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=== Piziquid ===
=== Piziquid ===
At exactly the same time as Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pré; September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Alexander Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at [[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)]].<ref>Faragher, p. 140, 346</ref> On October 20, 920 Acadians from Piziquid were loaded on to four transports.<ref>Faragher, p. 361</ref>
At exactly the same time as Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pré; September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Alexander Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at [[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)]].<ref>Faragher, p. 140, 346</ref> On October 20, 920 Acadians from Piziquid were loaded on to four transports.<ref>Faragher, p. 361</ref> Unlike the neighbouring communnity of Grand Pre, the buildings at Pisiquid were not destroyed by fire. As a result, when the New England Planters arrived, many houses and barns still stood there.<ref>Gwyn, Julian. Planter Nova Scotia 1760-1815: New Port Township. Wolfville: Kings-Hants Heritage Connection. 2010. p. 23</ref>


===Annapolis Royal===
===Annapolis Royal===

Revision as of 19:37, 13 January 2011

Grand Pré: Deportation of the Acadians.

The Bay of Fundy Campaign occurred during the French and Indian War when the British ordered the Expulsion of the Acadians from Acadia after the Battle of Beausejour (1755). The Campaign started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to Grand Pre, Piziquid (Falmouth/ Windsor, Nova Scotia) and finally Annapolis Royal.

Historical context

Main articles: French and Indian War and Expulsion of the Acadians

The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British, such as the raids on Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. The Acadians also maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.[1] During the French and Indian War, the British sought both to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.[2] Prior to the expulsion, the British retrieved the Acadians weapons and boats in the Bay of Fundy region and arrested their deputies and priests.[3]

Campaign

Chignecto

After the fall of Fort Beausejour (1755), the first wave of the expulsion of the Acadians began in the region of Chignecto. Under the direction of Colonel Robert Monckton, on August 10, Lieutenant-Colonel John Winslow seized four hundred unsuspecting men who were at Fort Cumberland (formerly Fort Beausejour).[4] He also imprisoned 86 Acadians within Fort Lawrence.[5] The number of prisoners was one third the men of the region, many of the others fled the region. The prisoners were kept in the fort until transports arrived to deport them. The wives and children joined them upon departure.[6]

Almost a month after the expulsion began, on September 2, Boishebert organized the Mi’kmaq and Acadian resistance in the region and soundly defeated the British forces in the Battle of Petitcodiac. Almost one month later, on October 1, the Acadian prisoners at Fort Lawrence escaped. Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil) was one of the escapees.[5]

On October 13, a convoy of eight transports, carrying on board approximately 1782 prisoners, left Chignecto Basin escorted by three British men–of–war.[7] The Acadians of Chignecto were considered the most rebellious. As a result, they were sent the furthest from Acadia to South Carolina and Georgia.[8] Upon leaving, Monckton began burning the Acadian villages to prevent the Acadians return.[9]

On November 15, 1755, British officer John Thomas burned the village of Tentatmar (Sackville, New Brunswick),destroying in the process the church and ninety-seven other buildings.[10]

Cobequid

On August 15, under orders from Monckton, Captain Thomas Lewis, Abijah Willard and 250 troops began to destroy two villages in Cobequid: Tatamagouche and Remsheg (present-day Wallace, Nova Scotia).[11] The British chose to destroy these villages first in the expulsion because they were the gateway Acadians used to provide cattle and produce to Louisbourg.[12] Toward this end, Willard assembled the men of Tatamagouche in an Acadian home. He ensured all the guns in the village were confiscated and then notified the Acadian men that they were being taken prisoner. Willard immediately began to destroy the shipments of Acadian cattle and produce that were on vessels to be sent to Louisbourg.[13] On August 16, Lewis burned twelve homes and the chapel.[14] Willard continued to burn four houses and several barns in the early morning of August 17.[15]

Captain Lewis went with 40 men to Remsheg where he captured three families and burned several buildings.[14] Lewis returned to Fort Cumberland on August 26 with the Acadian male prisoners. The fate of the women and children of the region is unknown.[16]

On September 11, Captain Lewis was sent from Fort Cumberland to destroy the rest of the Cobequid, a region which included present-day Truro, Nova Scotia and stretched around to Petite Rivier (Walton, Nova Scotia) on the south shore of the Cobequid Bay and Five Islands, Nova Scotia on the north shore.[17] Lewis discovered that the rest of Cobequid was vacant. Most of those in the region, such as Noel Doiron, had already vacated their farms over the previous five years and made their way to Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island).[17] From September 23-29th, Lewis laid waste to the countryside with fire.[18]

Grand Pré

Acadian Memorial Cross, Grand Pre, Nova Scotia - marking the site of the deportation

