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The '''Lever House''' is a glass-box skyscraper at 390 [[Park Avenue (Manhattan)|Park Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. Built in the [[International style (architecture)|International Style]] according to the design principles of [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], the building was designed by [[Gordon Bunshaft]] and [[Natalie de Blois]] of [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]]. Completed in 1952, it was the second [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]] skyscraper in New York City after the [[United Nations Secretariat Building]].<ref>The first glazed facade in the U.S. was probably the Boley Clothing Company Building, Kansas City, Missouri (1909), designed by the Canadian architect [[Louis Curtiss]].</ref> The {{convert|307|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} building<ref name=emp /> features a courtyard and public space.
The '''Lever House''' is a glass-box skyscraper at 390 [[Park Avenue (Manhattan)|Park Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. Built in the [[International style (architecture)|International Style]] according to the design principles of [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], the building was designed by [[Gordon Bunshaft]] and [[Natalie de Blois]] of [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]]. Completed in 1952, it was the second [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]] skyscraper in New York City after the [[United Nations Secretariat Building]].<ref group="lower-alpha">The first glazed facade in the U.S. was probably the Boley Clothing Company Building, Kansas City, Missouri (1909), designed by the Canadian architect [[Louis Curtiss]].</ref> The {{convert|307|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} building<ref name=emp /> features a courtyard and public space.


The construction of the Lever House marked a transition point for Park Avenue in Midtown, changing it from a boulevard of [[masonry]] apartment buildings to one of glass towers as other corporations adopted the International Style for new headquarters.<ref name=nycland /> The building's design was copied by [[Ankara]]'s [[Kızılay Emek Business Center|Emek Business Center]] in 1959; the Banco de [[Bogotá]] headquarters in 1959; the [[Minneapolis]] bank headquarters [[Canadian Pacific Plaza|One Financial Plaza]] in 1960; Paris [[Orly Airport]]'s Terminal Sud in 1961; the high-rise tower of [[Berlin]]'s [[Europa-Center]] in 1965 and the [[Hydroproject]] headquarters in Moscow in 1965–1968.
The construction of the Lever House marked a transition point for Park Avenue in Midtown, changing it from a boulevard of [[masonry]] apartment buildings to one of glass towers as other corporations adopted the International Style for new headquarters.<ref name=nycland /> The building's design was copied by several other structures around the world. The building was designated a [[New York City landmark]] in 1982<ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|pages=115–116}}</ref> and was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris" />


== Site ==
The building was designated a [[New York City landmark]] in 1982<ref name=nycland>{{cite nycland|pages=115–116}}</ref> and was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris" />
The Lever House is at 390 [[Park Avenue]], on the western sidewalk between [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd Street]] and [[54th Street (Manhattan)|54th Street]], in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]].<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web|title=390 Park Avenue, 10022|url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1289/36#16.39/40.759589/-73.970764|url-status=live|access-date=September 7, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1983|ps=.|p=2}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1982|ps=.|p=1}}</ref> The "L"-shaped [[land lot]] has a [[frontage]] or length of {{Convert|200|ft}} on Park Avenue and a depth of {{Convert|192|ft}}, with an area of {{Convert|34844|ft2}}. The 53rd Street frontage is slightly shorter than the 54th Street frontage.<ref name="ZoLa" /> Nearby buildings include the [[DuMont Building]] and [[Hotel Elysée]] on the same [[city block]] to the west; the [[Seagram Building]] diagonally across Park Avenue and 53rd Street; and the [[CBS Studio Building]] and [[Racquet and Tennis Club]] across 53rd Street to the south.<ref name="ZoLa" />


