San Francisco Bay Area: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|name = San Francisco Bay Area |
|name = San Francisco Bay Area |
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|settlement_type = [[ |
|settlement_type = [[Conurbation]] |
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|image_skyline = |
|image_skyline = Bay Area Montage.png |
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|image_alt = A montage of eight pictures of different locations in the Bay Area |
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| image1 = SAN JOSE CALIFORNIA BAYAREA01.jpg|caption1=[[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |
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|image_caption = <small>Clockwise from top: The [[Stanford University]] Oval, [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco Chinatown]] with the [[San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]] in the background, [[Napa Valley]] vineyards, the [[Circle of Palms Plaza]] in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], the [[Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]'s downtown skyline, and redwood trees in [[Muir Woods National Monument|Muir Woods]]</small> |
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| image2 = SF From Marin Highlands3.jpg|caption2=[[San Francisco]] |
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| image3 = OAKLAND, CA, USA - Skyline and Bridge.JPG|caption3=[[Oakland]] |
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}} |
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|nickname = |
|nickname = |
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|image_map = California Bay Area county map.svg |
|image_map = California Bay Area county map.svg |
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|map_caption = San Francisco Bay Area within California |
|map_caption = San Francisco Bay Area within California |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = |
|subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = |
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California}} |
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| |
|subdivision_type2 = Subregions |
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|subdivision_name2 = {{plainlist| |
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* [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] |
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* [[North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|North Bay]] |
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* [[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]] |
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* [[San Francisco]] |
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* [[Santa Clara Valley|South Bay]] |
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}} |
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|parts_type = Principal cities |
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|parts_style = List of cities with populations of 100,000+ |
|parts_style = List of cities with populations of 100,000+ |
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|p1 = [[San |
| p1 = '''[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]''' |
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| p2 = '''[[San Francisco]]''' |
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|area_metro_km2 = 17,888 |
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| p3 = '''[[Oakland]]''' |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = 6906 |
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| elevation_min_ft = -10 |
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| elevation_max_footnotes = <br />at [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] |
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| elevation_min_footnotes = <br />at [[Alviso, San Jose, California|Alviso]] |
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| population_total = 7.68 million<ref name="PopEstCounties" /> |
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| population_as_of = July 1, 2016 |
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| population_density_sq_mi = 933 |
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| population_blank1_title = [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] |
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| population_blank1 = 8.75 million<ref name="PopEstCSA" /> |
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| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 860 |
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| p2 = [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |
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| p3 = [[Oakland]] |
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| p4 = [[Fremont, California|Fremont]] |
| p4 = [[Fremont, California|Fremont]] |
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| p5 = [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]] |
| p5 = [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]] |
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| p14 = [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]] |
| p14 = [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]] |
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| p15 = [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]] |
| p15 = [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]] |
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|p16=[[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]] |
| p16=[[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]] |
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|area_blank1_title = Nine-county |
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| |
|area_blank1_sq_mi = 6,966 |
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|area_blank2_title = [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] |
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|area_blank2_sq_mi = 10,191 |
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|area_footnotes = <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.counties.org/pod/square-mileage-county|title=Square Mileage by County|publisher=California States Association of Counties|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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|elevation_max_ft = 4360 |