Eight days after Acadians were imprisoned at Chignecto, Lieutenant Colonel John Winslow arrived in Grand-Pré with 315 troops on August 18, 1755.[19] Winslow took up headquarters in the church. The 418 Acadian males (age 10 and older) of the area were ordered inside the church Saint-Charles-des-Mines on September 5, where they were unexpectedly imprisoned for five weeks.[20] Winslow informed them that all but their personal goods were to be forfeited to the Crown and that they and their families were to be deported as soon as ships arrived to take them away. The wives were ordered to feed and clothe both the prisoners and the troops.[21] Six days after the initial imprisonment, because of fears of Acadian rebellion, Winslow moved 230 prisoners on board ships to await deportation.[22] On October 13, more than 2000 Acadians had been loaded on to five transports.[23] Upon leaving, Winslow began burning the Acadian villages to prevent their return. He recorded that he burned 276 barns, 255 homes, 11 mills and one mass house in the villages surrounding Grand Pré.[9]

Piziquid

At exactly the same time as Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand Pré; September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Alexander Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at Fort Edward (Nova Scotia).[24] On October 20, 920 Acadians from Piziquid were loaded on to four transports.[25] Unlike the neighbouring communnity of Grand Pre, the buildings at Pisiquid were not destroyed by fire. As a result, when the New England Planters arrived, many houses and barns still stood there.[26]

Annapolis Royal

At Annapolis Royal, Major John Handfield was responsible to expel the Acadians.[27] The expulsion was slow to advance in this region, but finally on Dec 8, 1664 Acadians were disembarked in seven vessels escorted by a man-of-war.[9] About three hundred Acadians are reported to have escaped deportation.[9]

Of the ships departing on December 8, 32 Acadian families (225 prisoners) onboard the British ship Pembroke, bound for North Carolina, seized control of the vessel. On February 8, 1756, the Acadians had sailed up the Saint John River as far as they could.[28] The Acadians disembarked and burned their ship. A group of Maliseet met them and directed them up stream, where they joined an expanding Acadian community.[29] The Maliseet took them to one of Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot's refugee camps for the fleeing Acadians, which was at Beaubears Island.[30]

Some Acadian families further up the Annapolis River fled to forests on the North Mountain near Morden, Nova Scotia.[31] Many died in the winter that followed until a Mi'kmaw band helped survivors escape in the spring across the Bay of Fundy to Refugee Cove at Cape Chignecto and from there to the interior of New Brunswick.[32]

Aftermath

By the end of the Campaign, more than seven thousand Acadians were deported to the New England States.[33] The French, Native and Acadians would conduct a Guerrilla War against the British over the next four years, such as the raids on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.[34] The second wave of the expulsion began after the Siege of Louisbourg (1758). The British would then engage in the St. John River Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).

References

Secondary sources

  • Brenda Dunn, A History of Port-Royal/Annapolis Royal 1605-1800, Halifax: Nimbus, 2004.
  • Griffiths, E. From Migrant to Acadian. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005.
  • John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press.
  • John Faragher. A Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005.
  • John Reid, Maurice Basque, Elizabeth Mancke, Barry Moody, Geoffrey Plank, and William Wicken. 2004. The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal Constructions.
  • Geoffrey Plank, An Unsettled Conquest. University of Pennsylvania. 2001

Endnotes

  1. ^ John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press. 2008
  2. ^ Stephen E. Patterson. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D. (eds). The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. pp.105-106.; Also see Stephen Patterson, Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples, p. 144.
  3. ^ Faragher, p. 340
  4. ^ Faragher, p. 338
  5. ^ a b Faragher, p. 356
  6. ^ Faragher, p. 339
  7. ^ Faragher, p. 357
  8. ^ Faragher, p. 335
  9. ^ a b c d Faragher, p. 363
  10. ^ John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire. Oklahoma University Press. 2008. p. 184
  11. ^ Patterson, Frank. Old Cobequid and its Destruction. Collections of Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 33. 1934.p. 69; also see Willard’s Journal published in NB Historical Soceity no. 12 by John Clarence Webster.
  12. ^ Patterson, p. 75
  13. ^ Patterson, p. 76, p. 72
  14. ^ a b Patterson, p.72
  15. ^ Patterson, p.73
  16. ^ Patterson, p.75
  17. ^ a b S. Scott and T. Scott, "Noel Doiron and the East Hants Acadians", Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 11, 2008
  18. ^ Patterson, p. 77
  19. ^ Plank, p. 146
  20. ^ Plank, p. 147
  21. ^ Faragher, p. 346
  22. ^ Faragher, p. 354
  23. ^ Faragher, p. 361; Plank, p. 149
  24. ^ Faragher, p. 140, 346
  25. ^ Faragher, p. 361
  26. ^ Gwyn, Julian. Planter Nova Scotia 1760-1815: New Port Township. Wolfville: Kings-Hants Heritage Connection. 2010. p. 23
  27. ^ Faragher, p. 336
  28. ^ Les Cahiers de la Societe historique acadienne vol. 35, nos. 1&2 (Jan-Jun 2004)
  29. ^ Plank, p. 150
  30. ^ John Grenier, p. 186
  31. ^ Faragher, p. 348
  32. ^ "Park History", Cape Chignecto Provincial Park website
  33. ^ Faragher, p. 364
  34. ^ For the Guerrilla War see John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press. For the Raid on Lunenburg (1756) see Linda G. Layton. (2003) A passion for survival: The true story of Marie Anne and Louis Payzant in Eighteenth-century Nova Scotia. Nimbus Publishing.
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