==Design==
== Design ==


=== Form ===
The [[1916 Zoning Resolution]], which required skyscrapers in New York City to have [[setback (architecture)|setbacks]] as they rose, was designed to prevent new skyscrapers from overwhelming the streets with their sheer bulk.{{Efn|As per the 1916 Zoning Act, the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height, proportionate to the street's width, at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion. This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level's floor area was 25% that of the ground level's area. After that 25% threshold was reached, the building could rise without restriction.<ref name="Kayden MAS 2000"/>{{rp|8}} This law was superseded by the [[1961 Zoning Resolution]].<ref name="Kayden MAS 2000">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpeNSAfYASoC&pg=PA9|title=Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience|last=Kayden|first=Jerold S.|author2=The Municipal Art Society of New York|publisher=Wiley|year=2000|isbn=978-0-471-36257-9}}</ref>{{rp|11–12}}|name=zoning}} However, these setbacks were not required if the building occupied 25% or less of its lot, and it was this provision which allowed the Lever House, and the other glass boxes which followed it, to be built in the form of a vertical slab.<ref name=nycland />
The [[1916 Zoning Resolution]], which required skyscrapers in New York City to have [[setback (architecture)|setbacks]] as they rose, was designed to prevent new skyscrapers from overwhelming the streets with their sheer bulk.{{Efn|As per the 1916 Zoning Act, the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height, proportionate to the street's width, at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion. This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level's floor area was 25% that of the ground level's area. After that 25% threshold was reached, the building could rise without restriction.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Kayden|The Municipal Art Society of New York|2000|p=8}}</ref> This law was superseded by the [[1961 Zoning Resolution]].<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Kayden|The Municipal Art Society of New York|2000|pp=11–12}}</ref>|name=zoning}} However, these setbacks were not required if the building occupied 25 percent or less of its lot. It was this provision which allowed the Lever House, and the other glass boxes which followed it, to be built in the form of a vertical slab.<ref name="nycland" />


=== Facade ===
The building featured a 24-story blue-green heat-resistant glass and stainless steel curtain-wall.<ref>[http://www.som.com/content.cfm/lever_house "Lever House"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725023206/http://www.som.com/content.cfm/lever_house |date=July 25, 2009 }} on the [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] website</ref> The curtain-wall was designed to reduce the cost of operating and maintaining the property. Its curtain-wall is completely sealed with no operating windows. This meant that much less dirt from the city would get into the building. The heat resistant nature of the glass also helped to keep air conditioning costs down. Additionally, "the company draped a $50,000 'window-washing gondola' from the roof, a publicity stunt that used Lever-brand Surf soap to scrub the windows clean every six days."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/5/9/15583550/architecture-air-conditioning-skyscraper-wright-lever-house|title=How air conditioning shaped modern architecture—and changed our climate|last=Sisson|first=Patrick|date=May 9, 2017|publisher=curbed.com }}</ref> The curtain wall was fabricated and installed by General Bronze Corp, the same facade contractor that had recently finished the [[United Nations Secretariat Building|Secretariat Building]] curtain wall at the [[United Nations Headquarters]].
The building featured a 24-story blue-green heat-resistant glass and stainless steel curtain-wall.<ref>[http://www.som.com/content.cfm/lever_house "Lever House"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725023206/http://www.som.com/content.cfm/lever_house |date=July 25, 2009 }} on the [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] website</ref> The curtain-wall was designed to reduce the cost of operating and maintaining the property. Its curtain-wall is completely sealed with no operating windows. This meant that much less dirt from the city would get into the building. The heat resistant nature of the glass also helped to keep air conditioning costs down. Additionally, "the company draped a $50,000 'window-washing gondola' from the roof, a publicity stunt that used Lever-brand Surf soap to scrub the windows clean every six days."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/5/9/15583550/architecture-air-conditioning-skyscraper-wright-lever-house|title=How air conditioning shaped modern architecture—and changed our climate|last=Sisson|first=Patrick|date=May 9, 2017|publisher=curbed.com }}</ref> The curtain wall was fabricated and installed by General Bronze Corp, the same facade contractor that had recently finished the [[United Nations Secretariat Building|Secretariat Building]] curtain wall at the [[United Nations Headquarters]].