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|elevation_min_ft = −13 |
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|elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.milpitascamera.com/fieldtrips/report2006-09-02.htm|title=Mt. Hamilton Lick Observatory|date=September 28, 2006|author=Hinrichs, Scott|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref><br>[[Mount_Hamilton_(California)#Copernicus_Peak|Copernicus Peak]] |
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|elevation_min_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_27182429/san-jose-overwhelmed-pumps-led-alviso-flooding-residents|title = San Jose: Overwhelmed pumps led to Alviso flooding; residents say it's a 'wake-up call'|last = Kurhi|first = Eric|date = December 11, 2014|work = ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|access-date = September 21, 2017}}</ref><br>[[Alviso, San Jose, California|Alviso]] |
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|population_as_of = July 1, 2016 |
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|population_blank1_title = Nine-county |
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|population_blank1 = 7.68 million<ref name="PopEstCounties">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/popest/counties-total.html|title=Counties Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016|work=2016 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=March 2017|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 1102.5 |
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|population_blank2_title = [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] |
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|population_blank2 = 8.75 million<ref name=PopEstCSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/popest/total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016|work=2016 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=March 2017|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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|population_density_blank2_sq_mi = 859 |
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|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]] |
|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]] |
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|utc_offset = −8 |
|utc_offset = −8 |
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|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] |
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] |
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|utc_offset_DST = −7 |
|utc_offset_DST = −7 |
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| area_code = [[Area code 408|408]], [[Area code 415|415]], [[Area code 510|510]], [[Area code 650|650]], [[Area code 707|707]], [[Area code 925|925]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.whitepages.com/maps/NCA|publisher=White Pages|title=Area Code Map for Northern California/Bay Area|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''San Francisco Bay Area''' (referred to locally as the '''Bay Area''') is a populous region surrounding the [[San Francisco Bay|San Francisco]], [[San Pablo Bay|San Pablo]] and [[Suisun Bay|Suisun]] [[estuary|estuaries]] in [[ |
The '''San Francisco Bay Area''' (referred to locally as the '''Bay Area''') is a populous region surrounding the [[San Francisco Bay|San Francisco]], [[San Pablo Bay|San Pablo]] and [[Suisun Bay|Suisun]] [[estuary|estuaries]] in the [[United States|U.S.]] state of [[California]]. Although the exact boundaries of the region vary depending on the source, the Bay Area is generally accepted to include the nine counties that border the aforementioned estuaries: [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]], [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]], [[Marin County, California|Marin]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[San Francisco]], [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]], [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]], [[Solano County, California|Solano]], and [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]]. Other sources may exclude parts of or even entire counties, or include neighboring counties such as [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz]] and [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin]]. |
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Home to approximately 7.68 million people, the nine-county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and [[national park]]s, connected by a complex multimodal transportation network. The larger [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|combined statistical area]] of the region, which includes twelve counties, is the second-largest in [[California]] (after the [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Greater Los Angeles]] area), the fifth-largest in the [[United States]], and the [[List of urban areas by population|41st-largest urban area in the world]] with 8.75 million people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Demographia|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date=April 2016|edition=12th|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf||accessdate=November 17, 2016}}</ref> The Bay Area's population is ethnically diverse: roughly half of the region's residents are [[White Americans|White]], with the rest comprising of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]], [[Asian American|Asian]], [[African American]], and [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] people, all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region. |
