number=22|page=32A|title=She Said Goodby with a Kiss and a Ring}}</ref> She also refused to change out of her blood-stained suit; Lady Bird Johnson, in her audio diary, quoted Mrs. Kennedy as saying "I want them to see what they have done to Jack."<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Bird Johnson's Audio Diaries|publisher=ABCNews.com|access-date=October 27, 2008|url=https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3368356|date=July 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A White House Diary|last=Johnson|first=Lady Bird|location=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|year=1970|author-link=Lady Bird Johnson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Johnson Taped Impressions: Dictated Notes Show a Flash of Anger by Mrs. Kennedy|first=Nan|last=Robertson|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 1964|page=33|author-link=Nan C. Robertson}}</ref>
The best-known reporter covering the arrival was [[Theodore H. White]] of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine, who had been a close friend of Kennedy.<ref name="White">{{cite book|title=Theodore H. White and journalism as illusion|last=Hoffmann|first=Joyce|year=1995|publisher=University of Missouri Press|pages=176–177|location=Columbia, Mo.}}</ref> He summed it all up with "One wished for a cry, a sob, a wail, any human sound..."<ref name="White"/>
Shortly after the ambulance with the casket and Mrs. Kennedy departed, President Johnson and the First Lady exited ''Air Force One''.<ref name="Arrival">{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=16}}</ref> They were led to a podium clustered with microphones where Lyndon Johnson made his first official statement as President of the United States:
{{blockquote|This is a sad time for all people. We have suffered a loss that cannot be weighed. For me, it is a deep, personal tragedy. I know the world shares the sorrow that Mrs. Kennedy and her family bear. I will do my best; that is all I can do. I ask for your help and God's.<ref name="LBJ-Page17"/><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=39}}</ref>}}
Johnson himself ordered the arrival to be televised live.<ref name="LiveArrival">{{harvnb|Miller|1980|p=320}}</ref> While en route to Washington from Dallas, he and Kilduff told the other assistant press secretary, Andrew Hatcher, that he was going to make his statement and that he wanted the arrival to be televised live.<ref name="LiveArrival"/> As the new president boarded his helicopter, he said that Mrs. Kennedy was in his heart and remarked about the presidency, and recounted, "Then the door of the helicopter slammed shut behind me and thus ended a tragic chapter in American history."<ref name="LBJ-Page17">{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=17}}</ref>
During that conversation he had with Johnson at the White House, Schindler talked about the arrival, describing the sequence of events to him and asked "Were you in the plane watching TV at that time?" He replied that he was watching television and said that he seeing Schindler pan his camera back to ''Air Force One'' was his cue to come out, saying, "Damn right and I figured that was my cue to come out."<ref name="Schindler"/><ref name="ArrivalReportContributions">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/NBC-Director-Recalls-Historic-Coverage-of-JFKs-Death-232869031.html|title=NBC Director Recalls Historic Coverage of JFK's Death|date=November 21, 2013|access-date=November 16, 2019|work=NBCWashington.com|quote=A few years later, President Johnson told Schindler that he was watching TV before he stepped out of ''Air Force One''. When the camera panned back to the plane, he saw it as his signal to come out and address the nation.}}</ref> He summed up the scene, "So much for the reported dramatic portrayal of the passing of the baton from the old to the new."<ref name="Schindler"/>' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,0 +1,218 @@
+This article outlines the media coverage after the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of presidents of the United States|35th]] [[president of the United States]], on November 22, 1963 at 12.30pm CST.
+
+==Breaking the news==
+===Locally in Dallas===
+In Dallas, ''The Rex Jones Show'' on music station [[KFXR (AM)|KLIF]] was interrupted by the first news bulletin at approximately 12:38 p.m. CST.<ref>{{YouTube|id=3Mo2pl59XDU|title=KLIF-RADIO (DALLAS, TEXAS) (11/22/63) (3-HOUR, 8-MINUTE VERSION, WITH SOME EDITED MUSIC)}}</ref> A "bulletin alert" sounder faded in during the song "I Have a Boyfriend" by [[the Chiffons]]. The song was stopped and newscaster [[Gary DeLaune]] made the first announcement over the bulletin signal:
+
+{{blockquote|This KLIF bulletin from Dallas: Three shots reportedly were fired at the motorcade of President Kennedy today near the downtown section. KLIF News is checking out the report. We will have further reports. Stay tuned.}}
+
+[[KNGO|KBOX]] reporter Sam Pate, who was on the [[Interstate 35E (Texas)|Stemmons Freeway]] in a mobile news cruiser at the time of the shooting, covered the scene at Dealey Plaza and at Dallas City Hall with live radio updates. However, the widely repeated audio clip of Pate breathlessly reporting "It appears as though something has happened in the motorcade route!" is in fact taken from a reenactment recorded several days later.<ref>[https://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/25668-sam-pate/ Sam Pate's statement] filed in a CIA "JFK Assassination System" form, along with some other information about the recording, dated January 26, 1970. Page found 2022-11-22.</ref><ref>Pate's tape was analyzed to see if gunshots could be heard for spectral analysis. "The FBI also informed the Commission that the newsman had stated that most of the tape was not recorded in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination, but was recorded in a studio several days later after he had been dismissed by his station, KBOX." [https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1b.html Scientific Acoustical Evidence Establishes a High Probability That Two Gunmen Fired at President John F. Kennedy], JFK Assassination Records in the National Archives. Page found 2022-11-22.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Pate {{!}} The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza |url=https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928130037/https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+
+Dallas [[CBS Radio]] affiliate [[KRLD (AM)|KRLD]] concluded the coverage of the presidential party's arrival at Love Field and switched to reporter Bob Huffaker, who was standing at the corner of Main and Akard Streets in the downtown area, just 1/2 mile east of Dealey Plaza. After the president's car passed him, Huffaker continued reporting for several more minutes and was believed to have been on the air as the shooting took place (although shots cannot be heard in the audio coverage). Shortly after KRLD returned to regular programming with the nationally syndicated religious program ''[[Back to the Bible]]'', the first reports of the shooting came through CBS Radio. Huffaker was not aware of the developments until he arrived back at the KRLD studio after wrapping up his coverage, and he quickly drove to Parkland Hospital to report the scene outside the emergency entrance.
+
+[[NBC Radio Network|NBC Radio]] affiliate [[WBAP (AM)|WBAP]] played instrumental music, with interruptions for local bulletins, until NBC Radio's continuous coverage began.
+
+Dallas' ABC television affiliate [[WFAA-TV|WFAA]] was airing a local lifestyle program, ''The Julie Benell Show''. At 12:45 p.m. CST, the station abruptly switched from the prerecorded program to news director Jay Watson, who had been at Dealey Plaza and had heard three shots before running back to the station:
+
+{{blockquote|Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. You'll excuse the fact that I am out of breath, but about 10 or 15 minutes ago, a tragic thing, from all indications at this point, has happened in the city of Dallas. Let me quote to you this... ''[briefly looks down at the bulletin sheet in his left hand]'' And I'll -- you'll excuse me if I am out of breath. A bulletin, this is from the United Press from Dallas: (Reading [[United Press International|UPI]] bulletin) 'President Kennedy and Governor John Connally have been cut down by assassins' bullets in downtown Dallas. They were riding in an open automobile when the shots were fired. The president, his limp body carried in the arms of his wife Jacqueline, has rushed to Parkland Hospital.'<ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|p=23}}</ref>}}
+
+Watson then anchored WFAA's continuous coverage of the tragedy with [[Jerry Haynes]], host of the children's show ''Mr. Peppermint'', including an interview with witnesses [[Abraham Zapruder]] and Bill and Gayle Newman.
+
+NBC affiliate [[KXAS-TV|WBAP]] was showing a program called ''Dateline'' at the time when the news first broke.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-11-22 |title=Television Log Friday |pages=17 |work=[[Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref>
+
+===Nationally===
+The first national news bulletin of the shooting was transmitted over the [[ABC Radio Network]] at 12:36 p.m. CST/1:36 p.m. EST.<ref name="ABC">{{harvnb|Trost|Bennett|2003|p=34}}</ref> The network was airing the ''Music in the Afternoon'' program hosted by Dirk Fredericks and Joel Crager,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXvbcEH3joU |title=JFK'S ASSASSINATION (ABC RADIO NETWORK) (NOVEMBER 22, 1963) |date=2013-11-26 |type=Video clip of radio broadcast |orig-date=1963-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Annual/1964/801-900-Radio-Annual-1964.pdf |title=Yearbook of Radio & Television |publisher=Radio Television Daily |year=1964 |edition=27th |pages=823, 826}}</ref> and [[Doris Day]]'s recording of "[[Hooray for Hollywood (song)|Hooray for Hollywood]]" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner interrupted with:
+
+{{blockquote|We interrupt this program to bring you a special bulletin from ABC Radio. Here is a special bulletin from Dallas, Texas. Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today in downtown Dallas, Texas.<ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|p=22}}</ref> This is ABC Radio. To repeat, in Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today, the president now making a two-day speaking tour of Texas. We're going to stand by for more details on the incident in Dallas. Stay tuned to your ABC station for further details. Now we return you to your regular program.<ref name="ABC"/>}}
+
+At 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m., CBS became the first television network to report the news, interrupting its live broadcast of the [[soap opera]] ''[[As the World Turns]]''. A large, black "CBS News Bulletin" slide appeared on-screen while [[Walter Cronkite]], reporting from the CBS Radio flash booth, filed an audio-only report. Cronkite could not immediately appear on the air because there were no active and ready cameras in the CBS newsroom; television cameras of the era used [[Video camera tube#Image orthicon|image orthicon tubes]] that required approximately 20 minutes of warmup time (CBS would, shortly after this, enact a policy that ensured a camera would be operational at all times for breaking news bulletins).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjYPWFfnL74C&pg=PA43|title=Principles of Fluoroscopic Image Intensification and Television Systems: Workbook and Laboratory Manual|last=Parelli|first=Robert J.|date=November 21, 1996|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781574440829|language=en}}</ref> Cronkite announced:
+
+{{blockquote|Here is a bulletin from CBS News. In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas. The first reports say that President Kennedy has been seriously wounded by this shooting. More details just arrived. These details about the same as previously: President Kennedy shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She called "Oh, no!" The motorcade sped on. United Press says that the wounds for President Kennedy perhaps could be fatal. Repeating, a bulletin from CBS News: President Kennedy has been shot by a would-be assassin in Dallas, Texas. Stay tuned to CBS News for further details.}}
+
+Cronkite broke in with a second bulletin just as ''As the World Turns'', which was still being performed live as nobody had been made aware of the interruptions, was about to return from its mid-show station identification break.<ref name="bugliosi">{{cite book |last=Bugliosi |first=Vincent |title=Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |date=2008-05-17 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-33215-5 |page=89}}</ref> The serial was then joined in progress, and during the advertising break that followed CBS broke in one more time with Cronkite updating the audience on what was transpiring. This time, he remained on the air filing reports over the bumper slide until the camera was ready, which happened to coincide with CBS’ station identification break at the top of the 2:00 PM hour; Cronkite then told viewers that the network would briefly pause so all of its affiliates could join the broadcast. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/21/asb.00.html|title=CNN Newsnight Aaron Brown transcript|date=November 21, 2003|website=transcripts.cnn.com|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref>
+
+[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[NBC]] were not broadcasting nationally at the time of the CBS bulletins, and their affiliate stations were airing their own content.<ref name="TenBells" /> In New York, [[WABC-TV]]'s first bulletin came from Ed Silverman at 1:42 p.m. EST, interrupting a rerun of ''[[The Ann Sothern Show]]''. At the same time of ABC-TV's first bulletin, NBC Radio reported the first of three "Hotline Bulletins", each preceded by a "talk-up alert" that provided all NBC-affiliated stations 30 seconds to join their parent network.
+
+Three minutes later, [[Don Pardo]] interrupted [[WNBC-TV]]'s local rerun of ''[[Bachelor Father (US TV series)|Bachelor Father]]'' with the news, announcing: "President Kennedy was shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She cried 'Oh no!' The motorcade sped on."<ref name="Associated Press 1963 page=14" /><ref name="NBCNews">{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=13}}</ref> At 1:53 p.m. EST, NBC broke into programming with an NBC Network bumper slide followed by coverage anchored by [[Chet Huntley]] and [[Bill Ryan (journalist)|Bill Ryan]].<ref name="NBCNews" /> However, NBC's camera was not ready and its coverage was limited to audio-only reports. At 1:57 p.m. EST, just as [[Frank McGee (journalism)|Frank McGee]] joined the broadcast, NBC began broadcasting the report when its camera became operational.<ref name="PhilGries">{{cite web |title=JFK Assassination Coverage |url=http://www.atvaudio.com/jfk.php |access-date=April 8, 2010 |work=Archival Television Audio}}</ref> However, the first few minutes are considered lost, as the network did not begin recording at the start of its coverage, though an audio recording of Pardo's bulletins exists.<ref>{{YouTube|id=oJnoFA0u2Eg |title=NBC-TV COVERAGE OF JFK'S ASSASSINATION ON NOVEMBER 22, 1963 (6+ HOURS)}}</ref>
+
+Other than for two audio-only bulletins (one following the initial report), ABC did not disrupt its affiliate stations' programming, instead waiting until the network was to return to broadcasting at 2:00 p.m. EST to begin its coverage.
+
+Radio coverage was reported by Don Gardiner (ABC), [[Allan Jackson]] (CBS) and (after a top-of-the-hour newscast) [[Peter Hackes]] and [[Edwin Newman]] (NBC).
+
+==Television and radio coverage (from approx. 2:00 to 2:40 p.m. EST)==
+
+===ABC===
+Providing the reports for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Television]] were [[Don Goddard]], [[Ron Cochran]], and Ed Silverman in New York, [[Edward P. Morgan]] in Washington, [[Bob Clark (television reporter)|Bob Clark]] (who as noted above had been riding in the motorcade when Kennedy was shot) from Parkland Hospital, and Bill Lord from the Dallas County sheriff's office. As with the other networks, ABC interspersed with their Dallas affiliate WFAA-TV 8 for up-to-date information. Reporting from WFAA were Bob Walker (who had been at Love Field for live coverage of the President's arrival) and Jay Watson (who had remained on the air locally from the time he broke into local programming upon his return from Dealey Plaza). They were later joined by Bob Clark upon his arrival from the hospital.
+
+ABC's initial coverage of the incident was very disorganized. Cochran, ABC's primary news anchor, was on his lunch break when word of the assassination attempt first broke and the network had to call him back to the studio. Silverman was the voice accompanying ABC's first bulletin, broadcast during a rerun episode of ''[[Father Knows Best]]'' that was airing on a majority of the network's affiliates in the Mountain Time Zone at the time; the surviving videotape of ABC's initial bulletins appears to have been recorded by then-affiliate [[KTVK]] in Phoenix, as it contains the interruption of ''Father Knows Best''. The first on-camera report was given by Goddard in the network's news studio, which was too far away from the teletype machines. Goddard then moved to the newsroom and was joined by the returning Cochran, and the technical crew began constructing an impromptu news set around them (ABC did not have studio space ready for such an occasion; NBC had a flash studio in its newsroom and CBS' reports came directly from their own newsroom as they had since they launched an evening newscast earlier in 1963). Cochran and Goddard were forced to stand and awkwardly hold microphones and headsets so they could report the information.
+
+In addition to the disorganization in New York, ABC was not able to switch to Dallas to speak to its correspondents. Only one feed was available to them at first, which came from the Dallas Trade Mart and CBS affiliate KRLD reporter Eddie Barker. CBS had earlier aired snippets of Barker's report, but had cut it off to return to its own reporting of the incident before Barker finished; ABC aired the remainder of the report until the end. The reason that ABC was able to air the CBS affiliate's coverage was due to a pool arrangement the three major Dallas stations agreed to for the President's visit. [[KXAS|WBAP]] was responsible for covering the President's visit to Fort Worth and his departure and landing at Love Field, WFAA was assigned to cover the parade through downtown Dallas, and KRLD was set up at the Dallas Trade Mart for the address the President was to give.
+
+At 2:25 p.m. EST, while attempting to switch to Bob Clark in Dallas, ABC Radio reported that Parkland Hospital said President Kennedy was dead, and then stressed that it was unconfirmed. Upon reporting the news, anchor Don Gardiner said this to his audience:
+
+{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, this is a moment trying for all of us. Let us pause, and let us all pray.}}
+
+ABC Radio then stopped coverage to broadcast orchestral music.<ref>http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/ABC_JFK_03.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref>
+
+At 2:33 p.m. EST, Cochran reported on ABC Television that the two priests who were called into the hospital to administer the last rites to the President said that he had died from his wounds. Although this was an unconfirmed report, ABC prematurely placed a photo of the President with the words "JOHN F. KENNEDY – 1917–1963" on the screen.