[[File:Lever House ground floor lobby.jpg|thumb|left|Lever House ground floor lobby]]
[[File:Lever House ground floor lobby.jpg|thumb|left|Lever House ground floor lobby]]


=== Features ===
⚫
The ground floor contained no tenants. Instead, it featured an open plaza with garden and pedestrian walkways. Only a small portion of the ground floor was enclosed in glass and marble. The ground floor featured space for displays and waiting visitors, a demonstration kitchen and an auditorium. The second and largest floor contained the employees' lounge, medical suite, and general office facilities. On the third floor was the employees' cafeteria and terrace. The offices of Lever Brothers and its subsidiaries occupied the remaining floors with the executive penthouse on the 21st floor. The top three stories contained most of the property's mechanical space.
⚫
The ground floor contained no tenants. Instead, it featured an open plaza with garden and pedestrian walkways. Only a small portion of the ground floor was enclosed in glass and marble. The ground floor featured space for displays and waiting visitors, a demonstration kitchen and an auditorium.{{Cn|date=March 2021}} Since the completion of the Lever House renovation, the building's plaza and lobby have been used as a gallery for the Lever House Art Collection. Exhibitions have included such works as ''Virgin Mother'' by [[Damien Hirst]], ''Bride Fight'' by [[E.V. Day]], ''The Hulks'' by [[Jeff Koons]], ''The Snow Queen'' by [[Rachel Feinstein (sculptor)|Rachel Feinstein]],<ref>[http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/andre-leon-talley-on-rachel-feinsteins-the-snow-queen/ "André Leon Talley on Rachel Feinstein's 'The Snow Queen'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201055036/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/andre-leon-talley-on-rachel-feinsteins-the-snow-queen/|date=February 1, 2012}}, ''[[Vogue magazine|Vopgue]] (January 28, 2011)''</ref> ''Robert Towne'' by [[Sarah Morris]]<ref>[http://leverhouseartcollection.com/collectionsexhibitions/collection/robert-towne/182 Sarah Morris: ''Robert Towne'']</ref> as well as several sculptures by [[Keith Haring]]. [[Tom Sachs (artist)|Tom Sachs']] ''Bronze Collection'' was exhibited in May 2008; Sachs' bronze [[Tom Sachs (artist)#"Bronze Collection"|''Hello Kitty'' and ''Miffy'']] sculptures remain displayed in the Lever House plaza as of 2014.<ref>[http://tomsachs.org/exhibition/bronze-collection Tom Sachs website]</ref>

⚫
The second and largest floor contained the employees' lounge, medical suite, and general office facilities. On the third floor was the employees' cafeteria and terrace. The offices of Lever Brothers and its subsidiaries occupied the remaining floors with the executive penthouse on the 21st floor. The top three stories contained most of the property's mechanical space.


==History==
==History==
Line 76: Line 82:
Metals processor [[Arconic]] is headquartered in Lever House. As of 2005, the building's tenants included [[Thomas Weisel Partners|Thomas Weisel Partners LLC]], which maintains a trading floor on the second floor of the building.
Metals processor [[Arconic]] is headquartered in Lever House. As of 2005, the building's tenants included [[Thomas Weisel Partners|Thomas Weisel Partners LLC]], which maintains a trading floor on the second floor of the building.