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The Bay Area has the second-most [[Fortune 500]] companies in the United States, after the [[New York metropolitan area]], and is known for its natural beauty, [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] politics, entrepreneurship, and [[Demographics of California|diversity]].<ref name="US Census Bureau, household and per capita income during the 2000 Census in metro areas">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=d&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_P053&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_P082&-tree_id=403&-redoLog=false&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=38000US7000&-geo_id=38000US7040&-geo_id=38000US7120&-geo_id=38000US7160&-geo_id=38000US7200&-geo_id=38000US7240&-geo_id=38000US7320&-geo_id=38000US7362&-geo_id=38000US7442&-geo_id=38000US7460&-search_results=01000US&-_showChild=Y&-format=&-_lang=en&-_toggle=|title=US Census Bureau, household and per capita income during the 2000 Census in metro areas|accessdate=June 1, 2007}}</ref><ref name="SF Chronicle, most democratic voting bloc in the state, 2003">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/08/MN45195.DTL|title=SF Chronicle, most democratic voting bloc in the state, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2007|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 8, 2003}}</ref> The area ranks second in highest density of college graduates, after the [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington, D.C. metropolitan area]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/05/31/us/education-in-metro-areas.html?_r=0|title=Cities with the Most College-Educated Residents|website=nytimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/01/cities-with-most-college_n_596792.html|title=San Francisco Tops List Of Cities With Most College Degrees (CHART)|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> and performs above the state median household income in the 2010 census;<ref>{{cite news|last=Fagan|first=Kevin|title=Bay Area income beats state, U.S., census shows|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Bay-Area-income-beats-state-U-S-census-shows-2309174.php|work=SFGate|accessdate=March 10, 2014|date=September 22, 2011}}</ref> it includes the five highest [[California locations by per capita income|California counties by per capita income]] and two of the top 25 [[Richest counties in the United States|wealthiest counties in the United States]]. Based on a 2013 population report from the [[California Department of Finance]], the Bay Area is the only region in California where the rate of people migrating in from other areas in the United States is greater than the rate of those leaving the region, led by Alameda and Contra Costa counties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sulek|first=Julia Prodis|title=California report: Bay Area population gains are strongest in state|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/census/ci_24713035/california-report-bay-area-population-gains-are-strongest|work=San Jose Mercury News|accessdate=March 10, 2014}}</ref> |
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The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlements in the Bay Area dates back to 3000 BC. In 1769, the Bay Area was inhabited by the [[Ohlone]] people when a [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish exploration party]] led by [[Gaspar de Portolà]] entered the Bay – the first documented European visit to the Bay Area. After [[Mexico]] [[Mexican War of Independence|established independence]] from [[Spain]] in 1821, the region was briefly controlled by the Mexican government until the [[United States]] seized the territory in 1846 during the [[Mexican–American War]]. Soon after, [[California gold rush|discovery of gold]] in California attracted a flood of treasure seekers, many using ports in the Bay Area as an entry point. During the early years of California's statehood, state legislative business rotated between three locations in the Bay Area before a permanent state capital was established in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. A [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|major earthquake]] leveled the city of San Francisco and environs in 1906, but the region quickly rebuilt in time to host the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition|1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition]]. During [[World War II]], the Bay Area played a major role in America's war effort in the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater]], with San Francisco's [[Fort Mason]] acting as a primary embarkation point for American forces. In 1945, the [[United Nations Charter]] was signed in San Francisco, establishing the [[United Nations]], and in 1951, the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] officially ended the U.S.'s [[Pacific War|war with Japan]]. Since then, the Bay Area has experienced numerous political, cultural and artistic movements, developing unique local genres in music and art and establishing itself as a hotbed of [[Progressivism|progressive politics]]. Economically, the post-war Bay Area saw huge growth in the financial and technology industries, creating a vibrant and diverse economy with a [[gross domestic product]] of over $700 billion, and home to the second highest concentration of [[Fortune 500]] companies in the United States. |
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==Sub-regions== |
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===East Bay=== |
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{{Main|East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)}} |
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The eastern side of San Francisco Bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay. The East Bay can be loosely divided into two regions, the inner East Bay, which adjoins the Bay shoreline, and the outer East Bay, consisting of inland valleys separated from the inner East Bay by hills and mountains. |
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* The inner East Bay includes the western portions of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, including the cities of [[Oakland]], [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], and [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], as well as many smaller suburbs such as [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[Castro Valley, California|Castro Valley]], [[Newark, California|Newark]], [[Union City, California|Union City]], [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]], [[Albany, California|Albany]], [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]], [[San Pablo, California|San Pablo]], [[Crockett, California|Crockett]], [[El Sobrante, California|El Sobrante]], [[Pinole, California|Pinole]], [[San Lorenzo, California|San Lorenzo]], [[Hercules, California|Hercules]], [[Rodeo, California|Rodeo]], [[Piedmont, California|Piedmont]], and [[El Cerrito, Contra Costa County, California|El Cerrito]]. The inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. This region contains the Bay Area's largest [[seaport]], the [[Port of Oakland]], the headquarters of [[Pixar Animation Studios]], and hosts the professional sports franchises the [[Golden State Warriors]], [[Oakland Raiders]], and [[Oakland Athletics]]. |