+
+Five minutes later, this photo was again prematurely placed when Cochran received an erroneous report that the President had died at 1:35 p.m. CST when, in fact, he had died at 1:00 p.m. CST. A few minutes following that, Cochran received further information regarding the President's condition and relayed the following to the ABC viewing audience:
+
+{{blockquote|Government sources now confirm...we have this from Washington. Government sources now confirm that President Kennedy is dead. So that, apparently, is the final word and an incredible event that I am sure no one except the assassin himself could have possibly imagined would occur on this day.}}
+
+On ABC Radio, Gardiner reported the news, but did not say whether or not it was official. ABC then switched to Pete Clapper on [[Capitol Hill]] for an interview with the Senate's press liaison Richard Reidel. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death:
+
+{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead. The President is dead. Let us pray.}}
+
+ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music.
+
+===CBS===
+At 2:00 p.m. EST, CBS took an extended station identification break so the affiliates in the Mountain and Pacific time zones could join the rest of the network in covering the story. Cronkite, now at his desk in the newsroom, appeared on camera for the first time and, for the sake of any new viewers who might not have been aware of what was happening, told the audience of the attempt made on the President's life.
+
+From the time the CBS affiliates joined Cronkite in the news room at the top of the hour to approximately 2:38 p.m. EST, the coverage alternated from the CBS Newsroom and Cronkite, to KRLD-TV's [[Eddie Barker]] at the Dallas Trade Mart where President Kennedy was to give his luncheon address.
+
+At approximately 2:11 p.m. EST, CBS News correspondent [[Dan Rather]] telephoned one of the two priests who performed last rites on Kennedy to confirm that he had indeed been shot. "Yes, he's been shot and he is dead," the priest told Rather. Almost simultaneously at the Trade Mart, a doctor went up to Barker and whispered, "Eddie, he is dead... I called the emergency room and he is DOA." Moments later, as the news cameras panned throughout the Trade Mart crowds, Barker gave this report:
+
+{{blockquote|As you can imagine, there are many stories that are coming in now as to the actual condition of the President. One is that he is dead; this cannot be confirmed. Another is that Governor Connally is in the operating room; this we have not confirmed.}}
+
+Several minutes later, when CBS switched back to KRLD and the Trade Mart for another report, Barker repeated the claim of the President's death, adding "the source would normally be a good one." During this report, as Barker was speaking of security precautions for the President's visit, a Trade Mart employee was shown removing the Presidential seal from the podium where President Kennedy was to have spoken.
+
+====CBS Radio's death announcement====
+At 2:19 p.m. EST, CBS Dallas correspondents Dan Rather and Eddie Barker spoke by telephone to "compare notes, to take stock". Rather was aware that there was an open line to New York as the two of them spoke, but "didn't realize how many people were ''on'' that phone line", which included at least three individuals from CBS Radio.<ref name=":1">{{YouTube|title=walter cronkite documentary about JFK broadcast|id=tkiBRcdH_Pc}}</ref> Rather, who had "no doubt in his mind" that Kennedy was dead, nevertheless was not delivering ''official'' word to CBS Radio, nor was he aware that his discussion with Barker would be construed as such. As Rather spoke to Barker, an individual from CBS Radio asked, "Did you say the president is dead?" Rather replied, "Yes."<ref name=":1" /> Based on the call, CBS Radio newsroom supervisor Robert Skedgell wrote "JFK DEAD" on a slip of paper and handed it to CBS Radio news anchor [[Allan Jackson]]. At 2:22 p.m. EST, eleven minutes before Kilduff's official announcement, Jackson made the following announcement:
+
+{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, the president of the United States is dead. John F. Kennedy has died of the wounds he received in an assassination in Dallas less than an hour ago. We repeat: it has just been announced that President Kennedy is dead.<ref name="WCCO-AM-1">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=11:58|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}
+
+After the announcement, CBS Radio, apparently trying to play "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", accidentally aired a brief excerpt of an LP [[Samuel Barber]]'s ''[[Adagio for Strings]]'' played at the wrong speed of 78 RPM.<ref name="WCCO-AM-2">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=12:27|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> After a few seconds of silence, Jackson repeated the news:
+
+{{blockquote|John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President Of The United States, is dead at the age of 46. Shot by an assassin as he drove through the streets of Dallas, Texas less than an hour ago. Repeating this: the President is dead, killed in Dallas, Texas by a gunshot wound.<ref name="WCCO-AM-3">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=12:44|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}
+
+This was followed by an excerpt from the first movement to [[Beethoven]]'s [[Pastoral Symphony]].<ref name="WCCO-AM-4">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=13:15|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> After the music, Jackson again repeated the news:
+
+{{blockquote|We repeat our announcement that the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead in Dallas, Texas, of an assassin's bullets. He was shot, and governor Tom Connelly of the state of Texas was shot, as they rode in a motorcade through the streets of Dallas less than an hour ago. Governor Connelly is in serious condition, President John Kennedy is dead. The 35th president of the United States, he was 46 years old.
+
+According to the constitution, Vice President Lyndon Johnson will now succeed Mr. Kennedy in office. Mr. Johnson will become the 36th president of the United States, very probably within a few hours upon taking the oath of office.<ref name="WCCO-AM-5">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=14:03|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}
+
+After Jackson's announcement, his co-anchor [[Dallas Townsend]] added:
+
+{{blockquote|Well, as a matter of fact, Allan, Lyndon Johnson is now the president whether he takes the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|Oath]] or not. He is the president.<ref name="WCCO-AM-6">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=15:03|access-date=June 28, 2015}}</ref>}}
+
+Townsend's comment was followed by "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]".
+
+====CBS TV====
+While CBS Radio had taken Dan Rather's earlier discussion with Barker as confirmation of the president's death, there was a debate going on between CBS television network officials as to whether or not to report this development, as Rather's report was not a truly official confirmation. At 2:27 p.m. EST, they decided to give Rather's report to Cronkite, who relayed this to the nation:
+
+{{blockquote|We just have a report from our correspondent Dan Rather in Dallas that he has confirmed that President Kennedy is dead. There is still no official confirmation of this. However, it's a report from our correspondent, Dan Rather, in Dallas, Texas.}}
+
+Approximately five minutes after this, one of the newsroom staff members rushed to Cronkite's desk with another bulletin. As Cronkite read the bulletin, he had to re-read it as he stumbled over his words.
+
+{{blockquote|The priest... who were with Kennedy... the two priests who were with Kennedy say that he is dead of his bullet wounds. That seems to be about as close to official as we can get at this time.}}
+
+Although Cronkite continued to stress that there was no official confirmation, the tone of Cronkite's words seemed to indicate that it would only be a matter of time before the official word came. Three minutes later, he received the same report that ABC's Ron Cochran chose to relay as official word. Cronkite did not do the same, reporting it instead in this context:
+
+{{blockquote|And now, from Washington, government sources say that President Kennedy is dead. Those are government sources, still not an official announcement.}}
+
+Cronkite continued as before while still awaiting word of the official confirmation of the President's death, which at this time had been relayed by Kilduff at the hospital two minutes prior but had not made the press wires yet. After speaking about what Kennedy had done earlier that day in Fort Worth, Cronkite noted that the plane from Fort Worth flew the President to his "rendezvous with ''death, apparently'', in Dallas", although the official bulletin still had not arrived yet.
+
+Immediately after that, at 2:38 p.m. EST, Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement:
+
+{{blockquote|From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official: ''[reading [[Associated Press|AP]] flash]'' 'PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIED AT 1 P.M. (CST),'<ref name="Associated Press 1963 page=15"/> 2:00 Eastern Standard Time, some thirty-eight minutes ago.}}
+
+After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses, visibly moved for a moment. Cronkite continued:
+
+{{blockquote|Vice President Johnson... ''(clears throat)'' ...has left the hospital in Dallas, but we do not know to where he has proceeded. Presumably, he will be taking the oath of office shortly and become the thirty-sixth president of the United States.}}
+
+There was a sense of irony to CBS' coverage of the assassination. On September 2, 1963, Kennedy gave an interview with Cronkite, helping CBS inaugurate network television's first half hour evening newscast.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cronkite|first=Walter|title=A Reporter's Life|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1996|isbn=0-394-57879-1}}</ref>
+
+It should perhaps be noted that CBS did not include any further coverage from Dallas or Washington as the other networks had until after the announcement of Kennedy's death. As coverage continued following the announcement, [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]] relieved Cronkite in New York while Neil Strawser reported from CBS' Washington bureau and Dan Rather and Eddie Barker provided reports from KRLD in Dallas.
+
+===NBC===
+At NBC-TV, [[Chet Huntley]], [[Bill Ryan (journalist)|Bill Ryan]], and [[Frank McGee (journalist)|Frank McGee]] anchored from the network's emergency "flash" studio (code name 5HN) in New York, with reports from [[David Brinkley]] and [[Martin Agronsky]] in Washington, Charles Murphy and Tom Whelan from NBC affiliate WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) in Fort Worth, Texas, and [[Robert MacNeil]], who had been in the motorcade, at [[Parkland Hospital]].<ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=13–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Howard|date=1988-11-22|title=Death of Kennedy & Birth of TV News|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-22-ca-507-story.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> [[Edwin Newman]] reported from NBC Radio with periodic simulcast with NBC-TV. NBC Radio's coverage was simulcast in Canada by [[CBC Radio One|CBC Radio]].<ref>Ahluwalia, Raj (2002). ''We Interrupt This Program''. Toronto: Winding Stair Press. p. 52.</ref> Also, the United States' international shortwave broadcaster, [[Voice of America]], relayed portions of NBC's coverage (including the simulcast with the television coverage) as part of its English-language coverage of the tragic news. (A short aircheck of VOA exists in which the announcers on duty attempt to make sense of the conflicting reports about Kennedy's condition, and then the station briefly simulcasts NBC before heading into [[Polish language|Polish-language]] programming at 1:00 p.m. Central Time.)
+
+Throughout the first 35 minutes, there were technical difficulties with the Fort Worth TV relay as well as with the phone link MacNeil was using to report from the hospital.<ref name="TenBells">{{cite news|title=Ten Bells Signaled Moment in History|agency=Associated Press|date=November 17, 1988|first=Alan|last=Robinson}}</ref> When the coverage began, McGee was waiting for MacNeil to call in with information. While Ryan and Huntley were recounting the information, McGee got MacNeil on the line and told him to recount chronologically what happened.<ref name="NBC News 1966 page=14">{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=14}}</ref> The NBC flash studio had no way of patching calls through the studio speakers, however, so nobody else could hear what MacNeil was saying.<ref name="TenBells"/> While the studio crew worked on a solution, McGee improvised and told MacNeil to relay the information in fragments, which he would then repeat for the audience. While they were talking, Huntley was handed a speaker from off camera and took the receiver from McGee so he could attach it to the earpiece, this enabling MacNeil to be heard. However, by that time there was no further information to report; MacNeil had a medical student from Parkland hold the phone line for him so that he could return to the emergency ward for the latest developments. He would return briefly several minutes later to offer more word on the condition of the President, during which the phone link temporarily worked, but as MacNeil left again the relay cut out. Before he left, he informed McGee that a press conference regarding Kennedy's condition was forthcoming.<ref name="NBC News 1966 page=14"/>
+
+At approximately 2:35 p.m. EST, shortly after Ryan reported that a neurosurgeon had just arrived at Parkland to assist in treating Kennedy. Huntley alluded to the last time a president had died in office:
+
+{{blockquote|In just this momentary lull, I would assume that the memory of every person listening at this moment has flashed back to that day in April 1945 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt{{nbsp}}...}}
+
+However, he was unable to complete his thought. The flash regarding the priests who administered the Last Rites to the President had reached the desk while Huntley was speaking, and Ryan interrupted him to relay this:<ref name="DeathNews"/>
+
+{{blockquote|Excuse me, Chet. Here is a flash from the Associated Press, dateline Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation, but this is what we have on a flash basis from the Associated Press: 'Two priests in Dallas who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation. This is the only word we have indicating that the president may, in fact, have lost his life. It has just moved on the Associated Press wires from Dallas. The two priests were called to the hospital to administer the last rites of the Roman Catholic Church. And it is from them, we get the word, that the president has died, that the bullet wounds inflicted on him as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas have been fatal. We will remind you that there is no official confirmation of this from any source as yet.}}
+
+As this was going on, McGee received a report from Parkland Hospital. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, Vice President Johnson had been advised to begin heading back to Washington to assume executive duties in case he needed to be sworn in. Johnson decided to wait until he received word of Kennedy's condition, which he did at approximately 1:20 PM CST.<ref name="MillerPage315"/><ref name="Johnson-Page11"/> McGee reported to Ryan that a motorcade carrying the Johnsons had just left Parkland Hospital, which Ryan took to be confirmation of the President's death as the priests had reported.
+
+On NBC Radio and CBC Radio, Newman reported the same flash, having received it about half a minute after Ryan did:
+
+{{blockquote|Here is a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds suffered in the assassination attempt today.' I repeat, a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' This is the latest information we have from Dallas. We are, of course, standing by to give you all available information as it comes to us. I will repeat, with the greatest regret, this flash: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he has died of bullet wounds.'<ref>http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/NBC_Radio_JFK_News_%20Coverage_5.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref>}}
+
+At that point, both radio networks rejoined NBC-TV where Ryan reported that there may in fact be confirmation of the priests' account of Kennedy's death. The feed then switched back to Charles Murphy at WBAP-TV, who reported that although no official statement had been released by the President's staff, the Dallas Police Department had been notified of Kennedy's death and radioed the word to every one of its officers on duty shortly before the flash from Dallas made the wires.<ref name="DeathNews"/>
+
+As Murphy was filing his report, McGee got back in touch with Robert MacNeil, who had just returned from the aforementioned press conference. Partway through the report, the audio link was fixed and MacNeil could be clearly heard in the studio and on the air. McGee was unaware of this, as he simply carried on as he had been:<ref name="DeathNews"/>
+
+{{blockquote|White House (Acting) Press Secretary... Malcolm Kilduff... has just announced that President Kennedy... died at approximately 1:00 Central Standard Time, which is about 35 minutes ago... (''audio enabled'') ...after being shot at (after being shot)... by an unknown assailant (by an unknown assailant) ...during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas (during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas).}}
+
+After MacNeil had finished giving all the relevant information available, he left the phone to obtain further information. McGee, wiping a tear from his eye, stood by and kept the phone line open for MacNeil's next update.
+
+===KLIF Radio, Dallas===
+From local radio station [[KLIF (AM)|KLIF]], Gary Delaune relayed the bulletins as received with reports from Joe Long from KLIF News Mobile Unit #4. Long, who had reported the President's arrival at Love Field earlier and filed reports from his news cruiser after he had gotten stuck in traffic in the midst of the chaos,<ref>{{cite web |title=ReelRadio - The Steve Eberhardt Collection - KLIF Dallas November 22, 1963 |url=http://reelradio.com/se/klif63.html |website=ReelRadio |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> later joined Delaune in the studio; Roy Nichols took over the #4 mobile unit and headed for Parkland Hospital. After a report from the Trade Mart, radio broadcaster and KLIF founder [[Gordon McLendon]] returned to the radio station to relieve Delaune. The reporters continuously stressed, as a strict radio station rule of McLendon's, whether the information received is from official or unofficial sources, especially concerning reports of the President's death. At approximately 1:38 p.m. CST, KLIF's Teletype sounded ten bells (indicating an incoming bulletin of utmost importance) and Long was given the official flash:
+
+{{blockquote|Gordon McLendon: The President is clearly, gravely, critically, and perhaps fatally wounded. There are strong indications that he may already have expired, although that is not official, we repeat, not official. But, the extent of the injuries to Governor Connally is, uh, a closely shrouded secret at the moment...
+
+Joe Long: President Kennedy is dead, Gordon. This is official word.
+
+Gordon McLendon: Ladies and gentlemen, the President is dead. The President, ladies and gentlemen, is dead at Parkland Hospital in Dallas.}}
+
+KLIF's continuous coverage would eventually be aired over an ad-hoc radio network of its own, as the station's coverage was fed to KLIF's sister stations in Houston, Louisville, and other cities and reportedly aired (with or without permission) on dozens, possibly hundreds, of others.
