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* 2 civilians killed
* 2 civilians killed
* 20 total wounded<ref>[http://www.guyana.org/features/postindependence/chapter7.html], The Rupununi Revolt.</ref>
* 20 total wounded<ref>[http://www.guyana.org/features/postindependence/chapter7.html], The Rupununi Revolt.</ref>
| casualties2 = * 70–100 indigenous [[Pemon|Makushi]] killed
| casualties2 =
* 326 indigenous Makushi and [[Wapishana]] wounded<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=T43ABgAAQBAJ&q=Rupununi%2520%2520venezuela&pg=PT241], The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue (Volume Two).</ref>
| casualties3 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| notes =

Revision as of 17:37, 25 November 2023

Rupununi Uprising

Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region of Guyana
Date2 January 1969
Location
Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
Result Guyanese victory
Belligerents

Guyana (1966–1970) Guyana

Rupununi separatists Support:

Commanders and leaders
 Valerie Hart
Averrel John Melville
Strength
200 soldiers[4] 120–300 rebels[5][6]
Casualties and losses
  • 5 police officers killed
  • 2 civilians killed
  • 20 total wounded[7]

The Rupununi Uprising was a secessionist insurrection in Guyana that began on 2 January 1969. Occurring less than two years after Guyana’s independence from the United Kingdom, it constituted the country’s earliest and most severe test of statehood and social solidarity. The uprising was ultimately dispersed by the Guyana Defence Force.

Background

The rebellion was led by the Hart family, a wealthy family that moved to Guyana from North Dakota in 1914.[1] The family, which comprised six brothers and one sister, were American citizens and were educated in the United States.[1] Valerie Hart, a United Force politician, owned a ranch at Moreru.[8]

Motives for the rebellion are divided. The Guyanese government said that the Hart family forced indigenous peasants to join their cause.[1] Valerie was present at the First Conference of Amerindians Leaders, named the "Cabacaburi Congress" in 1968. The Conference presented demands to Prime Minister Forbes Burnham who represented the community of around 40,000 indigenous people of the Rupununi district.[9] The movement defended the integration of natives to Guyanese society, inconsonant with Burnham's afrocentrist policies.[3] Factions within the indigenous society in South Esequibo felt threatened by the possible distribution of agricultural parcels among the sectors that had supported the Minister, which caused some of the inhabitants to rebel.[citation needed] According to Hart, the region's population rebelled against the government because their constitutional rights were not respected and because of continuous intimidation and repression directed against them.[3]

Events

Preparation

At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalized plans of a separated Rupununi state.[10] Some scholars, including Harold Eugene Davis and Pedro González, have said that Venezuela supported and sponsored the Rupununi rebels and their secession movement.[2][3] In an effort to receive support from Venezuela, Hart and her rebels stated that they would grant Venezuela control of Guyana's disputed Guayana Esequiba territory in exchange for assistance.[11]

Attack

Rebels began their attacks on Lethem in the morning of 2 January 1969, killing five police officers and two civilians while also destroying buildings belonging to the Guyanese government with bazooka fire.[12] The rebels locked citizens in their homes and blocked airfields in Lethem, Annai Good Hope, Karanambo and Karasabai, attempting to block staging areas for Guyanese troops.[10]

Counterattack

News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF).[10] GDF troops arrived at an open airstrip 5 miles (8.0 km) away from Lethem.[10] As troops approached, the rebels quickly fled and the uprising ended.[10] About thirty of the rebels were arrested following the uprising.[12]

The following day, on 4 January, captain Edgar Gavidia Valero flew to Santa Elena de Uairén sent by the Venezuelan government with the orders that the Venezuelan military institutions had to unblock the airfields and start the evacuation of both the Amerindian population and the uprising leaders. Hours afterwards, Guyanese soldiers arrived at the area.[13] Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unravelled, with Hart and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognized as being born in the Guayana Esequiba disputed territory.[3][14]

Indigenous groups denounced that Guyanese forces had attacked and killed Amerindians in the region. A pilot of the Guaica airline, who stayed at Lettem, described that after two C-47 planes landed, Guyanese forces burned houses, tortured inhabitants and raped women.[13] Opposition leader Cheddi Jagan attempted to send two of his Amerindian personnel to the region in order to observe possible atrocities, but they were held at the airfield Lethem by GDF troops and flown back to Georgetown. Bishop of Georgetown R. Lester Guilly traveled to the area and stated witnessing no atrocities.[12]

Aftermath

That same night, Valerie Hart fled with her family to Ciudad Bolívar, before going to Caracas to request military aid from the Venezuelan government; according to her, her goal was, on behalf of the rebels, to create an independent region of Guyana.[15] The day after the uprising, on the afternoon of 3 January 1969, Hart met in Caracas with the Venezuelan Foreign Affairs Minister Ignacio Iribarren Borges [es] at the Yellow House, the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Hart explained the uprising to Iribarren Borges, citing Burnham's policies as its motives, and said that the rebels had the intention of turning the Rupununi into an independent territory under Venezuelan protection. Iribarren Borges replied that Venezuela was bound to the 1966 Geneva Agreement with the United Kingdom and Guyana, and that Venezuela could not intervene in favor of the rebels even if it wanted to.[13]

Minutes after, questioned by journalists after leaving his office, the Minister declared that "Venezuela is not considering aiding the Guyana rebels". Interior Affairs Minister Reinaldo Leandro Mora declared that "the movement would not have failed if Venezuela had intervened". In a press conference nearby, in the Antímano Lounge of El Conde hotel, Valerie Hart declared indignate that: "I want it to be well understood that if the Venezuelan government, by pressure of the United States, does not lend any help to the Rupununi people, it would be equal to support the Burnham government".[13]

Guyana said that Venezuela organized the uprising, which Venezuela denied.[1] Prime Minister of Guyana, Burnham, said in a speech following the incident that the rebellion was the "beginning" and that Guyana "must therefore expect further acts of aggression and intimidation from the new imperialism on our western doorstep."[1] Concern related to the incident led to the Port of Spain Protocol in 1970.[3]

See also

  • Tigri Area, another territorial dispute involving Guyana

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels". The New York Times. 6 January 1969. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b Davis, Harold Eugene; Wilson, Larman Curtis (1975). Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 191-196. ISBN 9780801816956.
  3. ^ a b c d e f González, Pedro (1991). La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ [1], La insurrección de Rupununi.
  5. ^ [2], The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue (Volume Two).
  6. ^ Ishmael, Dr. Odeen. "The Trail of Diplomacy - A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue"
  7. ^ [3], The Rupununi Revolt.
  8. ^ David A. Granger (18 January 2009). "The Rupununi Rebellion, 1969". Stabroek News. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  9. ^ Amerindian News Georgetown: vol 2, No 3, May 15th 1968.
  10. ^ a b c d e Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (2019). The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America. Routledge. ISBN 9781000306897.
  11. ^ González, Pedro (1991). La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas. pp. 14, 45–47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ a b c Ishmael, Odeen (2013). The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue. ISBN 9781493126552.
  13. ^ a b c d "Guyana: De Rupununi a La Haya". En El Tapete (in Spanish). 4 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  14. ^ Briceño Monzón, Claudio A.; Olivar, José Alberto; Buttó, Luis Alberto (2016). La Cuestión Esequibo: Memoria y Soberanía. Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Metropolitana. p. 145.
  15. ^ GONZÁLEZ, Pedro. La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas: Miguel A. García e hijo S.R.L. 1991.
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