==Public art space==
== Impact ==
The building's design was copied by [[Ankara]]'s [[Kızılay Emek Business Center|Emek Business Center]] in 1959;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emek Business Center|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/107658/emek-business-center-ankara-turkey|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Emporis}}</ref> the Banco de [[Bogotá]] headquarters in 1959; the [[Minneapolis]] bank headquarters [[Canadian Pacific Plaza|One Financial Plaza]] in 1960; Paris [[Orly Airport]]'s Terminal Sud in 1961; the high-rise tower of [[Berlin]]'s [[Europa-Center]] in 1965 and the [[Hydroproject]] headquarters in Moscow in 1965–1968.
⚫
Since the completion of the Lever House renovation, the building's plaza and lobby have been used as a gallery for the Lever House Art Collection. Exhibitions have included such works as ''Virgin Mother'' by [[Damien Hirst]], ''Bride Fight'' by [[E.V. Day]], ''The Hulks'' by [[Jeff Koons]], ''The Snow Queen'' by [[Rachel Feinstein (sculptor)|Rachel Feinstein]],<ref>[http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/andre-leon-talley-on-rachel-feinsteins-the-snow-queen/ "André Leon Talley on Rachel Feinstein's 'The Snow Queen'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201055036/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/andre-leon-talley-on-rachel-feinsteins-the-snow-queen/ |date=February 1, 2012 }}, ''[[Vogue magazine|Vopgue]] (January 28, 2011)</ref> ''Robert Towne'' by [[Sarah Morris]]<ref>[http://leverhouseartcollection.com/collectionsexhibitions/collection/robert-towne/182 Sarah Morris: ''Robert Towne'']</ref> as well as several sculptures by [[Keith Haring]]. [[Tom Sachs (artist)|Tom Sachs']] ''Bronze Collection'' was exhibited in May 2008; Sachs' bronze [[Tom Sachs (artist)#"Bronze Collection"|''Hello Kitty'' and ''Miffy'']] sculptures remain displayed in the Lever House plaza as of 2014.<ref>[http://tomsachs.org/exhibition/bronze-collection Tom Sachs website]</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 96: Line 102:
'''Bibliography'''
'''Bibliography'''
* [[Judith Dupré|Dupré, Judith]]. ''Skyscrapers – A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings.'' Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York 1996, {{ISBN|1-57912-787-8}}
* [[Judith Dupré|Dupré, Judith]]. ''Skyscrapers – A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings.'' Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York 1996, {{ISBN|1-57912-787-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Kayden|first=Jerold S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpeNSAfYASoC&pg=PA9|title=Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience|author2=The Municipal Art Society of New York|publisher=Wiley|year=2000|isbn=978-0-471-36257-9}}
*{{cite web|date=November 9, 1982|title=Lever House|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1277.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1982}}}}
*{{cite web|date=October 2, 1983|title=The Lever House|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/83004078.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|ref={{harvid|National Park Service|1983}}}}
*{{Cite New York 1960|ref={{harvid|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995}}}}
* Stichweh, Dirk. ''New York Skyscrapers''. Prestel Publishing, Munich 2009, {{ISBN|3-7913-4054-9}}
* Stichweh, Dirk. ''New York Skyscrapers''. Prestel Publishing, Munich 2009, {{ISBN|3-7913-4054-9}}


Revision as of 20:57, 18 March 2021

For the building on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina, see Lever Building.
Lever House
Seen from Park Avenue and 53rd Street
Map
General information
Standort390 Park Avenue
Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°45′35″N 73°58′21″W / 40.75959°N 73.9725°W / 40.75959; -73.9725
OwnerOmnispective Management
Technical details
Floor count21[1]
Design and construction
Architect(s)Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie de Blois of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill[2]
Main contractorGeorge A. Fuller Company
Lever House
NYC Landmark No. 1277
Coordinates40°45′34″N 73°58′23″W / 40.75944°N 73.97306°W / 40.75944; -73.97306
Built1950–52
Architectural styleInternational Style
NRHP reference No.83004078[3]
NYCL No.1277
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 2, 1983
Designated NYCLNovember 9, 1982

The Lever House is a glass-box skyscraper at 390 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Built in the International Style according to the design principles of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie de Blois of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Completed in 1952, it was the second curtain wall skyscraper in New York City after the United Nations Secretariat Building.[a] The 307-foot-tall (94 m) building[1] features a courtyard and public space.