+
+Following the official announcement of President Kennedy's death, all three commercial networks suspended their regular programming and commercials for the first time in the short history of television and ran coverage on a non-stop basis for four days.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=5–6, 12–13}}</ref> The assassination of President Kennedy was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of American television until just before 9:00 a.m. EDT, September 11, 2001, when the networks were on the air for 72 hours straight covering the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terrorist attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks|date=September 15, 2001|first1=Bill|last1=Carter|first2=Jim|last2=Rutenberg|newspaper=New York Times|page=A14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-the-attacks-television-viewers-again-return-to-traditional-networks.html?pagewanted=print|quote=Sometime around 9 a.m. yesterday a television milestone was reached: three broadcast networks had covered one news event for more consecutive hours than any previous event in American history. The terrorist attacks on New York and the Pentagon have truly become the story of a lifetime on television, surpassing even the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which no network covered for more than 70 consecutive hours. As of yesterday morning, CBS, NBC and ABC, the three networks at the time of Kennedy's assassination and funeral, had been on the air continuously, without commercial interruption, for 72 hours (though some affiliates continued to air regularly-scheduled local newscasts during that time).}}</ref>
+
+===United Kingdom===
+A [[Reuters]] tickertape machine reported news of the assassination at GMT 6:42 PM, 12 minutes after the event.
+
+{{blockquote|President Kennedy was shot at today while riding in a motor convoy. A photographer reported seeing blood on the President's head.}}
+
+Granada Television, broadcasting the news program ''Scene at 6:30'' to the north of England from [[Manchester]], reported the news just before GMT 7:00. The [[BBC]] shortly followed up with announcements on its three national radio networks, including the program ''[[Radio Newsreel]]'' which ran from GMT 7:00 to GMT 7:30 PM with a Washington-based BBC journalist providing live updates by phone to an estimated 2.7 million listeners.
+
+On BBC television, the first announcement to air was made at GMT 7:05 PM by a junior and unfamiliar newsreader, John Roberts, just prior to the program ''[[Tonight (1957 TV programme)|Tonight]]''. ''Tonight'' continued with its planned edition until around GMT 7:26 PM when Roberts returned to provide updates of Kennedy's critical condition. Shortly after on air he answered a phone call from [[BBC Monitoring]] which relayed news of the death of Kennedy as reported by the [[Voice of America]]. Roberts' countenance visibly changed and he announced to the audience, "We regret to announce that President Kennedy is dead," before bowing his head and not looking up. For the next 19 minutes the BBC screened its logo and a revolving globe, punctuated by three bulletins read by Roberts. BBC management then decided to revert back to regular programming, screening ''Here's Harry'' from GMT 7:45 PM, followed by ''[[Dr. Finlay's Casebook]]'', a decision which attracted over 2,000 phone calls and 500 letters and telegrams in complaint.
+
+At GMT 11:00 pm, four hours after the news broke, the BBC broadcast ''Tribute to President Kennedy'', featuring Prime Minister [[Alec Douglas-Home]], Liberal leader [[Jo Grimond]] and Leader of the Opposition [[Harold Wilson]] who had sped from North Wales to the BBC's Manchester studio.
+
+On ITV television, a newsflash interrupted a game show around GMT 7:10 PM, but the program continued, as did ''[[Emergency - Ward 10]]'' which followed at GMT 7:30 PM. Ten minutes later the program was cut and an announcement of Kennedy's death was made, and updates continued over the station's interlude card. A recorded programme of solemn music performed by the Hallé Orchestra followed. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How the Kennedy assassination caught the BBC on the hop|website=The Independent|date=18 November 2003|access-date=22 February 2023}}
+</ref>
+
+==Return to Washington==
+Once back at ''Air Force One'', and only after Mrs. Kennedy and President Kennedy's body had also returned to the plane, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn]] in by [[Sarah T. Hughes]] as the [[List of presidents of the United States|36th]] [[president of the United States]] at 2:38 p.m. CST.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=33–35}}</ref> One of President Kennedy's aides stayed with his coffin during the swearing-in of Johnson.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=22–23}}</ref>
+
+At about 6:00 p.m. EST, ''Air Force One'' arrived at [[Andrews Air Force Base]] near Washington, D.C.<ref name="Arrival"/><ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=11, 34}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=33, 37}}</ref> The television networks made the switch to the AFB just as the plane touched down.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|p=13}}</ref> Reporting on the arrival for the TV networks were:
+
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-style="vertical-align: top;"
+! Network
+! Reporting
+! Contributing<ref name="ArrivalReportContributions"/><ref name="Schindler">{{cite book|title=The View from the Control Room|first=Max|last=Schindler|year=2020|publisher=Outskirts Press, Inc.|isbn=978-1977233400}}</ref>
+|-style="vertical-align: top;"
+| ABC
+| Richard Bate<ref>{{harvnb|Trost|Bennett|2003|p=141}}</ref>
+| [[Frank Reynolds]]
+|-style="vertical-align: top;"
+| CBS
+| Charles Von Fremd<ref>{{cite news|title=Networks suspend commercial programs|first=Rick|last=Du Brow|agency=United Press International|date=November 23, 1963|quote=CBS-TV reporter Charles Von Fremd summed up the scene aptly: 'An historic but aching moment.'}}</ref>
+| [[Dan Rather]]
+|-style="vertical-align: top;"
+| NBC
+| [[Bob Abernethy]] & [[Nancy Dickerson]]<ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=32–34}}</ref><ref name="Schindler"/>
+| Ray Scherer
+|}
+
+The contributors to the reporting on the arrival for the TV networks contributed along with NBC Director Max Schindler, who directed the coverage of the arrival for the networks, in 1965 when he directed ''A Conversation with the President'' at the White House with President Johnson during a conversation with him.<ref name="Schindler"/><ref name="ArrivalReportContributions"/>
+
+After President Kennedy's brother (and Attorney General) [[Robert F. Kennedy]], boarded the plane,<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=10–11}}</ref> Kennedy's casket was removed from the rear entrance and loaded into a light gray US Navy ambulance for its transport to the [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center|Bethesda Naval Hospital]] for an autopsy and mortician's preparations.<ref name="WhitePage11"/><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=30–31}}</ref> When Jackie Kennedy stepped off the plane with her brother-in-law, her pink suit and legs were still stained with her husband's blood.<ref name="WhitePage11">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=11}}</ref> All that long afternoon and into the early morning hours of the next day, the widow objected to leaving her husband's body, except for the swearing in of Johnson.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Life|date=November 29, 1963|volume=55|number=22|page=32A|title=She Said Goodby with a Kiss and a Ring}}</ref> She also refused to change out of her blood-stained suit; Lady Bird Johnson, in her audio diary, quoted Mrs. Kennedy as saying "I want them to see what they have done to Jack."<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Bird Johnson's Audio Diaries|publisher=ABCNews.com|access-date=October 27, 2008|url=https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3368356|date=July 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A White House Diary|last=Johnson|first=Lady Bird|location=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|year=1970|author-link=Lady Bird Johnson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Johnson Taped Impressions: Dictated Notes Show a Flash of Anger by Mrs. Kennedy|first=Nan|last=Robertson|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 1964|page=33|author-link=Nan C. Robertson}}</ref>
+
+The best-known reporter covering the arrival was [[Theodore H. White]] of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine, who had been a close friend of Kennedy.<ref name="White">{{cite book|title=Theodore H. White and journalism as illusion|last=Hoffmann|first=Joyce|year=1995|publisher=University of Missouri Press|pages=176–177|location=Columbia, Mo.}}</ref> He summed it all up with "One wished for a cry, a sob, a wail, any human sound..."<ref name="White"/>
+
+Shortly after the ambulance with the casket and Mrs. Kennedy departed, President Johnson and the First Lady exited ''Air Force One''.<ref name="Arrival">{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=16}}</ref> They were led to a podium clustered with microphones where Lyndon Johnson made his first official statement as President of the United States:
+
+{{blockquote|This is a sad time for all people. We have suffered a loss that cannot be weighed. For me, it is a deep, personal tragedy. I know the world shares the sorrow that Mrs. Kennedy and her family bear. I will do my best; that is all I can do. I ask for your help and God's.<ref name="LBJ-Page17"/><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=39}}</ref>}}
+
+Johnson himself ordered the arrival to be televised live.<ref name="LiveArrival">{{harvnb|Miller|1980|p=320}}</ref> While en route to Washington from Dallas, he and Kilduff told the other assistant press secretary, Andrew Hatcher, that he was going to make his statement and that he wanted the arrival to be televised live.<ref name="LiveArrival"/> As the new president boarded his helicopter, he said that Mrs. Kennedy was in his heart and remarked about the presidency, and recounted, "Then the door of the helicopter slammed shut behind me and thus ended a tragic chapter in American history."<ref name="LBJ-Page17">{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=17}}</ref>
+
+During that conversation he had with Johnson at the White House, Schindler talked about the arrival, describing the sequence of events to him and asked "Were you in the plane watching TV at that time?" He replied that he was watching television and said that he seeing Schindler pan his camera back to ''Air Force One'' was his cue to come out, saying, "Damn right and I figured that was my cue to come out."<ref name="Schindler"/><ref name="ArrivalReportContributions">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/NBC-Director-Recalls-Historic-Coverage-of-JFKs-Death-232869031.html|title=NBC Director Recalls Historic Coverage of JFK's Death|date=November 21, 2013|access-date=November 16, 2019|work=NBCWashington.com|quote=A few years later, President Johnson told Schindler that he was watching TV before he stepped out of ''Air Force One''. When the camera panned back to the plane, he saw it as his signal to come out and address the nation.}}</ref> He summed up the scene, "So much for the reported dramatic portrayal of the passing of the baton from the old to the new."<ref name="Schindler"/>
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0 => 'This article outlines the media coverage after the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]], the [[List of presidents of the United States|35th]] [[president of the United States]], on November 22, 1963 at 12.30pm CST.',
1 => '',
2 => '==Breaking the news==',
3 => '===Locally in Dallas===',
4 => 'In Dallas, ''The Rex Jones Show'' on music station [[KFXR (AM)|KLIF]] was interrupted by the first news bulletin at approximately 12:38 p.m. CST.<ref>{{YouTube|id=3Mo2pl59XDU|title=KLIF-RADIO (DALLAS, TEXAS) (11/22/63) (3-HOUR, 8-MINUTE VERSION, WITH SOME EDITED MUSIC)}}</ref> A "bulletin alert" sounder faded in during the song "I Have a Boyfriend" by [[the Chiffons]]. The song was stopped and newscaster [[Gary DeLaune]] made the first announcement over the bulletin signal:',
5 => '',
6 => '{{blockquote|This KLIF bulletin from Dallas: Three shots reportedly were fired at the motorcade of President Kennedy today near the downtown section. KLIF News is checking out the report. We will have further reports. Stay tuned.}}',
7 => '',
8 => '[[KNGO|KBOX]] reporter Sam Pate, who was on the [[Interstate 35E (Texas)|Stemmons Freeway]] in a mobile news cruiser at the time of the shooting, covered the scene at Dealey Plaza and at Dallas City Hall with live radio updates. However, the widely repeated audio clip of Pate breathlessly reporting "It appears as though something has happened in the motorcade route!" is in fact taken from a reenactment recorded several days later.<ref>[https://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/25668-sam-pate/ Sam Pate's statement] filed in a CIA "JFK Assassination System" form, along with some other information about the recording, dated January 26, 1970. Page found 2022-11-22.</ref><ref>Pate's tape was analyzed to see if gunshots could be heard for spectral analysis. "The FBI also informed the Commission that the newsman had stated that most of the tape was not recorded in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination, but was recorded in a studio several days later after he had been dismissed by his station, KBOX." [https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1b.html Scientific Acoustical Evidence Establishes a High Probability That Two Gunmen Fired at President John F. Kennedy], JFK Assassination Records in the National Archives. Page found 2022-11-22.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Pate {{!}} The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza |url=https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928130037/https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>',
9 => '',
10 => 'Dallas [[CBS Radio]] affiliate [[KRLD (AM)|KRLD]] concluded the coverage of the presidential party's arrival at Love Field and switched to reporter Bob Huffaker, who was standing at the corner of Main and Akard Streets in the downtown area, just 1/2 mile east of Dealey Plaza. After the president's car passed him, Huffaker continued reporting for several more minutes and was believed to have been on the air as the shooting took place (although shots cannot be heard in the audio coverage). Shortly after KRLD returned to regular programming with the nationally syndicated religious program ''[[Back to the Bible]]'', the first reports of the shooting came through CBS Radio. Huffaker was not aware of the developments until he arrived back at the KRLD studio after wrapping up his coverage, and he quickly drove to Parkland Hospital to report the scene outside the emergency entrance.',
11 => '',
12 => '[[NBC Radio Network|NBC Radio]] affiliate [[WBAP (AM)|WBAP]] played instrumental music, with interruptions for local bulletins, until NBC Radio's continuous coverage began.',
13 => '',
14 => 'Dallas' ABC television affiliate [[WFAA-TV|WFAA]] was airing a local lifestyle program, ''The Julie Benell Show''. At 12:45 p.m. CST, the station abruptly switched from the prerecorded program to news director Jay Watson, who had been at Dealey Plaza and had heard three shots before running back to the station:',
15 => '',
16 => '{{blockquote|Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. You'll excuse the fact that I am out of breath, but about 10 or 15 minutes ago, a tragic thing, from all indications at this point, has happened in the city of Dallas. Let me quote to you this... ''[briefly looks down at the bulletin sheet in his left hand]'' And I'll -- you'll excuse me if I am out of breath. A bulletin, this is from the United Press from Dallas: (Reading [[United Press International|UPI]] bulletin) 'President Kennedy and Governor John Connally have been cut down by assassins' bullets in downtown Dallas. They were riding in an open automobile when the shots were fired. The president, his limp body carried in the arms of his wife Jacqueline, has rushed to Parkland Hospital.'<ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|p=23}}</ref>}}',
17 => '',
18 => 'Watson then anchored WFAA's continuous coverage of the tragedy with [[Jerry Haynes]], host of the children's show ''Mr. Peppermint'', including an interview with witnesses [[Abraham Zapruder]] and Bill and Gayle Newman.',
19 => '',
20 => 'NBC affiliate [[KXAS-TV|WBAP]] was showing a program called ''Dateline'' at the time when the news first broke.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-11-22 |title=Television Log Friday |pages=17 |work=[[Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref>',
21 => '',
22 => '===Nationally===',
23 => 'The first national news bulletin of the shooting was transmitted over the [[ABC Radio Network]] at 12:36 p.m. CST/1:36 p.m. EST.<ref name="ABC">{{harvnb|Trost|Bennett|2003|p=34}}</ref> The network was airing the ''Music in the Afternoon'' program hosted by Dirk Fredericks and Joel Crager,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXvbcEH3joU |title=JFK'S ASSASSINATION (ABC RADIO NETWORK) (NOVEMBER 22, 1963) |date=2013-11-26 |type=Video clip of radio broadcast |orig-date=1963-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Annual/1964/801-900-Radio-Annual-1964.pdf |title=Yearbook of Radio & Television |publisher=Radio Television Daily |year=1964 |edition=27th |pages=823, 826}}</ref> and [[Doris Day]]'s recording of "[[Hooray for Hollywood (song)|Hooray for Hollywood]]" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner interrupted with:',
24 => '',
25 => '{{blockquote|We interrupt this program to bring you a special bulletin from ABC Radio. Here is a special bulletin from Dallas, Texas. Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today in downtown Dallas, Texas.<ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|p=22}}</ref> This is ABC Radio. To repeat, in Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today, the president now making a two-day speaking tour of Texas. We're going to stand by for more details on the incident in Dallas. Stay tuned to your ABC station for further details. Now we return you to your regular program.<ref name="ABC"/>}}',
26 => '',
27 => 'At 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m., CBS became the first television network to report the news, interrupting its live broadcast of the [[soap opera]] ''[[As the World Turns]]''. A large, black "CBS News Bulletin" slide appeared on-screen while [[Walter Cronkite]], reporting from the CBS Radio flash booth, filed an audio-only report. Cronkite could not immediately appear on the air because there were no active and ready cameras in the CBS newsroom; television cameras of the era used [[Video camera tube#Image orthicon|image orthicon tubes]] that required approximately 20 minutes of warmup time (CBS would, shortly after this, enact a policy that ensured a camera would be operational at all times for breaking news bulletins).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjYPWFfnL74C&pg=PA43|title=Principles of Fluoroscopic Image Intensification and Television Systems: Workbook and Laboratory Manual|last=Parelli|first=Robert J.|date=November 21, 1996|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781574440829|language=en}}</ref> Cronkite announced:',
28 => '',
29 => '{{blockquote|Here is a bulletin from CBS News. In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas. The first reports say that President Kennedy has been seriously wounded by this shooting. More details just arrived. These details about the same as previously: President Kennedy shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She called "Oh, no!" The motorcade sped on. United Press says that the wounds for President Kennedy perhaps could be fatal. Repeating, a bulletin from CBS News: President Kennedy has been shot by a would-be assassin in Dallas, Texas. Stay tuned to CBS News for further details.}}',
30 => '',
31 => 'Cronkite broke in with a second bulletin just as ''As the World Turns'', which was still being performed live as nobody had been made aware of the interruptions, was about to return from its mid-show station identification break.<ref name="bugliosi">{{cite book |last=Bugliosi |first=Vincent |title=Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy |date=2008-05-17 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-33215-5 |page=89}}</ref> The serial was then joined in progress, and during the advertising break that followed CBS broke in one more time with Cronkite updating the audience on what was transpiring. This time, he remained on the air filing reports over the bumper slide until the camera was ready, which happened to coincide with CBS’ station identification break at the top of the 2:00 PM hour; Cronkite then told viewers that the network would briefly pause so all of its affiliates could join the broadcast. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/21/asb.00.html|title=CNN Newsnight Aaron Brown transcript|date=November 21, 2003|website=transcripts.cnn.com|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref>',
32 => '',
33 => '[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[NBC]] were not broadcasting nationally at the time of the CBS bulletins, and their affiliate stations were airing their own content.<ref name="TenBells" /> In New York, [[WABC-TV]]'s first bulletin came from Ed Silverman at 1:42 p.m. EST, interrupting a rerun of ''[[The Ann Sothern Show]]''. At the same time of ABC-TV's first bulletin, NBC Radio reported the first of three "Hotline Bulletins", each preceded by a "talk-up alert" that provided all NBC-affiliated stations 30 seconds to join their parent network.',