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* The outer East Bay consists of the eastern portions of [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]] and [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]] counties and is divided into 4 distinct areas: Lamorinda, Central Contra Costa County, East Contra Costa County, and the [[Tri-Valley]]. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes: [[Lafayette, California|Lafayette]], [[Moraga, California|Moraga]], and [[Orinda, California|Orinda]]. [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]] is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with [[Concord, California|Concord]], [[Martinez, California|Martinez]], and [[Pleasant Hill, California|Pleasant Hill]] comprises ''Central Contra Costa County''. The cities of [[Antioch, California|Antioch]], [[Pittsburg, California|Pittsburg]], [[Brentwood, California|Brentwood]], [[Oakley, California|Oakley]] and the unincorporated areas surrounding them comprise ''East Contra Costa County''. The [[Tri-Valley]] consists of the [[Amador Valley|Amador]], the [[Livermore Valley|Livermore]], and the [[San Ramon Valley]]s. [[Dublin, California|Dublin]] and [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]] comprise the [[Amador Valley]], [[Livermore, California|Livermore]] lies in the [[Livermore Valley]], and the [[San Ramon Valley]] consists of [[Alamo, California|Alamo]], [[Danville, California|Danville]], [[Diablo, California|Diablo]] and its namesake, [[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]]. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay (East/West) by [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]], Interstate [[Interstate 580 (California)|580]] to the south, and State Routes [[California State Route 4|State Route 4]] to the north, and [[California State Route 24|State Route 24]] via the [[Caldecott Tunnel]] in the center. The outer East Bay's infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades. |
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Despite its urban character, the San Francisco Bay is one of California's most ecologically important habitats, providing key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and sediments from the rivers, and supporting a number of [[endangered species]]. The region is also known for the complexity of its landforms, the result of millions of years of [[Plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] movements. Because the Bay Area is crossed by six major [[earthquake fault]]s, the region is particularly exposed to hazards presented by large earthquakes. The climate is temperate and generally very mild, and is ideal for outdoor recreational and athletic activities such as hiking. The Bay Area is host to seven [[professional sports]] teams and is a cultural center for music, theater, and the arts. It is also host to several institutions of higher education, ranging from [[primary school]]s to major [[research universities]]. Home to 101 municipalities and nine counties, governance in the Bay Area is mutlifaceted and involves numerous local and regional actors, each with wide-ranging and overlapping responsibilities. |
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===North Bay=== |
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{{Main|North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)}} |
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The region that spans north of the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], and the northern shores of the San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun Bays, is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses [[Marin County, California|Marin County]], [[Napa County, California|Napa County]], [[Solano County, California|Solano County]] and [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]]. |
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==Boundaries== |
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With few exceptions (parts of [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], [[Marin City, California|Marin City]] and [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield/Suisun City]],) this region is quite affluent: Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state of California. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with many areas of undeveloped open space, farmland and vineyards. [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]] in Sonoma County is the North Bay's largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]] population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. Other North Bay cities include: [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[Napa, California|Napa]], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], [[Novato, California|Novato]], [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]], [[Petaluma, California|Petaluma]] and [[Rohnert Park, California|Rohnert Park]]. |
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[[File:Bayarea map.png|thumb|A map of the locally accepted nine-county definition of the Bay Area. Also displayed are the five subregions of the Bay Area, roughly divided along county lines except for the northwestern portion of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara county]].|alt=A map demarcating the boundaries of the nine-county Bay Area and the five subregions within.]] |