The construction of the Lever House marked a transition point for Park Avenue in Midtown, changing it from a boulevard of masonry apartment buildings to one of glass towers as other corporations adopted the International Style for new headquarters.[4] The building's design was copied by several other structures around the world. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1982[4] and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.[3]

Website

The Lever House is at 390 Park Avenue, on the western sidewalk between 53rd Street and 54th Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.[5][6][7] The "L"-shaped land lot has a frontage or length of 200 feet (61 m) on Park Avenue and a depth of 192 feet (59 m), with an area of 34,844 square feet (3,237.1 m2). The 53rd Street frontage is slightly shorter than the 54th Street frontage.[5] Nearby buildings include the DuMont Building and Hotel Elysée on the same city block to the west; the Seagram Building diagonally across Park Avenue and 53rd Street; and the CBS Studio Building and Racquet and Tennis Club across 53rd Street to the south.[5]

Design

Form

The 1916 Zoning Resolution, which required skyscrapers in New York City to have setbacks as they rose, was designed to prevent new skyscrapers from overwhelming the streets with their sheer bulk.[b] However, these setbacks were not required if the building occupied 25 percent or less of its lot. It was this provision which allowed the Lever House, and the other glass boxes which followed it, to be built in the form of a vertical slab.[4]

Facade

The building featured a 24-story blue-green heat-resistant glass and stainless steel curtain-wall.[10] The curtain-wall was designed to reduce the cost of operating and maintaining the property. Its curtain-wall is completely sealed with no operating windows. This meant that much less dirt from the city would get into the building. The heat resistant nature of the glass also helped to keep air conditioning costs down. Additionally, "the company draped a $50,000 'window-washing gondola' from the roof, a publicity stunt that used Lever-brand Surf soap to scrub the windows clean every six days."[11] The curtain wall was fabricated and installed by General Bronze Corp, the same facade contractor that had recently finished the Secretariat Building curtain wall at the United Nations Headquarters.

Lever House ground floor lobby

Eigenschaften

The ground floor contained no tenants. Instead, it featured an open plaza with garden and pedestrian walkways. Only a small portion of the ground floor was enclosed in glass and marble. The ground floor featured space for displays and waiting visitors, a demonstration kitchen and an auditorium.[citation needed] Since the completion of the Lever House renovation, the building's plaza and lobby have been used as a gallery for the Lever House Art Collection. Exhibitions have included such works as Virgin Mother by Damien Hirst, Bride Fight by E.V. Day, The Hulks by Jeff Koons, The Snow Queen by Rachel Feinstein,[12] Robert Towne by Sarah Morris[13] as well as several sculptures by Keith Haring. Tom Sachs' Bronze Collection was exhibited in May 2008; Sachs' bronze Hello Kitty and Miffy sculptures remain displayed in the Lever House plaza as of 2014.[14]

The second and largest floor contained the employees' lounge, medical suite, and general office facilities. On the third floor was the employees' cafeteria and terrace. The offices of Lever Brothers and its subsidiaries occupied the remaining floors with the executive penthouse on the 21st floor. The top three stories contained most of the property's mechanical space.

History

The Lever House was built in 1950–1952 to be the American headquarters of the British soap company Lever Brothers. It was the pet project of Lever Brothers president Charles Luckman, who had been identified on the cover of Time Magazine as a "Boy Wonder". Luckman would leave the company before the building's completion to achieve a notable architecture career on his own, including the design of Madison Square Garden, the Theme Building and master plan for Los Angeles International Airport, Aon Centre, and initial buildings of the Kennedy Space Center and Johnson Space Center.[15]

Decline

In 1982, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission made the Lever House a New York City designated landmark. By that time, however, much of the Lever House's original brilliance had been dimmed by time. The building's blue-green glass facade deteriorated due to harsh weather conditions and the limitations of the original fabrication and materials. Water seeped behind the stainless steel mullions causing the carbon steel within (and around) the glazing pockets to rust and expand. This corrosion bowed the horizontal mullions and broke most of the spandrel glass panels. By the mid-1990s, only one percent of the original glass remained leaving the once glimmering curtain wall a patchwork of mismatched greenish glass.[citation needed]

Upper stories

In 1985, the land under the Lever House (fee position) was acquired by Sarah Korein from the Goelet estate. Unilever, the parent company of Lever Brothers, continued to lease the building.

In September 1997, Unilever announced it was moving its Lever Brothers division to Greenwich, Connecticut. Following the announcement, Lever Brothers slowly began vacating the building, eventually leaving Unilever on only the top four floors.