34 => '',
35 => 'Three minutes later, [[Don Pardo]] interrupted [[WNBC-TV]]'s local rerun of ''[[Bachelor Father (US TV series)|Bachelor Father]]'' with the news, announcing: "President Kennedy was shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She cried 'Oh no!' The motorcade sped on."<ref name="Associated Press 1963 page=14" /><ref name="NBCNews">{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=13}}</ref> At 1:53 p.m. EST, NBC broke into programming with an NBC Network bumper slide followed by coverage anchored by [[Chet Huntley]] and [[Bill Ryan (journalist)|Bill Ryan]].<ref name="NBCNews" /> However, NBC's camera was not ready and its coverage was limited to audio-only reports. At 1:57 p.m. EST, just as [[Frank McGee (journalism)|Frank McGee]] joined the broadcast, NBC began broadcasting the report when its camera became operational.<ref name="PhilGries">{{cite web |title=JFK Assassination Coverage |url=http://www.atvaudio.com/jfk.php |access-date=April 8, 2010 |work=Archival Television Audio}}</ref> However, the first few minutes are considered lost, as the network did not begin recording at the start of its coverage, though an audio recording of Pardo's bulletins exists.<ref>{{YouTube|id=oJnoFA0u2Eg |title=NBC-TV COVERAGE OF JFK'S ASSASSINATION ON NOVEMBER 22, 1963 (6+ HOURS)}}</ref>',
36 => '',
37 => 'Other than for two audio-only bulletins (one following the initial report), ABC did not disrupt its affiliate stations' programming, instead waiting until the network was to return to broadcasting at 2:00 p.m. EST to begin its coverage.',
38 => '',
39 => 'Radio coverage was reported by Don Gardiner (ABC), [[Allan Jackson]] (CBS) and (after a top-of-the-hour newscast) [[Peter Hackes]] and [[Edwin Newman]] (NBC).',
40 => '',
41 => '==Television and radio coverage (from approx. 2:00 to 2:40 p.m. EST)==',
42 => '',
43 => '===ABC===',
44 => 'Providing the reports for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Television]] were [[Don Goddard]], [[Ron Cochran]], and Ed Silverman in New York, [[Edward P. Morgan]] in Washington, [[Bob Clark (television reporter)|Bob Clark]] (who as noted above had been riding in the motorcade when Kennedy was shot) from Parkland Hospital, and Bill Lord from the Dallas County sheriff's office. As with the other networks, ABC interspersed with their Dallas affiliate WFAA-TV 8 for up-to-date information. Reporting from WFAA were Bob Walker (who had been at Love Field for live coverage of the President's arrival) and Jay Watson (who had remained on the air locally from the time he broke into local programming upon his return from Dealey Plaza). They were later joined by Bob Clark upon his arrival from the hospital.',
45 => '',
46 => 'ABC's initial coverage of the incident was very disorganized. Cochran, ABC's primary news anchor, was on his lunch break when word of the assassination attempt first broke and the network had to call him back to the studio. Silverman was the voice accompanying ABC's first bulletin, broadcast during a rerun episode of ''[[Father Knows Best]]'' that was airing on a majority of the network's affiliates in the Mountain Time Zone at the time; the surviving videotape of ABC's initial bulletins appears to have been recorded by then-affiliate [[KTVK]] in Phoenix, as it contains the interruption of ''Father Knows Best''. The first on-camera report was given by Goddard in the network's news studio, which was too far away from the teletype machines. Goddard then moved to the newsroom and was joined by the returning Cochran, and the technical crew began constructing an impromptu news set around them (ABC did not have studio space ready for such an occasion; NBC had a flash studio in its newsroom and CBS' reports came directly from their own newsroom as they had since they launched an evening newscast earlier in 1963). Cochran and Goddard were forced to stand and awkwardly hold microphones and headsets so they could report the information.',
47 => '',
48 => 'In addition to the disorganization in New York, ABC was not able to switch to Dallas to speak to its correspondents. Only one feed was available to them at first, which came from the Dallas Trade Mart and CBS affiliate KRLD reporter Eddie Barker. CBS had earlier aired snippets of Barker's report, but had cut it off to return to its own reporting of the incident before Barker finished; ABC aired the remainder of the report until the end. The reason that ABC was able to air the CBS affiliate's coverage was due to a pool arrangement the three major Dallas stations agreed to for the President's visit. [[KXAS|WBAP]] was responsible for covering the President's visit to Fort Worth and his departure and landing at Love Field, WFAA was assigned to cover the parade through downtown Dallas, and KRLD was set up at the Dallas Trade Mart for the address the President was to give.',
49 => '',
50 => 'At 2:25 p.m. EST, while attempting to switch to Bob Clark in Dallas, ABC Radio reported that Parkland Hospital said President Kennedy was dead, and then stressed that it was unconfirmed. Upon reporting the news, anchor Don Gardiner said this to his audience:',
51 => '',
52 => '{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, this is a moment trying for all of us. Let us pause, and let us all pray.}}',
53 => '',
54 => 'ABC Radio then stopped coverage to broadcast orchestral music.<ref>http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/ABC_JFK_03.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref>',
55 => '',
56 => 'At 2:33 p.m. EST, Cochran reported on ABC Television that the two priests who were called into the hospital to administer the last rites to the President said that he had died from his wounds. Although this was an unconfirmed report, ABC prematurely placed a photo of the President with the words "JOHN F. KENNEDY – 1917–1963" on the screen.',
57 => '',
58 => 'Five minutes later, this photo was again prematurely placed when Cochran received an erroneous report that the President had died at 1:35 p.m. CST when, in fact, he had died at 1:00 p.m. CST. A few minutes following that, Cochran received further information regarding the President's condition and relayed the following to the ABC viewing audience:',
59 => '',
60 => '{{blockquote|Government sources now confirm...we have this from Washington. Government sources now confirm that President Kennedy is dead. So that, apparently, is the final word and an incredible event that I am sure no one except the assassin himself could have possibly imagined would occur on this day.}}',
61 => '',
62 => 'On ABC Radio, Gardiner reported the news, but did not say whether or not it was official. ABC then switched to Pete Clapper on [[Capitol Hill]] for an interview with the Senate's press liaison Richard Reidel. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death:',
63 => '',
64 => '{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead. The President is dead. Let us pray.}}',
65 => '',
66 => 'ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music.',
67 => '',
68 => '===CBS===',
69 => 'At 2:00 p.m. EST, CBS took an extended station identification break so the affiliates in the Mountain and Pacific time zones could join the rest of the network in covering the story. Cronkite, now at his desk in the newsroom, appeared on camera for the first time and, for the sake of any new viewers who might not have been aware of what was happening, told the audience of the attempt made on the President's life.',
70 => '',
71 => 'From the time the CBS affiliates joined Cronkite in the news room at the top of the hour to approximately 2:38 p.m. EST, the coverage alternated from the CBS Newsroom and Cronkite, to KRLD-TV's [[Eddie Barker]] at the Dallas Trade Mart where President Kennedy was to give his luncheon address.',
72 => '',
73 => 'At approximately 2:11 p.m. EST, CBS News correspondent [[Dan Rather]] telephoned one of the two priests who performed last rites on Kennedy to confirm that he had indeed been shot. "Yes, he's been shot and he is dead," the priest told Rather. Almost simultaneously at the Trade Mart, a doctor went up to Barker and whispered, "Eddie, he is dead... I called the emergency room and he is DOA." Moments later, as the news cameras panned throughout the Trade Mart crowds, Barker gave this report:',
74 => '',
75 => '{{blockquote|As you can imagine, there are many stories that are coming in now as to the actual condition of the President. One is that he is dead; this cannot be confirmed. Another is that Governor Connally is in the operating room; this we have not confirmed.}}',
76 => '',
77 => 'Several minutes later, when CBS switched back to KRLD and the Trade Mart for another report, Barker repeated the claim of the President's death, adding "the source would normally be a good one." During this report, as Barker was speaking of security precautions for the President's visit, a Trade Mart employee was shown removing the Presidential seal from the podium where President Kennedy was to have spoken.',
78 => '',
79 => '====CBS Radio's death announcement====',
80 => 'At 2:19 p.m. EST, CBS Dallas correspondents Dan Rather and Eddie Barker spoke by telephone to "compare notes, to take stock". Rather was aware that there was an open line to New York as the two of them spoke, but "didn't realize how many people were ''on'' that phone line", which included at least three individuals from CBS Radio.<ref name=":1">{{YouTube|title=walter cronkite documentary about JFK broadcast|id=tkiBRcdH_Pc}}</ref> Rather, who had "no doubt in his mind" that Kennedy was dead, nevertheless was not delivering ''official'' word to CBS Radio, nor was he aware that his discussion with Barker would be construed as such. As Rather spoke to Barker, an individual from CBS Radio asked, "Did you say the president is dead?" Rather replied, "Yes."<ref name=":1" /> Based on the call, CBS Radio newsroom supervisor Robert Skedgell wrote "JFK DEAD" on a slip of paper and handed it to CBS Radio news anchor [[Allan Jackson]]. At 2:22 p.m. EST, eleven minutes before Kilduff's official announcement, Jackson made the following announcement:',
81 => '',
82 => '{{blockquote|Ladies and gentlemen, the president of the United States is dead. John F. Kennedy has died of the wounds he received in an assassination in Dallas less than an hour ago. We repeat: it has just been announced that President Kennedy is dead.<ref name="WCCO-AM-1">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=11:58|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}',
83 => '',
84 => 'After the announcement, CBS Radio, apparently trying to play "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", accidentally aired a brief excerpt of an LP [[Samuel Barber]]'s ''[[Adagio for Strings]]'' played at the wrong speed of 78 RPM.<ref name="WCCO-AM-2">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=12:27|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> After a few seconds of silence, Jackson repeated the news:',
85 => '',
86 => '{{blockquote|John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President Of The United States, is dead at the age of 46. Shot by an assassin as he drove through the streets of Dallas, Texas less than an hour ago. Repeating this: the President is dead, killed in Dallas, Texas by a gunshot wound.<ref name="WCCO-AM-3">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=12:44|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}',
87 => '',
88 => 'This was followed by an excerpt from the first movement to [[Beethoven]]'s [[Pastoral Symphony]].<ref name="WCCO-AM-4">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=13:15|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> After the music, Jackson again repeated the news:',
89 => '',
90 => '{{blockquote|We repeat our announcement that the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead in Dallas, Texas, of an assassin's bullets. He was shot, and governor Tom Connelly of the state of Texas was shot, as they rode in a motorcade through the streets of Dallas less than an hour ago. Governor Connelly is in serious condition, President John Kennedy is dead. The 35th president of the United States, he was 46 years old.',
91 => '',
92 => 'According to the constitution, Vice President Lyndon Johnson will now succeed Mr. Kennedy in office. Mr. Johnson will become the 36th president of the United States, very probably within a few hours upon taking the oath of office.<ref name="WCCO-AM-5">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=14:03|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>}}',
93 => '',
94 => 'After Jackson's announcement, his co-anchor [[Dallas Townsend]] added:',
95 => '',
96 => '{{blockquote|Well, as a matter of fact, Allan, Lyndon Johnson is now the president whether he takes the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|Oath]] or not. He is the president.<ref name="WCCO-AM-6">{{cite AV media|date=November 22, 1963|title=WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy|people=Bill Lund|location=Woodbury, Minnesota|format=MP3|url=http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3|time=15:03|access-date=June 28, 2015}}</ref>}}',
97 => '',
98 => 'Townsend's comment was followed by "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]".',
99 => '',
100 => '====CBS TV====',
101 => 'While CBS Radio had taken Dan Rather's earlier discussion with Barker as confirmation of the president's death, there was a debate going on between CBS television network officials as to whether or not to report this development, as Rather's report was not a truly official confirmation. At 2:27 p.m. EST, they decided to give Rather's report to Cronkite, who relayed this to the nation:',
102 => '',
103 => '{{blockquote|We just have a report from our correspondent Dan Rather in Dallas that he has confirmed that President Kennedy is dead. There is still no official confirmation of this. However, it's a report from our correspondent, Dan Rather, in Dallas, Texas.}}',
104 => '',
105 => 'Approximately five minutes after this, one of the newsroom staff members rushed to Cronkite's desk with another bulletin. As Cronkite read the bulletin, he had to re-read it as he stumbled over his words.',
106 => '',
107 => '{{blockquote|The priest... who were with Kennedy... the two priests who were with Kennedy say that he is dead of his bullet wounds. That seems to be about as close to official as we can get at this time.}}',
108 => '',
109 => 'Although Cronkite continued to stress that there was no official confirmation, the tone of Cronkite's words seemed to indicate that it would only be a matter of time before the official word came. Three minutes later, he received the same report that ABC's Ron Cochran chose to relay as official word. Cronkite did not do the same, reporting it instead in this context:',
110 => '',
111 => '{{blockquote|And now, from Washington, government sources say that President Kennedy is dead. Those are government sources, still not an official announcement.}}',
112 => '',
113 => 'Cronkite continued as before while still awaiting word of the official confirmation of the President's death, which at this time had been relayed by Kilduff at the hospital two minutes prior but had not made the press wires yet. After speaking about what Kennedy had done earlier that day in Fort Worth, Cronkite noted that the plane from Fort Worth flew the President to his "rendezvous with ''death, apparently'', in Dallas", although the official bulletin still had not arrived yet.',
114 => '',
115 => 'Immediately after that, at 2:38 p.m. EST, Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement:',
116 => '',
117 => '{{blockquote|From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official: ''[reading [[Associated Press|AP]] flash]'' 'PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIED AT 1 P.M. (CST),'<ref name="Associated Press 1963 page=15"/> 2:00 Eastern Standard Time, some thirty-eight minutes ago.}}',
118 => '',
119 => 'After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses, visibly moved for a moment. Cronkite continued:',
120 => '',
121 => '{{blockquote|Vice President Johnson... ''(clears throat)'' ...has left the hospital in Dallas, but we do not know to where he has proceeded. Presumably, he will be taking the oath of office shortly and become the thirty-sixth president of the United States.}}',
122 => '',
123 => 'There was a sense of irony to CBS' coverage of the assassination. On September 2, 1963, Kennedy gave an interview with Cronkite, helping CBS inaugurate network television's first half hour evening newscast.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cronkite|first=Walter|title=A Reporter's Life|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1996|isbn=0-394-57879-1}}</ref>',
124 => '',
125 => 'It should perhaps be noted that CBS did not include any further coverage from Dallas or Washington as the other networks had until after the announcement of Kennedy's death. As coverage continued following the announcement, [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]] relieved Cronkite in New York while Neil Strawser reported from CBS' Washington bureau and Dan Rather and Eddie Barker provided reports from KRLD in Dallas.',
126 => '',
127 => '===NBC===',
128 => 'At NBC-TV, [[Chet Huntley]], [[Bill Ryan (journalist)|Bill Ryan]], and [[Frank McGee (journalist)|Frank McGee]] anchored from the network's emergency "flash" studio (code name 5HN) in New York, with reports from [[David Brinkley]] and [[Martin Agronsky]] in Washington, Charles Murphy and Tom Whelan from NBC affiliate WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) in Fort Worth, Texas, and [[Robert MacNeil]], who had been in the motorcade, at [[Parkland Hospital]].<ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=13–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Howard|date=1988-11-22|title=Death of Kennedy & Birth of TV News|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-22-ca-507-story.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> [[Edwin Newman]] reported from NBC Radio with periodic simulcast with NBC-TV. NBC Radio's coverage was simulcast in Canada by [[CBC Radio One|CBC Radio]].<ref>Ahluwalia, Raj (2002). ''We Interrupt This Program''. Toronto: Winding Stair Press. p. 52.</ref> Also, the United States' international shortwave broadcaster, [[Voice of America]], relayed portions of NBC's coverage (including the simulcast with the television coverage) as part of its English-language coverage of the tragic news. (A short aircheck of VOA exists in which the announcers on duty attempt to make sense of the conflicting reports about Kennedy's condition, and then the station briefly simulcasts NBC before heading into [[Polish language|Polish-language]] programming at 1:00 p.m. Central Time.)',
129 => '',
130 => 'Throughout the first 35 minutes, there were technical difficulties with the Fort Worth TV relay as well as with the phone link MacNeil was using to report from the hospital.<ref name="TenBells">{{cite news|title=Ten Bells Signaled Moment in History|agency=Associated Press|date=November 17, 1988|first=Alan|last=Robinson}}</ref> When the coverage began, McGee was waiting for MacNeil to call in with information. While Ryan and Huntley were recounting the information, McGee got MacNeil on the line and told him to recount chronologically what happened.<ref name="NBC News 1966 page=14">{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|p=14}}</ref> The NBC flash studio had no way of patching calls through the studio speakers, however, so nobody else could hear what MacNeil was saying.<ref name="TenBells"/> While the studio crew worked on a solution, McGee improvised and told MacNeil to relay the information in fragments, which he would then repeat for the audience. While they were talking, Huntley was handed a speaker from off camera and took the receiver from McGee so he could attach it to the earpiece, this enabling MacNeil to be heard. However, by that time there was no further information to report; MacNeil had a medical student from Parkland hold the phone line for him so that he could return to the emergency ward for the latest developments. He would return briefly several minutes later to offer more word on the condition of the President, during which the phone link temporarily worked, but as MacNeil left again the relay cut out. Before he left, he informed McGee that a press conference regarding Kennedy's condition was forthcoming.<ref name="NBC News 1966 page=14"/>',
131 => '',
132 => 'At approximately 2:35 p.m. EST, shortly after Ryan reported that a neurosurgeon had just arrived at Parkland to assist in treating Kennedy. Huntley alluded to the last time a president had died in office:',
133 => '',
134 => '{{blockquote|In just this momentary lull, I would assume that the memory of every person listening at this moment has flashed back to that day in April 1945 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt{{nbsp}}...}}',
135 => '',
136 => 'However, he was unable to complete his thought. The flash regarding the priests who administered the Last Rites to the President had reached the desk while Huntley was speaking, and Ryan interrupted him to relay this:<ref name="DeathNews"/>',
137 => '',
138 => '{{blockquote|Excuse me, Chet. Here is a flash from the Associated Press, dateline Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation, but this is what we have on a flash basis from the Associated Press: 'Two priests in Dallas who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation. This is the only word we have indicating that the president may, in fact, have lost his life. It has just moved on the Associated Press wires from Dallas. The two priests were called to the hospital to administer the last rites of the Roman Catholic Church. And it is from them, we get the word, that the president has died, that the bullet wounds inflicted on him as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas have been fatal. We will remind you that there is no official confirmation of this from any source as yet.}}',