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The borders of the San Francisco Bay Area are not officially delineated, and the unique development patterns influenced by the region's topography, along with the presence of unusual commute patterns caused by the presence of three central cities and employment centers located in suburban cities, has led to considerable disagreement between local and federal definitions of the area.<ref name="walker"/> Because of this, professor of [[geography]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] Richard Walker claimed that "no other U.S. city-region is as definitionally challenged [as the Bay Area]."<ref name="walker">{{citejournal|url=http://geography.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Walker_107.pdf|title=The strange case of the Bay Area|pages=11–13|author=Walker, Richard and Alex Schafran|journal=Environment and Planing|volume=47|year=2015}}</ref> |
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The North Bay has only one commuter rail service: the [[Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit]]. This lack of transportation services is mainly because of the lack of population mass in the North Bay, and the fact that it is separated completely from the rest of the Bay Area by water, the only access points being the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] leading to San Francisco, the [[Richmond-San Rafael Bridge|Richmond-San Rafael]] leading to the East Bay city of [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], the [[Carquinez Bridge]] leading to the East Bay town of [[Crockett, California|Crockett]] and the [[Benicia-Martinez Bridge]] leading to the East Bay city of [[Martinez, California|Martinez]]. |
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Locally, many of the regional governmental agencies and districts recognize the nine counties that border the [[San Francisco Bay|San Francisco]], [[San Pablo Bay|San Pablo]], and [[Suisun Bay|Suisun]] [[estuary|estuaries]] as part of the Bay Area: [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]], [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]], [[Marin County, California|Marin]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[San Francisco]], [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]], [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]], [[Solano County, California|Solano]], and [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] counties. These agencies include the [[California_State_Water_Resources_Control_Board#Regional_Water_Quality_Control_Boards|San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/region_brds.pdf|title=The Nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards in California |publisher=California Water Boards|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District]],<ref name="aboutbaaqmd">{{citeweb|url=http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-the-air-district|title=About the Air District|publisher=Bay Area Air Quality Management District|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> the [[San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://sfbayrestore.org/|title=Welcome page|publisher=San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> the [[Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)|Metropolitan Transportation Commission]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://mtc.ca.gov/about-mtc/what-mtc/nine-bay-area-counties|title=Nine Bay Area counties|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> and the [[Association of Bay Area Governments]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://abag.ca.gov/overview/members.html|title=ABAG Members|publisher=Association of Bay Area Governments|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> the latter two of which partner to deliver a Bay Area Census using the nine-county definition.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/counties/counties.htm|title=Bay Area Census – Counties|publisher=Bay Area Census|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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===Peninsula=== |
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{{Main|San Francisco Peninsula}} |
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The area from San Francisco to the [[Silicon Valley]], geographically part of the [[San Francisco Peninsula]], is known locally as ''The Peninsula''. This area consists of [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and suburban communities in [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]], and the northwestern part of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]], as well as various towns along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast, such as [[Pacifica, California|Pacifica]] and [[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]]. This area is extremely diverse. Many of the cities and towns had originally been centers of rural life until the post-World War II era when large numbers of middle and upper class Bay Area residents moved in and developed the small villages. Since the 1980s the area has seen a large growth rate of middle and upper-class families who have settled in cities like [[Palo Alto]], [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]], [[Portola Valley]], [[Woodside, California|Woodside]], and [[Atherton, California|Atherton]] as part of the technology boom of Silicon Valley. Many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Peninsula cities include: [[Atherton, California|Atherton]], [[Belmont, California|Belmont]], [[Brisbane, California|Brisbane]], [[Burlingame, California|Burlingame]], [[Colma, California|Colma]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[Daly City]], [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]], [[Foster City]], [[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]], [[Hillsborough, California|Hillsborough]], [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]], [[Los Altos Hills, California|Los Altos Hills]], [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[Millbrae]], [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], [[Pacifica, California|Pacifica]], [[Portola Valley, California|Portola Valley]], [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]], [[Redwood Shores, California|Redwood Shores]], [[San Bruno]], [[San Carlos, California|San Carlos]], [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[South San Francisco]] and [[Woodside, California|Woodside]]. |