Restoration

In 1998 the leasehold position was acquired from Unilever by German-American real estate magnates Aby Rosen and Michael Fuchs. The Korein/Kleinhans family retained the fee position, and signed a new lease with Rosen's firm, RFR Holding LLC, requiring RFR to perform a comprehensive restoration of the building's facade (curtain wall). RFR negotiated a lease-back deal allowing Unilever to remain on the top four floors. Immediately following the acquisition, RFR Holding announced a $25 million capital improvement program including a restoration of the building's curtain wall[16] and public spaces as well as repositioning it as a multi-tenant property.

The deteriorated steel subframe was replaced with concealed aluminum glazing channels, which is identical to the original in appearance. All rusted mullions and caps were replaced with new and identical stainless steel mullions and caps. All glass was removed for new panes that are nearly identical to the original, yet meet 1990s energy codes. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the building's architect, also performed the curtain wall replacement.[16]

The renovation project included the addition of marble benches and an Isamu Noguchi sculpture garden to the building's plaza – elements in the original plans for the building which were never realized.

Tenants

In 2003, Lever House Restaurant became the first business to operate as a restaurant at Lever House and later won New York Magazine's Best Service award in 2004. Lever House Restaurant closed in early 2009. Since late 2009, restaurant Casa Lever has occupied the former Lever House Restaurant space.[17]

Metals processor Arconic is headquartered in Lever House. As of 2005, the building's tenants included Thomas Weisel Partners LLC, which maintains a trading floor on the second floor of the building.

Impact

The building's design was copied by Ankara's Emek Business Center in 1959;[18] the Banco de Bogotá headquarters in 1959; the Minneapolis bank headquarters One Financial Plaza in 1960; Paris Orly Airport's Terminal Sud in 1961; the high-rise tower of Berlin's Europa-Center in 1965 and the Hydroproject headquarters in Moscow in 1965–1968.

  • Lever House New York, New York 2012
    Lever House
    New York, New York 2012
  • 1973 Photo (showing discolored window glass)
    1973 Photo (showing discolored window glass)
  • 2014 Photo
    2014 Photo
  • 2nd Floor Walkway
    2nd Floor Walkway

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The first glazed facade in the U.S. was probably the Boley Clothing Company Building, Kansas City, Missouri (1909), designed by the Canadian architect Louis Curtiss.
  2. ^ As per the 1916 Zoning Act, the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height, proportionate to the street's width, at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion. This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level's floor area was 25% that of the ground level's area. After that 25% threshold was reached, the building could rise without restriction.[8] This law was superseded by the 1961 Zoning Resolution.[9]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Lever House at Emporis
  2. ^ Dunlap, David W. "An Architect Whose Work Stood Out, Even if She Did Not" The New York Times (July 31, 2013)
  3. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  5. ^ a b c "390 Park Avenue, 10022". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved September 7, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ National Park Service 1983, p. 2.
  7. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 1.
  8. ^ Kayden & The Municipal Art Society of New York 2000, p. 8.
  9. ^ Kayden & The Municipal Art Society of New York 2000, pp. 11–12.
  10. ^ "Lever House" Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine on the Skidmore, Owings and Merrill website
  11. ^ Sisson, Patrick (May 9, 2017). "How air conditioning shaped modern architecture—and changed our climate". curbed.com.
  12. ^ "André Leon Talley on Rachel Feinstein's 'The Snow Queen'" Archived February 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Vopgue (January 28, 2011)
  13. ^ Sarah Morris: Robert Towne
  14. ^ Tom Sachs website
  15. ^ Muschamp, Herbert (January 28, 1999). "Charles Luckman, Architect Who Designed Penn Station's Replacement, Dies at 89". New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Lever House Curtain Wall Replacement" Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine on the Skidmore, Owings and Merrill website
  17. ^ Sifton, Sam (January 5, 2010). "Casa Lever". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  18. ^ "Emek Business Center". Emporis. Retrieved March 18, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lever House (Manhattan).
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