139 => '',
140 => 'As this was going on, McGee received a report from Parkland Hospital. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, Vice President Johnson had been advised to begin heading back to Washington to assume executive duties in case he needed to be sworn in. Johnson decided to wait until he received word of Kennedy's condition, which he did at approximately 1:20 PM CST.<ref name="MillerPage315"/><ref name="Johnson-Page11"/> McGee reported to Ryan that a motorcade carrying the Johnsons had just left Parkland Hospital, which Ryan took to be confirmation of the President's death as the priests had reported.',
141 => '',
142 => 'On NBC Radio and CBC Radio, Newman reported the same flash, having received it about half a minute after Ryan did:',
143 => '',
144 => '{{blockquote|Here is a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds suffered in the assassination attempt today.' I repeat, a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' This is the latest information we have from Dallas. We are, of course, standing by to give you all available information as it comes to us. I will repeat, with the greatest regret, this flash: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he has died of bullet wounds.'<ref>http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/NBC_Radio_JFK_News_%20Coverage_5.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref>}}',
145 => '',
146 => 'At that point, both radio networks rejoined NBC-TV where Ryan reported that there may in fact be confirmation of the priests' account of Kennedy's death. The feed then switched back to Charles Murphy at WBAP-TV, who reported that although no official statement had been released by the President's staff, the Dallas Police Department had been notified of Kennedy's death and radioed the word to every one of its officers on duty shortly before the flash from Dallas made the wires.<ref name="DeathNews"/>',
147 => '',
148 => 'As Murphy was filing his report, McGee got back in touch with Robert MacNeil, who had just returned from the aforementioned press conference. Partway through the report, the audio link was fixed and MacNeil could be clearly heard in the studio and on the air. McGee was unaware of this, as he simply carried on as he had been:<ref name="DeathNews"/>',
149 => '',
150 => '{{blockquote|White House (Acting) Press Secretary... Malcolm Kilduff... has just announced that President Kennedy... died at approximately 1:00 Central Standard Time, which is about 35 minutes ago... (''audio enabled'') ...after being shot at (after being shot)... by an unknown assailant (by an unknown assailant) ...during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas (during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas).}}',
151 => '',
152 => 'After MacNeil had finished giving all the relevant information available, he left the phone to obtain further information. McGee, wiping a tear from his eye, stood by and kept the phone line open for MacNeil's next update.',
153 => '',
154 => '===KLIF Radio, Dallas===',
155 => 'From local radio station [[KLIF (AM)|KLIF]], Gary Delaune relayed the bulletins as received with reports from Joe Long from KLIF News Mobile Unit #4. Long, who had reported the President's arrival at Love Field earlier and filed reports from his news cruiser after he had gotten stuck in traffic in the midst of the chaos,<ref>{{cite web |title=ReelRadio - The Steve Eberhardt Collection - KLIF Dallas November 22, 1963 |url=http://reelradio.com/se/klif63.html |website=ReelRadio |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> later joined Delaune in the studio; Roy Nichols took over the #4 mobile unit and headed for Parkland Hospital. After a report from the Trade Mart, radio broadcaster and KLIF founder [[Gordon McLendon]] returned to the radio station to relieve Delaune. The reporters continuously stressed, as a strict radio station rule of McLendon's, whether the information received is from official or unofficial sources, especially concerning reports of the President's death. At approximately 1:38 p.m. CST, KLIF's Teletype sounded ten bells (indicating an incoming bulletin of utmost importance) and Long was given the official flash:',
156 => '',
157 => '{{blockquote|Gordon McLendon: The President is clearly, gravely, critically, and perhaps fatally wounded. There are strong indications that he may already have expired, although that is not official, we repeat, not official. But, the extent of the injuries to Governor Connally is, uh, a closely shrouded secret at the moment...',
158 => '',
159 => 'Joe Long: President Kennedy is dead, Gordon. This is official word.',
160 => '',
161 => 'Gordon McLendon: Ladies and gentlemen, the President is dead. The President, ladies and gentlemen, is dead at Parkland Hospital in Dallas.}}',
162 => '',
163 => 'KLIF's continuous coverage would eventually be aired over an ad-hoc radio network of its own, as the station's coverage was fed to KLIF's sister stations in Houston, Louisville, and other cities and reportedly aired (with or without permission) on dozens, possibly hundreds, of others.',
164 => '',
165 => 'Following the official announcement of President Kennedy's death, all three commercial networks suspended their regular programming and commercials for the first time in the short history of television and ran coverage on a non-stop basis for four days.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=5–6, 12–13}}</ref> The assassination of President Kennedy was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of American television until just before 9:00 a.m. EDT, September 11, 2001, when the networks were on the air for 72 hours straight covering the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terrorist attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks|date=September 15, 2001|first1=Bill|last1=Carter|first2=Jim|last2=Rutenberg|newspaper=New York Times|page=A14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-the-attacks-television-viewers-again-return-to-traditional-networks.html?pagewanted=print|quote=Sometime around 9 a.m. yesterday a television milestone was reached: three broadcast networks had covered one news event for more consecutive hours than any previous event in American history. The terrorist attacks on New York and the Pentagon have truly become the story of a lifetime on television, surpassing even the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which no network covered for more than 70 consecutive hours. As of yesterday morning, CBS, NBC and ABC, the three networks at the time of Kennedy's assassination and funeral, had been on the air continuously, without commercial interruption, for 72 hours (though some affiliates continued to air regularly-scheduled local newscasts during that time).}}</ref>',
166 => '',
167 => '===United Kingdom===',
168 => 'A [[Reuters]] tickertape machine reported news of the assassination at GMT 6:42 PM, 12 minutes after the event.',
169 => '',
170 => '{{blockquote|President Kennedy was shot at today while riding in a motor convoy. A photographer reported seeing blood on the President's head.}}',
171 => '',
172 => 'Granada Television, broadcasting the news program ''Scene at 6:30'' to the north of England from [[Manchester]], reported the news just before GMT 7:00. The [[BBC]] shortly followed up with announcements on its three national radio networks, including the program ''[[Radio Newsreel]]'' which ran from GMT 7:00 to GMT 7:30 PM with a Washington-based BBC journalist providing live updates by phone to an estimated 2.7 million listeners. ',
173 => '',
174 => 'On BBC television, the first announcement to air was made at GMT 7:05 PM by a junior and unfamiliar newsreader, John Roberts, just prior to the program ''[[Tonight (1957 TV programme)|Tonight]]''. ''Tonight'' continued with its planned edition until around GMT 7:26 PM when Roberts returned to provide updates of Kennedy's critical condition. Shortly after on air he answered a phone call from [[BBC Monitoring]] which relayed news of the death of Kennedy as reported by the [[Voice of America]]. Roberts' countenance visibly changed and he announced to the audience, "We regret to announce that President Kennedy is dead," before bowing his head and not looking up. For the next 19 minutes the BBC screened its logo and a revolving globe, punctuated by three bulletins read by Roberts. BBC management then decided to revert back to regular programming, screening ''Here's Harry'' from GMT 7:45 PM, followed by ''[[Dr. Finlay's Casebook]]'', a decision which attracted over 2,000 phone calls and 500 letters and telegrams in complaint.',
175 => '',
176 => 'At GMT 11:00 pm, four hours after the news broke, the BBC broadcast ''Tribute to President Kennedy'', featuring Prime Minister [[Alec Douglas-Home]], Liberal leader [[Jo Grimond]] and Leader of the Opposition [[Harold Wilson]] who had sped from North Wales to the BBC's Manchester studio. ',
177 => '',
178 => 'On ITV television, a newsflash interrupted a game show around GMT 7:10 PM, but the program continued, as did ''[[Emergency - Ward 10]]'' which followed at GMT 7:30 PM. Ten minutes later the program was cut and an announcement of Kennedy's death was made, and updates continued over the station's interlude card. A recorded programme of solemn music performed by the Hallé Orchestra followed. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How the Kennedy assassination caught the BBC on the hop|website=The Independent|date=18 November 2003|access-date=22 February 2023}}',
179 => '</ref>',
180 => '',
181 => '==Return to Washington==',
182 => 'Once back at ''Air Force One'', and only after Mrs. Kennedy and President Kennedy's body had also returned to the plane, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn]] in by [[Sarah T. Hughes]] as the [[List of presidents of the United States|36th]] [[president of the United States]] at 2:38 p.m. CST.<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=33–35}}</ref> One of President Kennedy's aides stayed with his coffin during the swearing-in of Johnson.<ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=22–23}}</ref>',
183 => '',
184 => 'At about 6:00 p.m. EST, ''Air Force One'' arrived at [[Andrews Air Force Base]] near Washington, D.C.<ref name="Arrival"/><ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=11, 34}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=33, 37}}</ref> The television networks made the switch to the AFB just as the plane touched down.<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|p=13}}</ref> Reporting on the arrival for the TV networks were:',
185 => '',
186 => '{| class="wikitable"',
187 => '|-style="vertical-align: top;"',
188 => '! Network',
189 => '! Reporting',
190 => '! Contributing<ref name="ArrivalReportContributions"/><ref name="Schindler">{{cite book|title=The View from the Control Room|first=Max|last=Schindler|year=2020|publisher=Outskirts Press, Inc.|isbn=978-1977233400}}</ref>',
191 => '|-style="vertical-align: top;"',
192 => '| ABC',
193 => '| Richard Bate<ref>{{harvnb|Trost|Bennett|2003|p=141}}</ref>',
194 => '| [[Frank Reynolds]]',
195 => '|-style="vertical-align: top;"',
196 => '| CBS',
197 => '| Charles Von Fremd<ref>{{cite news|title=Networks suspend commercial programs|first=Rick|last=Du Brow|agency=United Press International|date=November 23, 1963|quote=CBS-TV reporter Charles Von Fremd summed up the scene aptly: 'An historic but aching moment.'}}</ref>',
198 => '| [[Dan Rather]]',
199 => '|-style="vertical-align: top;"',
200 => '| NBC',
201 => '| [[Bob Abernethy]] & [[Nancy Dickerson]]<ref>{{harvnb|NBC News|1966|pp=32–34}}</ref><ref name="Schindler"/>',
202 => '| Ray Scherer',
203 => '|}',
204 => '',
205 => 'The contributors to the reporting on the arrival for the TV networks contributed along with NBC Director Max Schindler, who directed the coverage of the arrival for the networks, in 1965 when he directed ''A Conversation with the President'' at the White House with President Johnson during a conversation with him.<ref name="Schindler"/><ref name="ArrivalReportContributions"/>',
206 => '',
207 => 'After President Kennedy's brother (and Attorney General) [[Robert F. Kennedy]], boarded the plane,<ref>{{harvnb|White|1965|pp=10–11}}</ref> Kennedy's casket was removed from the rear entrance and loaded into a light gray US Navy ambulance for its transport to the [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center|Bethesda Naval Hospital]] for an autopsy and mortician's preparations.<ref name="WhitePage11"/><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press|1963|pp=30–31}}</ref> When Jackie Kennedy stepped off the plane with her brother-in-law, her pink suit and legs were still stained with her husband's blood.<ref name="WhitePage11">{{harvnb|White|1965|p=11}}</ref> All that long afternoon and into the early morning hours of the next day, the widow objected to leaving her husband's body, except for the swearing in of Johnson.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Life|date=November 29, 1963|volume=55|number=22|page=32A|title=She Said Goodby with a Kiss and a Ring}}</ref> She also refused to change out of her blood-stained suit; Lady Bird Johnson, in her audio diary, quoted Mrs. Kennedy as saying "I want them to see what they have done to Jack."<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Bird Johnson's Audio Diaries|publisher=ABCNews.com|access-date=October 27, 2008|url=https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3368356|date=July 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A White House Diary|last=Johnson|first=Lady Bird|location=New York|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|year=1970|author-link=Lady Bird Johnson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Johnson Taped Impressions: Dictated Notes Show a Flash of Anger by Mrs. Kennedy|first=Nan|last=Robertson|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 1964|page=33|author-link=Nan C. Robertson}}</ref>',
208 => '',
209 => 'The best-known reporter covering the arrival was [[Theodore H. White]] of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine, who had been a close friend of Kennedy.<ref name="White">{{cite book|title=Theodore H. White and journalism as illusion|last=Hoffmann|first=Joyce|year=1995|publisher=University of Missouri Press|pages=176–177|location=Columbia, Mo.}}</ref> He summed it all up with "One wished for a cry, a sob, a wail, any human sound..."<ref name="White"/>',
210 => '',
211 => 'Shortly after the ambulance with the casket and Mrs. Kennedy departed, President Johnson and the First Lady exited ''Air Force One''.<ref name="Arrival">{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=16}}</ref> They were led to a podium clustered with microphones where Lyndon Johnson made his first official statement as President of the United States:',
212 => '',
213 => '{{blockquote|This is a sad time for all people. We have suffered a loss that cannot be weighed. For me, it is a deep, personal tragedy. I know the world shares the sorrow that Mrs. Kennedy and her family bear. I will do my best; that is all I can do. I ask for your help and God's.<ref name="LBJ-Page17"/><ref>{{harvnb|United Press International|''American Heritage'' Magazine|1964|pp=39}}</ref>}}',
214 => '',
215 => 'Johnson himself ordered the arrival to be televised live.<ref name="LiveArrival">{{harvnb|Miller|1980|p=320}}</ref> While en route to Washington from Dallas, he and Kilduff told the other assistant press secretary, Andrew Hatcher, that he was going to make his statement and that he wanted the arrival to be televised live.<ref name="LiveArrival"/> As the new president boarded his helicopter, he said that Mrs. Kennedy was in his heart and remarked about the presidency, and recounted, "Then the door of the helicopter slammed shut behind me and thus ended a tragic chapter in American history."<ref name="LBJ-Page17">{{harvnb|Johnson|1971|p=17}}</ref>',
216 => '',
217 => 'During that conversation he had with Johnson at the White House, Schindler talked about the arrival, describing the sequence of events to him and asked "Were you in the plane watching TV at that time?" He replied that he was watching television and said that he seeing Schindler pan his camera back to ''Air Force One'' was his cue to come out, saying, "Damn right and I figured that was my cue to come out."<ref name="Schindler"/><ref name="ArrivalReportContributions">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/NBC-Director-Recalls-Historic-Coverage-of-JFKs-Death-232869031.html|title=NBC Director Recalls Historic Coverage of JFK's Death|date=November 21, 2013|access-date=November 16, 2019|work=NBCWashington.com|quote=A few years later, President Johnson told Schindler that he was watching TV before he stepped out of ''Air Force One''. When the camera panned back to the plane, he saw it as his signal to come out and address the nation.}}</ref> He summed up the scene, "So much for the reported dramatic portrayal of the passing of the baton from the old to the new."<ref name="Schindler"/>'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>This article outlines the media coverage after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, on November 22, 1963 at 12.30pm CST.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Breaking_the_news"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Breaking the news</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Locally_in_Dallas"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Locally in Dallas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Nationally"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nationally</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Television_and_radio_coverage_(from_approx._2:00_to_2:40_p.m._EST)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Television and radio coverage (from approx. 2:00 to 2:40 p.m. EST)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#ABC"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">ABC</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#CBS"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">CBS</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#CBS_Radio's_death_announcement"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">CBS Radio's death announcement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#CBS_TV"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">CBS TV</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#NBC"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">NBC</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#KLIF_Radio,_Dallas"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">KLIF Radio, Dallas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Return_to_Washington"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Return to Washington</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Breaking_the_news">Breaking the news</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Breaking the news">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Locally_in_Dallas">Locally in Dallas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Locally in Dallas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In Dallas, <i>The Rex Jones Show</i> on music station <a href="/wiki/KFXR_(AM)" title="KFXR (AM)">KLIF</a> was interrupted by the first news bulletin at approximately 12:38 p.m. CST.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> A "bulletin alert" sounder faded in during the song "I Have a Boyfriend" by <a href="/wiki/The_Chiffons" title="The Chiffons">the Chiffons</a>. The song was stopped and newscaster <a href="/wiki/Gary_DeLaune" title="Gary DeLaune">Gary DeLaune</a> made the first announcement over the bulletin signal:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This KLIF bulletin from Dallas: Three shots reportedly were fired at the motorcade of President Kennedy today near the downtown section. KLIF News is checking out the report. We will have further reports. Stay tuned.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="/wiki/KNGO" title="KNGO">KBOX</a> reporter Sam Pate, who was on the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35E_(Texas)" title="Interstate 35E (Texas)">Stemmons Freeway</a> in a mobile news cruiser at the time of the shooting, covered the scene at Dealey Plaza and at Dallas City Hall with live radio updates. However, the widely repeated audio clip of Pate breathlessly reporting "It appears as though something has happened in the motorcade route!" is in fact taken from a reenactment recorded several days later.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Dallas <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/KRLD_(AM)" title="KRLD (AM)">KRLD</a> concluded the coverage of the presidential party's arrival at Love Field and switched to reporter Bob Huffaker, who was standing at the corner of Main and Akard Streets in the downtown area, just 1/2 mile east of Dealey Plaza. After the president's car passed him, Huffaker continued reporting for several more minutes and was believed to have been on the air as the shooting took place (although shots cannot be heard in the audio coverage). Shortly after KRLD returned to regular programming with the nationally syndicated religious program <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Bible" title="Back to the Bible">Back to the Bible</a></i>, the first reports of the shooting came through CBS Radio. Huffaker was not aware of the developments until he arrived back at the KRLD studio after wrapping up his coverage, and he quickly drove to Parkland Hospital to report the scene outside the emergency entrance.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network" title="NBC Radio Network">NBC Radio</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WBAP_(AM)" title="WBAP (AM)">WBAP</a> played instrumental music, with interruptions for local bulletins, until NBC Radio's continuous coverage began.
</p><p>Dallas' ABC television affiliate <a href="/wiki/WFAA-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WFAA-TV">WFAA</a> was airing a local lifestyle program, <i>The Julie Benell Show</i>. At 12:45 p.m. CST, the station abruptly switched from the prerecorded program to news director Jay Watson, who had been at Dealey Plaza and had heard three shots before running back to the station:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. You'll excuse the fact that I am out of breath, but about 10 or 15 minutes ago, a tragic thing, from all indications at this point, has happened in the city of Dallas. Let me quote to you this... <i>[briefly looks down at the bulletin sheet in his left hand]</i> And I'll -- you'll excuse me if I am out of breath. A bulletin, this is from the United Press from Dallas: (Reading <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a> bulletin) 'President Kennedy and Governor John Connally have been cut down by assassins' bullets in downtown Dallas. They were riding in an open automobile when the shots were fired. The president, his limp body carried in the arms of his wife Jacqueline, has rushed to Parkland Hospital.'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Watson then anchored WFAA's continuous coverage of the tragedy with <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Haynes" title="Jerry Haynes">Jerry Haynes</a>, host of the children's show <i>Mr. Peppermint</i>, including an interview with witnesses <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a> and Bill and Gayle Newman.
</p><p>NBC affiliate <a href="/wiki/KXAS-TV" title="KXAS-TV">WBAP</a> was showing a program called <i>Dateline</i> at the time when the news first broke.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nationally">Nationally</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nationally">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The first national news bulletin of the shooting was transmitted over the <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio Network">ABC Radio Network</a> at 12:36 p.m. CST/1:36 p.m. EST.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-7">[7]</a></sup> The network was airing the <i>Music in the Afternoon</i> program hosted by Dirk Fredericks and Joel Crager,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a>'s recording of "<a href="/wiki/Hooray_for_Hollywood_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooray for Hollywood (song)">Hooray for Hollywood</a>" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner interrupted with:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We interrupt this program to bring you a special bulletin from ABC Radio. Here is a special bulletin from Dallas, Texas. Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today in downtown Dallas, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> This is ABC Radio. To repeat, in Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade today, the president now making a two-day speaking tour of Texas. We're going to stand by for more details on the incident in Dallas. Stay tuned to your ABC station for further details. Now we return you to your regular program.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-7">[7]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>At 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m., CBS became the first television network to report the news, interrupting its live broadcast of the <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/As_the_World_Turns" title="As the World Turns">As the World Turns</a></i>. A large, black "CBS News Bulletin" slide appeared on-screen while <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>, reporting from the CBS Radio flash booth, filed an audio-only report. Cronkite could not immediately appear on the air because there were no active and ready cameras in the CBS newsroom; television cameras of the era used <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Image_orthicon" title="Video camera tube">image orthicon tubes</a> that required approximately 20 minutes of warmup time (CBS would, shortly after this, enact a policy that ensured a camera would be operational at all times for breaking news bulletins).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Cronkite announced:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here is a bulletin from CBS News. In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas. The first reports say that President Kennedy has been seriously wounded by this shooting. More details just arrived. These details about the same as previously: President Kennedy shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She called "Oh, no!" The motorcade sped on. United Press says that the wounds for President Kennedy perhaps could be fatal. Repeating, a bulletin from CBS News: President Kennedy has been shot by a would-be assassin in Dallas, Texas. Stay tuned to CBS News for further details.</p></blockquote>
<p>Cronkite broke in with a second bulletin just as <i>As the World Turns</i>, which was still being performed live as nobody had been made aware of the interruptions, was about to return from its mid-show station identification break.<sup id="cite_ref-bugliosi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugliosi-12">[12]</a></sup> The serial was then joined in progress, and during the advertising break that followed CBS broke in one more time with Cronkite updating the audience on what was transpiring. This time, he remained on the air filing reports over the bumper slide until the camera was ready, which happened to coincide with CBS’ station identification break at the top of the 2:00 PM hour; Cronkite then told viewers that the network would briefly pause so all of its affiliates could join the broadcast. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> were not broadcasting nationally at the time of the CBS bulletins, and their affiliate stations were airing their own content.<sup id="cite_ref-TenBells_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TenBells-14">[14]</a></sup> In New York, <a href="/wiki/WABC-TV" title="WABC-TV">WABC-TV</a>'s first bulletin came from Ed Silverman at 1:42 p.m. EST, interrupting a rerun of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ann_Sothern_Show" title="The Ann Sothern Show">The Ann Sothern Show</a></i>. At the same time of ABC-TV's first bulletin, NBC Radio reported the first of three "Hotline Bulletins", each preceded by a "talk-up alert" that provided all NBC-affiliated stations 30 seconds to join their parent network.
</p><p>Three minutes later, <a href="/wiki/Don_Pardo" title="Don Pardo">Don Pardo</a> interrupted <a href="/wiki/WNBC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBC-TV">WNBC-TV</a>'s local rerun of <i><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_Father_(US_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor Father (US TV series)">Bachelor Father</a></i> with the news, announcing: "President Kennedy was shot today just as his motorcade left downtown Dallas. Mrs. Kennedy jumped up and grabbed Mr. Kennedy. She cried 'Oh no!' The motorcade sped on."<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_1963_page=14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_1963_page=14-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBCNews_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-16">[16]</a></sup> At 1:53 p.m. EST, NBC broke into programming with an NBC Network bumper slide followed by coverage anchored by <a href="/wiki/Chet_Huntley" title="Chet Huntley">Chet Huntley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ryan_(journalist)" title="Bill Ryan (journalist)">Bill Ryan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBCNews_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-16">[16]</a></sup> However, NBC's camera was not ready and its coverage was limited to audio-only reports. At 1:57 p.m. EST, just as <a href="/wiki/Frank_McGee_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank McGee (journalism)">Frank McGee</a> joined the broadcast, NBC began broadcasting the report when its camera became operational.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilGries_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilGries-17">[17]</a></sup> However, the first few minutes are considered lost, as the network did not begin recording at the start of its coverage, though an audio recording of Pardo's bulletins exists.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other than for two audio-only bulletins (one following the initial report), ABC did not disrupt its affiliate stations' programming, instead waiting until the network was to return to broadcasting at 2:00 p.m. EST to begin its coverage.
</p><p>Radio coverage was reported by Don Gardiner (ABC), <a href="/wiki/Allan_Jackson" title="Allan Jackson">Allan Jackson</a> (CBS) and (after a top-of-the-hour newscast) <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hackes" title="Peter Hackes">Peter Hackes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Newman" title="Edwin Newman">Edwin Newman</a> (NBC).
</p>
<h2><span id="Television_and_radio_coverage_.28from_approx._2:00_to_2:40_p.m._EST.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Television_and_radio_coverage_(from_approx._2:00_to_2:40_p.m._EST)">Television and radio coverage (from approx. 2:00 to 2:40 p.m. EST)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Television and radio coverage (from approx. 2:00 to 2:40 p.m. EST)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ABC">ABC</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ABC">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Providing the reports for <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC Television</a> were <a href="/wiki/Don_Goddard" title="Don Goddard">Don Goddard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Cochran" title="Ron Cochran">Ron Cochran</a>, and Ed Silverman in New York, <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Morgan" title="Edward P. Morgan">Edward P. Morgan</a> in Washington, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Clark_(television_reporter)" title="Bob Clark (television reporter)">Bob Clark</a> (who as noted above had been riding in the motorcade when Kennedy was shot) from Parkland Hospital, and Bill Lord from the Dallas County sheriff's office. As with the other networks, ABC interspersed with their Dallas affiliate WFAA-TV 8 for up-to-date information. Reporting from WFAA were Bob Walker (who had been at Love Field for live coverage of the President's arrival) and Jay Watson (who had remained on the air locally from the time he broke into local programming upon his return from Dealey Plaza). They were later joined by Bob Clark upon his arrival from the hospital.
</p><p>ABC's initial coverage of the incident was very disorganized. Cochran, ABC's primary news anchor, was on his lunch break when word of the assassination attempt first broke and the network had to call him back to the studio. Silverman was the voice accompanying ABC's first bulletin, broadcast during a rerun episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Knows_Best" title="Father Knows Best">Father Knows Best</a></i> that was airing on a majority of the network's affiliates in the Mountain Time Zone at the time; the surviving videotape of ABC's initial bulletins appears to have been recorded by then-affiliate <a href="/wiki/KTVK" title="KTVK">KTVK</a> in Phoenix, as it contains the interruption of <i>Father Knows Best</i>. The first on-camera report was given by Goddard in the network's news studio, which was too far away from the teletype machines. Goddard then moved to the newsroom and was joined by the returning Cochran, and the technical crew began constructing an impromptu news set around them (ABC did not have studio space ready for such an occasion; NBC had a flash studio in its newsroom and CBS' reports came directly from their own newsroom as they had since they launched an evening newscast earlier in 1963). Cochran and Goddard were forced to stand and awkwardly hold microphones and headsets so they could report the information.
</p><p>In addition to the disorganization in New York, ABC was not able to switch to Dallas to speak to its correspondents. Only one feed was available to them at first, which came from the Dallas Trade Mart and CBS affiliate KRLD reporter Eddie Barker. CBS had earlier aired snippets of Barker's report, but had cut it off to return to its own reporting of the incident before Barker finished; ABC aired the remainder of the report until the end. The reason that ABC was able to air the CBS affiliate's coverage was due to a pool arrangement the three major Dallas stations agreed to for the President's visit. <a href="/wiki/KXAS" class="mw-redirect" title="KXAS">WBAP</a> was responsible for covering the President's visit to Fort Worth and his departure and landing at Love Field, WFAA was assigned to cover the parade through downtown Dallas, and KRLD was set up at the Dallas Trade Mart for the address the President was to give.
</p><p>At 2:25 p.m. EST, while attempting to switch to Bob Clark in Dallas, ABC Radio reported that Parkland Hospital said President Kennedy was dead, and then stressed that it was unconfirmed. Upon reporting the news, anchor Don Gardiner said this to his audience:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ladies and gentlemen, this is a moment trying for all of us. Let us pause, and let us all pray.</p></blockquote>
<p>ABC Radio then stopped coverage to broadcast orchestral music.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>At 2:33 p.m. EST, Cochran reported on ABC Television that the two priests who were called into the hospital to administer the last rites to the President said that he had died from his wounds. Although this was an unconfirmed report, ABC prematurely placed a photo of the President with the words "JOHN F. KENNEDY – 1917–1963" on the screen.
</p><p>Five minutes later, this photo was again prematurely placed when Cochran received an erroneous report that the President had died at 1:35 p.m. CST when, in fact, he had died at 1:00 p.m. CST. A few minutes following that, Cochran received further information regarding the President's condition and relayed the following to the ABC viewing audience:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Government sources now confirm...we have this from Washington. Government sources now confirm that President Kennedy is dead. So that, apparently, is the final word and an incredible event that I am sure no one except the assassin himself could have possibly imagined would occur on this day.</p></blockquote>
<p>On ABC Radio, Gardiner reported the news, but did not say whether or not it was official. ABC then switched to Pete Clapper on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> for an interview with the Senate's press liaison Richard Reidel. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead. The President is dead. Let us pray.</p></blockquote>
<p>ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="CBS">CBS</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CBS">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>At 2:00 p.m. EST, CBS took an extended station identification break so the affiliates in the Mountain and Pacific time zones could join the rest of the network in covering the story. Cronkite, now at his desk in the newsroom, appeared on camera for the first time and, for the sake of any new viewers who might not have been aware of what was happening, told the audience of the attempt made on the President's life.
</p><p>From the time the CBS affiliates joined Cronkite in the news room at the top of the hour to approximately 2:38 p.m. EST, the coverage alternated from the CBS Newsroom and Cronkite, to KRLD-TV's <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Barker" title="Eddie Barker">Eddie Barker</a> at the Dallas Trade Mart where President Kennedy was to give his luncheon address.
</p><p>At approximately 2:11 p.m. EST, CBS News correspondent <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a> telephoned one of the two priests who performed last rites on Kennedy to confirm that he had indeed been shot. "Yes, he's been shot and he is dead," the priest told Rather. Almost simultaneously at the Trade Mart, a doctor went up to Barker and whispered, "Eddie, he is dead... I called the emergency room and he is DOA." Moments later, as the news cameras panned throughout the Trade Mart crowds, Barker gave this report:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As you can imagine, there are many stories that are coming in now as to the actual condition of the President. One is that he is dead; this cannot be confirmed. Another is that Governor Connally is in the operating room; this we have not confirmed.</p></blockquote>
<p>Several minutes later, when CBS switched back to KRLD and the Trade Mart for another report, Barker repeated the claim of the President's death, adding "the source would normally be a good one." During this report, as Barker was speaking of security precautions for the President's visit, a Trade Mart employee was shown removing the Presidential seal from the podium where President Kennedy was to have spoken.
</p>
<h4><span id="CBS_Radio.27s_death_announcement"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="CBS_Radio's_death_announcement">CBS Radio's death announcement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CBS Radio's death announcement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>At 2:19 p.m. EST, CBS Dallas correspondents Dan Rather and Eddie Barker spoke by telephone to "compare notes, to take stock". Rather was aware that there was an open line to New York as the two of them spoke, but "didn't realize how many people were <i>on</i> that phone line", which included at least three individuals from CBS Radio.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[20]</a></sup> Rather, who had "no doubt in his mind" that Kennedy was dead, nevertheless was not delivering <i>official</i> word to CBS Radio, nor was he aware that his discussion with Barker would be construed as such. As Rather spoke to Barker, an individual from CBS Radio asked, "Did you say the president is dead?" Rather replied, "Yes."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[20]</a></sup> Based on the call, CBS Radio newsroom supervisor Robert Skedgell wrote "JFK DEAD" on a slip of paper and handed it to CBS Radio news anchor <a href="/wiki/Allan_Jackson" title="Allan Jackson">Allan Jackson</a>. At 2:22 p.m. EST, eleven minutes before Kilduff's official announcement, Jackson made the following announcement:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ladies and gentlemen, the president of the United States is dead. John F. Kennedy has died of the wounds he received in an assassination in Dallas less than an hour ago. We repeat: it has just been announced that President Kennedy is dead.<sup id="cite_ref-WCCO-AM-1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCCO-AM-1-21">[21]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>After the announcement, CBS Radio, apparently trying to play "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", accidentally aired a brief excerpt of an LP <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Adagio_for_Strings" title="Adagio for Strings">Adagio for Strings</a></i> played at the wrong speed of 78 RPM.<sup id="cite_ref-WCCO-AM-2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCCO-AM-2-22">[22]</a></sup> After a few seconds of silence, Jackson repeated the news:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President Of The United States, is dead at the age of 46. Shot by an assassin as he drove through the streets of Dallas, Texas less than an hour ago. Repeating this: the President is dead, killed in Dallas, Texas by a gunshot wound.<sup id="cite_ref-WCCO-AM-3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCCO-AM-3-23">[23]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>This was followed by an excerpt from the first movement to <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Symphony">Pastoral Symphony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WCCO-AM-4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCCO-AM-4-24">[24]</a></sup> After the music, Jackson again repeated the news:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We repeat our announcement that the President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, is dead in Dallas, Texas, of an assassin's bullets. He was shot, and governor Tom Connelly of the state of Texas was shot, as they rode in a motorcade through the streets of Dallas less than an hour ago. Governor Connelly is in serious condition, President John Kennedy is dead. The 35th president of the United States, he was 46 years old.
According to the constitution, Vice President Lyndon Johnson will now succeed Mr. Kennedy in office. Mr. Johnson will become the 36th president of the United States, very probably within a few hours upon taking the oath of office.<sup id="cite_ref-WCCO-AM-5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCCO-AM-5-25">[25]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>After Jackson's announcement, his co-anchor <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Townsend" title="Dallas Townsend">Dallas Townsend</a> added:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, as a matter of fact, Allan, Lyndon Johnson is now the president whether he takes the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">Oath</a> or not. He is the president.<sup id="cite_ref-WCCO-AM-6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCCO-AM-6-26">[26]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Townsend's comment was followed by "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>".
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="CBS_TV">CBS TV</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: CBS TV">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>While CBS Radio had taken Dan Rather's earlier discussion with Barker as confirmation of the president's death, there was a debate going on between CBS television network officials as to whether or not to report this development, as Rather's report was not a truly official confirmation. At 2:27 p.m. EST, they decided to give Rather's report to Cronkite, who relayed this to the nation:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We just have a report from our correspondent Dan Rather in Dallas that he has confirmed that President Kennedy is dead. There is still no official confirmation of this. However, it's a report from our correspondent, Dan Rather, in Dallas, Texas.</p></blockquote>
<p>Approximately five minutes after this, one of the newsroom staff members rushed to Cronkite's desk with another bulletin. As Cronkite read the bulletin, he had to re-read it as he stumbled over his words.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The priest... who were with Kennedy... the two priests who were with Kennedy say that he is dead of his bullet wounds. That seems to be about as close to official as we can get at this time.</p></blockquote>
<p>Although Cronkite continued to stress that there was no official confirmation, the tone of Cronkite's words seemed to indicate that it would only be a matter of time before the official word came. Three minutes later, he received the same report that ABC's Ron Cochran chose to relay as official word. Cronkite did not do the same, reporting it instead in this context:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And now, from Washington, government sources say that President Kennedy is dead. Those are government sources, still not an official announcement.</p></blockquote>
<p>Cronkite continued as before while still awaiting word of the official confirmation of the President's death, which at this time had been relayed by Kilduff at the hospital two minutes prior but had not made the press wires yet. After speaking about what Kennedy had done earlier that day in Fort Worth, Cronkite noted that the plane from Fort Worth flew the President to his "rendezvous with <i>death, apparently</i>, in Dallas", although the official bulletin still had not arrived yet.
</p><p>Immediately after that, at 2:38 p.m. EST, Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official: <i>[reading <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> flash]</i> 'PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIED AT 1 P.M. (CST),'<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_1963_page=15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_1963_page=15-27">[27]</a></sup> 2:00 Eastern Standard Time, some thirty-eight minutes ago.</p></blockquote>
<p>After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses, visibly moved for a moment. Cronkite continued:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Vice President Johnson... <i>(clears throat)</i> ...has left the hospital in Dallas, but we do not know to where he has proceeded. Presumably, he will be taking the oath of office shortly and become the thirty-sixth president of the United States.</p></blockquote>
<p>There was a sense of irony to CBS' coverage of the assassination. On September 2, 1963, Kennedy gave an interview with Cronkite, helping CBS inaugurate network television's first half hour evening newscast.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>It should perhaps be noted that CBS did not include any further coverage from Dallas or Washington as the other networks had until after the announcement of Kennedy's death. As coverage continued following the announcement, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Collingwood_(journalist)" title="Charles Collingwood (journalist)">Charles Collingwood</a> relieved Cronkite in New York while Neil Strawser reported from CBS' Washington bureau and Dan Rather and Eddie Barker provided reports from KRLD in Dallas.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="NBC">NBC</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: NBC">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>At NBC-TV, <a href="/wiki/Chet_Huntley" title="Chet Huntley">Chet Huntley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ryan_(journalist)" title="Bill Ryan (journalist)">Bill Ryan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_McGee_(journalist)" title="Frank McGee (journalist)">Frank McGee</a> anchored from the network's emergency "flash" studio (code name 5HN) in New York, with reports from <a href="/wiki/David_Brinkley" title="David Brinkley">David Brinkley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Agronsky" title="Martin Agronsky">Martin Agronsky</a> in Washington, Charles Murphy and Tom Whelan from NBC affiliate WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) in Fort Worth, Texas, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_MacNeil" title="Robert MacNeil">Robert MacNeil</a>, who had been in the motorcade, at <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland Hospital">Parkland Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Newman" title="Edwin Newman">Edwin Newman</a> reported from NBC Radio with periodic simulcast with NBC-TV. NBC Radio's coverage was simulcast in Canada by <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Also, the United States' international shortwave broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, relayed portions of NBC's coverage (including the simulcast with the television coverage) as part of its English-language coverage of the tragic news. (A short aircheck of VOA exists in which the announcers on duty attempt to make sense of the conflicting reports about Kennedy's condition, and then the station briefly simulcasts NBC before heading into <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish-language</a> programming at 1:00 p.m. Central Time.)
</p><p>Throughout the first 35 minutes, there were technical difficulties with the Fort Worth TV relay as well as with the phone link MacNeil was using to report from the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-TenBells_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TenBells-14">[14]</a></sup> When the coverage began, McGee was waiting for MacNeil to call in with information. While Ryan and Huntley were recounting the information, McGee got MacNeil on the line and told him to recount chronologically what happened.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_1966_page=14_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_1966_page=14-32">[32]</a></sup> The NBC flash studio had no way of patching calls through the studio speakers, however, so nobody else could hear what MacNeil was saying.<sup id="cite_ref-TenBells_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TenBells-14">[14]</a></sup> While the studio crew worked on a solution, McGee improvised and told MacNeil to relay the information in fragments, which he would then repeat for the audience. While they were talking, Huntley was handed a speaker from off camera and took the receiver from McGee so he could attach it to the earpiece, this enabling MacNeil to be heard. However, by that time there was no further information to report; MacNeil had a medical student from Parkland hold the phone line for him so that he could return to the emergency ward for the latest developments. He would return briefly several minutes later to offer more word on the condition of the President, during which the phone link temporarily worked, but as MacNeil left again the relay cut out. Before he left, he informed McGee that a press conference regarding Kennedy's condition was forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_1966_page=14_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_1966_page=14-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>At approximately 2:35 p.m. EST, shortly after Ryan reported that a neurosurgeon had just arrived at Parkland to assist in treating Kennedy. Huntley alluded to the last time a president had died in office:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In just this momentary lull, I would assume that the memory of every person listening at this moment has flashed back to that day in April 1945 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</p></blockquote>
<p>However, he was unable to complete his thought. The flash regarding the priests who administered the Last Rites to the President had reached the desk while Huntley was speaking, and Ryan interrupted him to relay this:<sup id="cite_ref-DeathNews_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathNews-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Excuse me, Chet. Here is a flash from the Associated Press, dateline Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation, but this is what we have on a flash basis from the Associated Press: 'Two priests in Dallas who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' There is no further confirmation. This is the only word we have indicating that the president may, in fact, have lost his life. It has just moved on the Associated Press wires from Dallas. The two priests were called to the hospital to administer the last rites of the Roman Catholic Church. And it is from them, we get the word, that the president has died, that the bullet wounds inflicted on him as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas have been fatal. We will remind you that there is no official confirmation of this from any source as yet.</p></blockquote>
<p>As this was going on, McGee received a report from Parkland Hospital. Shortly after arriving at the hospital, Vice President Johnson had been advised to begin heading back to Washington to assume executive duties in case he needed to be sworn in. Johnson decided to wait until he received word of Kennedy's condition, which he did at approximately 1:20 PM CST.<sup id="cite_ref-MillerPage315_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerPage315-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-Page11_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Page11-35">[35]</a></sup> McGee reported to Ryan that a motorcade carrying the Johnsons had just left Parkland Hospital, which Ryan took to be confirmation of the President's death as the priests had reported.
</p><p>On NBC Radio and CBC Radio, Newman reported the same flash, having received it about half a minute after Ryan did:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here is a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds suffered in the assassination attempt today.' I repeat, a flash from Dallas: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he is dead of bullet wounds.' This is the latest information we have from Dallas. We are, of course, standing by to give you all available information as it comes to us. I will repeat, with the greatest regret, this flash: 'Two priests who were with President Kennedy say he has died of bullet wounds.'<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>At that point, both radio networks rejoined NBC-TV where Ryan reported that there may in fact be confirmation of the priests' account of Kennedy's death. The feed then switched back to Charles Murphy at WBAP-TV, who reported that although no official statement had been released by the President's staff, the Dallas Police Department had been notified of Kennedy's death and radioed the word to every one of its officers on duty shortly before the flash from Dallas made the wires.<sup id="cite_ref-DeathNews_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathNews-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>As Murphy was filing his report, McGee got back in touch with Robert MacNeil, who had just returned from the aforementioned press conference. Partway through the report, the audio link was fixed and MacNeil could be clearly heard in the studio and on the air. McGee was unaware of this, as he simply carried on as he had been:<sup id="cite_ref-DeathNews_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathNews-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>White House (Acting) Press Secretary... Malcolm Kilduff... has just announced that President Kennedy... died at approximately 1:00 Central Standard Time, which is about 35 minutes ago... (<i>audio enabled</i>) ...after being shot at (after being shot)... by an unknown assailant (by an unknown assailant) ...during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas (during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas).</p></blockquote>
<p>After MacNeil had finished giving all the relevant information available, he left the phone to obtain further information. McGee, wiping a tear from his eye, stood by and kept the phone line open for MacNeil's next update.
</p>
<h3><span id="KLIF_Radio.2C_Dallas"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="KLIF_Radio,_Dallas">KLIF Radio, Dallas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: KLIF Radio, Dallas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>From local radio station <a href="/wiki/KLIF_(AM)" title="KLIF (AM)">KLIF</a>, Gary Delaune relayed the bulletins as received with reports from Joe Long from KLIF News Mobile Unit #4. Long, who had reported the President's arrival at Love Field earlier and filed reports from his news cruiser after he had gotten stuck in traffic in the midst of the chaos,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> later joined Delaune in the studio; Roy Nichols took over the #4 mobile unit and headed for Parkland Hospital. After a report from the Trade Mart, radio broadcaster and KLIF founder <a href="/wiki/Gordon_McLendon" title="Gordon McLendon">Gordon McLendon</a> returned to the radio station to relieve Delaune. The reporters continuously stressed, as a strict radio station rule of McLendon's, whether the information received is from official or unofficial sources, especially concerning reports of the President's death. At approximately 1:38 p.m. CST, KLIF's Teletype sounded ten bells (indicating an incoming bulletin of utmost importance) and Long was given the official flash:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gordon McLendon: The President is clearly, gravely, critically, and perhaps fatally wounded. There are strong indications that he may already have expired, although that is not official, we repeat, not official. But, the extent of the injuries to Governor Connally is, uh, a closely shrouded secret at the moment...
</p><p>Joe Long: President Kennedy is dead, Gordon. This is official word.
</p><p>
Gordon McLendon: Ladies and gentlemen, the President is dead. The President, ladies and gentlemen, is dead at Parkland Hospital in Dallas.</p></blockquote>
<p>KLIF's continuous coverage would eventually be aired over an ad-hoc radio network of its own, as the station's coverage was fed to KLIF's sister stations in Houston, Louisville, and other cities and reportedly aired (with or without permission) on dozens, possibly hundreds, of others.
</p><p>Following the official announcement of President Kennedy's death, all three commercial networks suspended their regular programming and commercials for the first time in the short history of television and ran coverage on a non-stop basis for four days.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> The assassination of President Kennedy was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of American television until just before 9:00 a.m. EDT, September 11, 2001, when the networks were on the air for 72 hours straight covering the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 terrorist attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> tickertape machine reported news of the assassination at GMT 6:42 PM, 12 minutes after the event.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>President Kennedy was shot at today while riding in a motor convoy. A photographer reported seeing blood on the President's head.</p></blockquote>
<p>Granada Television, broadcasting the news program <i>Scene at 6:30</i> to the north of England from <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, reported the news just before GMT 7:00. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> shortly followed up with announcements on its three national radio networks, including the program <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Newsreel" title="Radio Newsreel">Radio Newsreel</a></i> which ran from GMT 7:00 to GMT 7:30 PM with a Washington-based BBC journalist providing live updates by phone to an estimated 2.7 million listeners.
</p><p>On BBC television, the first announcement to air was made at GMT 7:05 PM by a junior and unfamiliar newsreader, John Roberts, just prior to the program <i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_(1957_TV_programme)" title="Tonight (1957 TV programme)">Tonight</a></i>. <i>Tonight</i> continued with its planned edition until around GMT 7:26 PM when Roberts returned to provide updates of Kennedy's critical condition. Shortly after on air he answered a phone call from <a href="/wiki/BBC_Monitoring" title="BBC Monitoring">BBC Monitoring</a> which relayed news of the death of Kennedy as reported by the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. Roberts' countenance visibly changed and he announced to the audience, "We regret to announce that President Kennedy is dead," before bowing his head and not looking up. For the next 19 minutes the BBC screened its logo and a revolving globe, punctuated by three bulletins read by Roberts. BBC management then decided to revert back to regular programming, screening <i>Here's Harry</i> from GMT 7:45 PM, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Finlay%27s_Casebook" title="Dr. Finlay's Casebook">Dr. Finlay's Casebook</a></i>, a decision which attracted over 2,000 phone calls and 500 letters and telegrams in complaint.
</p><p>At GMT 11:00 pm, four hours after the news broke, the BBC broadcast <i>Tribute to President Kennedy</i>, featuring Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a>, Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a> and Leader of the Opposition <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> who had sped from North Wales to the BBC's Manchester studio.
</p><p>On ITV television, a newsflash interrupted a game show around GMT 7:10 PM, but the program continued, as did <i><a href="/wiki/Emergency_-_Ward_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency - Ward 10">Emergency - Ward 10</a></i> which followed at GMT 7:30 PM. Ten minutes later the program was cut and an announcement of Kennedy's death was made, and updates continued over the station's interlude card. A recorded programme of solemn music performed by the Hallé Orchestra followed. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_Washington">Return to Washington</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to Washington">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Once back at <i>Air Force One</i>, and only after Mrs. Kennedy and President Kennedy's body had also returned to the plane, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">sworn</a> in by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_T._Hughes" title="Sarah T. Hughes">Sarah T. Hughes</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> at 2:38 p.m. CST.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> One of President Kennedy's aides stayed with his coffin during the swearing-in of Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>At about 6:00 p.m. EST, <i>Air Force One</i> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a> near Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> The television networks made the switch to the AFB just as the plane touched down.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> Reporting on the arrival for the TV networks were:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;">
<th>Network
</th>
<th>Reporting
</th>
<th>Contributing<sup id="cite_ref-ArrivalReportContributions_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArrivalReportContributions-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler-49">[49]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;">
<td>ABC
</td>
<td>Richard Bate<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Reynolds" title="Frank Reynolds">Frank Reynolds</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;">
<td>CBS
</td>
<td>Charles Von Fremd<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;">
<td>NBC
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Abernethy" title="Bob Abernethy">Bob Abernethy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Dickerson" title="Nancy Dickerson">Nancy Dickerson</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler-49">[49]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>Ray Scherer
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The contributors to the reporting on the arrival for the TV networks contributed along with NBC Director Max Schindler, who directed the coverage of the arrival for the networks, in 1965 when he directed <i>A Conversation with the President</i> at the White House with President Johnson during a conversation with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArrivalReportContributions_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArrivalReportContributions-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>After President Kennedy's brother (and Attorney General) <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, boarded the plane,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Kennedy's casket was removed from the rear entrance and loaded into a light gray US Navy ambulance for its transport to the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed National Military Medical Center">Bethesda Naval Hospital</a> for an autopsy and mortician's preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-WhitePage11_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage11-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> When Jackie Kennedy stepped off the plane with her brother-in-law, her pink suit and legs were still stained with her husband's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-WhitePage11_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage11-54">[54]</a></sup> All that long afternoon and into the early morning hours of the next day, the widow objected to leaving her husband's body, except for the swearing in of Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> She also refused to change out of her blood-stained suit; Lady Bird Johnson, in her audio diary, quoted Mrs. Kennedy as saying "I want them to see what they have done to Jack."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>The best-known reporter covering the arrival was <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">Theodore H. White</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine, who had been a close friend of Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-White_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-60">[60]</a></sup> He summed it all up with "One wished for a cry, a sob, a wail, any human sound..."<sup id="cite_ref-White_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shortly after the ambulance with the casket and Mrs. Kennedy departed, President Johnson and the First Lady exited <i>Air Force One</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival-44">[44]</a></sup> They were led to a podium clustered with microphones where Lyndon Johnson made his first official statement as President of the United States:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is a sad time for all people. We have suffered a loss that cannot be weighed. For me, it is a deep, personal tragedy. I know the world shares the sorrow that Mrs. Kennedy and her family bear. I will do my best; that is all I can do. I ask for your help and God's.<sup id="cite_ref-LBJ-Page17_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJ-Page17-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Johnson himself ordered the arrival to be televised live.<sup id="cite_ref-LiveArrival_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiveArrival-63">[63]</a></sup> While en route to Washington from Dallas, he and Kilduff told the other assistant press secretary, Andrew Hatcher, that he was going to make his statement and that he wanted the arrival to be televised live.<sup id="cite_ref-LiveArrival_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiveArrival-63">[63]</a></sup> As the new president boarded his helicopter, he said that Mrs. Kennedy was in his heart and remarked about the presidency, and recounted, "Then the door of the helicopter slammed shut behind me and thus ended a tragic chapter in American history."<sup id="cite_ref-LBJ-Page17_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJ-Page17-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>During that conversation he had with Johnson at the White House, Schindler talked about the arrival, describing the sequence of events to him and asked "Were you in the plane watching TV at that time?" He replied that he was watching television and said that he seeing Schindler pan his camera back to <i>Air Force One</i> was his cue to come out, saying, "Damn right and I figured that was my cue to come out."<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArrivalReportContributions_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArrivalReportContributions-48">[48]</a></sup> He summed up the scene, "So much for the reported dramatic portrayal of the passing of the baton from the old to the new."<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mo2pl59XDU"><span class="plainlinks">KLIF-RADIO (DALLAS, TEXAS) (11/22/63) (3-HOUR, 8-MINUTE VERSION, WITH SOME EDITED MUSIC)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educationforum.ipbhost.com/topic/25668-sam-pate/">Sam Pate's statement</a> filed in a CIA "JFK Assassination System" form, along with some other information about the recording, dated January 26, 1970. Page found 2022-11-22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pate's tape was analyzed to see if gunshots could be heard for spectral analysis. "The FBI also informed the Commission that the newsman had stated that most of the tape was not recorded in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination, but was recorded in a studio several days later after he had been dismissed by his station, KBOX." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1b.html">Scientific Acoustical Evidence Establishes a High Probability That Two Gunmen Fired at President John F. Kennedy</a>, JFK Assassination Records in the National Archives. Page found 2022-11-22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928130037/https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/">"Sam Pate | The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfk.org/oral_histories/sam-pate/">the original</a> on September 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sam+Pate+%7C+The+Sixth+Floor+Museum+at+Dealey+Plaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfk.org%2Foral_histories%2Fsam-pate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964">United Press International & <i>American Heritage</i> Magazine 1964</a>, p. 23<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Television Log Friday". <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i>. 1963-11-22. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Television+Log+Friday&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1963-11-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ABC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrostBennett2003">Trost & Bennett 2003</a>, p. 34<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrostBennett2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXvbcEH3joU"><i>JFK'S ASSASSINATION (ABC RADIO NETWORK) (NOVEMBER 22, 1963)</i></a> (Video clip of radio broadcast). 2013-11-26 [1963-11-22].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFK%27S+ASSASSINATION+%28ABC+RADIO+NETWORK%29+%28NOVEMBER+22%2C+1963%29&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCXvbcEH3joU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Annual/1964/801-900-Radio-Annual-1964.pdf"><i>Yearbook of Radio & Television</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (27th ed.). Radio Television Daily. 1964. pp. 823, 826.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Radio+%26+Television&rft.pages=823%2C+826&rft.edition=27th&rft.pub=Radio+Television+Daily&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Radio-Annual%2F1964%2F801-900-Radio-Annual-1964.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964">United Press International & <i>American Heritage</i> Magazine 1964</a>, p. 22<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParelli1996" class="citation book cs1">Parelli, Robert J. (November 21, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjYPWFfnL74C&pg=PA43"><i>Principles of Fluoroscopic Image Intensification and Television Systems: Workbook and Laboratory Manual</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574440829" title="Special:BookSources/9781574440829"><bdi>9781574440829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Fluoroscopic+Image+Intensification+and+Television+Systems%3A+Workbook+and+Laboratory+Manual&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996-11-21&rft.isbn=9781574440829&rft.aulast=Parelli&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjYPWFfnL74C%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bugliosi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bugliosi_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBugliosi2008" class="citation book cs1">Bugliosi, Vincent (2008-05-17). <i>Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33215-5"><bdi>978-0-393-33215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Days+in+November%3A+The+Assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008-05-17&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33215-5&rft.aulast=Bugliosi&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/21/asb.00.html">"CNN Newsnight Aaron Brown transcript"</a>. <i>transcripts.cnn.com</i>. November 21, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transcripts.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN+Newsnight+Aaron+Brown+transcript&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0311%2F21%2Fasb.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TenBells-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TenBells_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TenBells_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TenBells_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1988" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Alan (November 17, 1988). "Ten Bells Signaled Moment in History". Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ten+Bells+Signaled+Moment+in+History&rft.date=1988-11-17&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Associated_Press_1963_page=14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_1963_page=14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Associated Press 1963 page=14</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NBCNews-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBCNews_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBCNews_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNBC_News1966">NBC News 1966</a>, p. 13<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNBC_News1966 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PhilGries-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhilGries_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atvaudio.com/jfk.php">"JFK Assassination Coverage"</a>. <i>Archival Television Audio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archival+Television+Audio&rft.atitle=JFK+Assassination+Coverage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atvaudio.com%2Fjfk.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJnoFA0u2Eg"><span class="plainlinks">NBC-TV COVERAGE OF JFK'S ASSASSINATION ON NOVEMBER 22, 1963 (6+ HOURS)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/ABC_JFK_03.mp3">http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/ABC_JFK_03.mp3</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this multimedia file is required to prevent link rot. (June 2022)">bare URL AV media file</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkiBRcdH_Pc"><span class="plainlinks">walter cronkite documentary about JFK broadcast</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WCCO-AM-1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCCO-AM-1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bill Lund (November 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3"><i>WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span>. Woodbury, Minnesota. Event occurs at 11:58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCCO-AM+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotapes.com%2FJFK%2FWCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%2520PM_B_02.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WCCO-AM-2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCCO-AM-2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bill Lund (November 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3"><i>WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span>. Woodbury, Minnesota. Event occurs at 12:27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCCO-AM+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotapes.com%2FJFK%2FWCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%2520PM_B_02.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WCCO-AM-3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCCO-AM-3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bill Lund (November 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3"><i>WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span>. Woodbury, Minnesota. Event occurs at 12:44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCCO-AM+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotapes.com%2FJFK%2FWCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%2520PM_B_02.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WCCO-AM-4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCCO-AM-4_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bill Lund (November 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3"><i>WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span>. Woodbury, Minnesota. Event occurs at 13:15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCCO-AM+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotapes.com%2FJFK%2FWCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%2520PM_B_02.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WCCO-AM-5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCCO-AM-5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bill Lund (November 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3"><i>WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span>. Woodbury, Minnesota. Event occurs at 14:03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCCO-AM+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotapes.com%2FJFK%2FWCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%2520PM_B_02.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WCCO-AM-6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCCO-AM-6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bill Lund (November 22, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotapes.com/JFK/WCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%20PM_B_02.mp3"><i>WCCO-AM coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span>. Woodbury, Minnesota. Event occurs at 15:03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCCO-AM+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotapes.com%2FJFK%2FWCCO-AM_JFK_1240-145%2520PM_B_02.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Associated_Press_1963_page=15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Associated_Press_1963_page=15_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Associated Press 1963 page=15</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCronkite1996" class="citation book cs1">Cronkite, Walter (1996). <i>A Reporter's Life</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57879-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57879-1"><bdi>0-394-57879-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reporter%27s+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-394-57879-1&rft.aulast=Cronkite&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNBC_News1966">NBC News 1966</a>, pp. 13–15<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNBC_News1966 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1988" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Howard (1988-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-22-ca-507-story.html">"Death of Kennedy & Birth of TV News"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+Kennedy+%26+Birth+of+TV+News&rft.date=1988-11-22&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-11-22-ca-507-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahluwalia, Raj (2002). <i>We Interrupt This Program</i>. Toronto: Winding Stair Press. p. 52.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NBC_News_1966_page=14-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_1966_page=14_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_1966_page=14_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNBC_News1966">NBC News 1966</a>, p. 14<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNBC_News1966 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DeathNews-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeathNews_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeathNews_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeathNews_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>DeathNews</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MillerPage315-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MillerPage315_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>MillerPage315</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Johnson-Page11-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Page11_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Johnson-Page11</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/NBC_Radio_JFK_News_%20Coverage_5.mp3">http://www.radiotapes.com/JFK/NBC_Radio_JFK_News_%20Coverage_5.mp3</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this multimedia file is required to prevent link rot. (June 2022)">bare URL AV media file</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reelradio.com/se/klif63.html">"ReelRadio - The Steve Eberhardt Collection - KLIF Dallas November 22, 1963"</a>. <i>ReelRadio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReelRadio&rft.atitle=ReelRadio+-+The+Steve+Eberhardt+Collection+-+KLIF+Dallas+November+22%2C+1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freelradio.com%2Fse%2Fklif63.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, pp. 5–6, 12–13<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCarterRutenberg2001" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Bill; Rutenberg, Jim (September 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-the-attacks-television-viewers-again-return-to-traditional-networks.html?pagewanted=print">"Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. p. A14. <q>Sometime around 9 a.m. yesterday a television milestone was reached: three broadcast networks had covered one news event for more consecutive hours than any previous event in American history. The terrorist attacks on New York and the Pentagon have truly become the story of a lifetime on television, surpassing even the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which no network covered for more than 70 consecutive hours. As of yesterday morning, CBS, NBC and ABC, the three networks at the time of Kennedy's assassination and funeral, had been on the air continuously, without commercial interruption, for 72 hours (though some affiliates continued to air regularly-scheduled local newscasts during that time).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Viewers+Again+Return+To+Traditional+Networks&rft.pages=A14&rft.date=2001-09-15&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Rutenberg%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F15%2Fus%2Fafter-the-attacks-television-viewers-again-return-to-traditional-networks.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html">"How the Kennedy assassination caught the BBC on the hop"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 18 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/how-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+the+Kennedy+assassination+caught+the+BBC+on+the+hop&rft.date=2003-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Fhow-the-kennedy-assassination-caught-the-bbc-on-the-hop-78973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1971">Johnson 1971</a>, p. 15<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJohnson1971 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964">United Press International & <i>American Heritage</i> Magazine 1964</a>, pp. 33–35<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press1963">Associated Press 1963</a>, pp. 22–23<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAssociated_Press1963 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Arrival-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrival_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrival_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1971">Johnson 1971</a>, p. 16<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJohnson1971 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, pp. 11, 34<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964">United Press International & <i>American Heritage</i> Magazine 1964</a>, pp. 33, 37<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, p. 13<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ArrivalReportContributions-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArrivalReportContributions_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArrivalReportContributions_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArrivalReportContributions_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/NBC-Director-Recalls-Historic-Coverage-of-JFKs-Death-232869031.html">"NBC Director Recalls Historic Coverage of JFK's Death"</a>. <i>NBCWashington.com</i>. November 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2019</span>. <q>A few years later, President Johnson told Schindler that he was watching TV before he stepped out of <i>Air Force One</i>. When the camera panned back to the plane, he saw it as his signal to come out and address the nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBCWashington.com&rft.atitle=NBC+Director+Recalls+Historic+Coverage+of+JFK%27s+Death&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcwashington.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FNBC-Director-Recalls-Historic-Coverage-of-JFKs-Death-232869031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Schindler-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindler_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2020" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, Max (2020). <i>The View from the Control Room</i>. Outskirts Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1977233400" title="Special:BookSources/978-1977233400"><bdi>978-1977233400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+View+from+the+Control+Room&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1977233400&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrostBennett2003">Trost & Bennett 2003</a>, p. 141<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrostBennett2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Brow1963" class="citation news cs1">Du Brow, Rick (November 23, 1963). "Networks suspend commercial programs". United Press International. <q>CBS-TV reporter Charles Von Fremd summed up the scene aptly: 'An historic but aching moment.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Networks+suspend+commercial+programs&rft.date=1963-11-23&rft.aulast=Du+Brow&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNBC_News1966">NBC News 1966</a>, pp. 32–34<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNBC_News1966 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, pp. 10–11<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WhitePage11-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhitePage11_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhitePage11_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, p. 11<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1965 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press1963">Associated Press 1963</a>, pp. 30–31<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAssociated_Press1963 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"She Said Goodby with a Kiss and a Ring". <i>Life</i>. Vol. 55, no. 22. November 29, 1963. p. 32A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=She+Said+Goodby+with+a+Kiss+and+a+Ring&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=32A&rft.date=1963-11-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=3368356">"Lady Bird Johnson's Audio Diaries"</a>. ABCNews.com. July 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lady+Bird+Johnson%27s+Audio+Diaries&rft.pub=ABCNews.com&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fprint%3Fid%3D3368356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Johnson, Lady Bird</a> (1970). <i>A White House Diary</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+White+House+Diary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lady+Bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1964" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nan_C._Robertson" title="Nan C. Robertson">Robertson, Nan</a> (November 24, 1964). "Mrs. Johnson Taped Impressions: Dictated Notes Show a Flash of Anger by Mrs. Kennedy". <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Johnson+Taped+Impressions%3A+Dictated+Notes+Show+a+Flash+of+Anger+by+Mrs.+Kennedy&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1964-11-24&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Nan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-White-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1995" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Joyce (1995). <i>Theodore H. White and journalism as illusion</i>. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press. pp. 176–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+H.+White+and+journalism+as+illusion&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Mo.&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedia+coverage+of+the+assassination+of+Robert+F.+Kennedy." class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LBJ-Page17-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LBJ-Page17_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LBJ-Page17_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1971">Johnson 1971</a>, p. 17<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJohnson1971 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964">United Press International & <i>American Heritage</i> Magazine 1964</a>, pp. 39<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Press_InternationalAmerican_Heritage_Magazine1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LiveArrival-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiveArrival_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiveArrival_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1980">Miller 1980</a>, p. 320<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMiller1980 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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</ol></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1698406316' |