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Various [[United States Federal Government|U.S. Federal government]] agencies use definitions that differ from their local counterparts' nine-county definition. For example, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) which regulates broadcast, cable, and satellite transmissions, includes nearby [[Colusa County, California|Colusa]], [[Lake County, California|Lake]] and [[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]] counties in their "San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose" [[Media_market#United_States|media market]], but excludes eastern Solano county.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.truckads.com/Designated-Market/San-Francisco-Oakland-San-Jose.htm|title=San Francisco-San Jose-Oakland Designated Media Market Data|publisher=Truck Ads|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> On the other hand, the United States [[Office of Management and Budget]], which designates [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]s (MSAs) and [[Combined Statistical Area]]s (CSA) for populated regions across the country, has five MSAs which include, wholly or partially, areas within the nine-county definition, and [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|one CSA which includes]] all nine counties plus neighboring [[San Benito County, California|San Benito]], [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz]] and [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin]] counties.<ref name=OMB_13-01>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b-13-01.pdf|title=OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas|publisher=[[United States Office of Management and Budget]]|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=April 17, 2013}}</ref> |
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Whereas the term ''peninsula'' technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, ''The Peninsula'' does not include the city of San Francisco itself.<ref name="Crawford2006">{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Sabrina|title=Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRubZ8uW1FYC&pg=PA130|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=January 31, 2006|publisher=First Books|isbn=978-0-912301-63-1|pages=130–}}</ref><ref name="Inc.1987">{{cite book|last=Inc.|first=Active Interest Media,|title=Old-House Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ly2pGzVspoYC&pg=PA18|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=June 1987|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|pages=18–}}</ref><ref name="Cass2009">{{cite book|last=Cass|first=Maxine|title=Northern California Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgm7rGu-D1IC&pg=PA55|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=July 1, 2009|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-5597-4|pages=55–}}</ref><ref name="auto">Young, T. (2004). "Building San Francisco's parks", 1850–1930, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press</ref> |
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===Subregions=== |
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Among locals, the nine-county Bay Area can be further divided into five sub-regions: the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]], [[North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|North Bay]], [[Santa Clara Valley|South Bay]], [[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]], and the city of [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]. Although geographically located on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, the city of San Francisco is not considered part of the "Peninsula" subregion, but as a separate entity.<ref name="Crawford2006">{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Sabrina|title=Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRubZ8uW1FYC&pg=PA130|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=January 31, 2006|publisher=First Books|isbn=978-0-912301-63-1|pages=9–182}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/nativeson/article/Peninsula-a-surprise-find-south-of-S-F-6617485.php|title=Peninsula a surprise find south of S.F.|author=Nolte, Carl|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|date=November 7, 2015|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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{{Main|San Francisco}} |
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San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides: the north, east, and west. The city houses roughly 870,000 people in under {{convert|47|sqmi|km2}}, making it the second-most densely populated major city in North America after New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfmayor.org/index.aspx?page=281|title=Office of the Mayor : Mayor Lee Announces U.S. Census Bureau Results for San Francisco Population|publisher=Sfmayor.org|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> On any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the [[commuting]] population and tourism. San Francisco also has the largest commuter population of the Bay Area cities. The limitations of land area, however, make continued population growth challenging, and also has resulted in increased real estate prices. Though San Francisco is located at the tip of the peninsula, when ''the peninsula'' is discussed, it usually refers to the communities and geographic locations south of the city proper.<ref name="auto" /> |
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The "[[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area|East Bay]]" is the densest region of the Bay Area outside of San Francisco and includes cities and towns in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, centered around [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. As one of the larger subregions, the East Bay includes a variety of enclaves, including the suburban [[Tri-Valley]] area and the highly urban western part of the subregion that runs alongside the bay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Sabrina|title=Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRubZ8uW1FYC&pg=PA130|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=January 31, 2006|publisher=First Books|isbn=978-0-912301-63-1|pages=99–129}}</ref> The "[[San Francisco Peninsula|Peninsula]]" subregion includes the cities and towns on the San Francisco Peninsula, excluding the titular city of San Francisco. Its eastern half, which runs alongside the Bay, is highly populated while its less populated western coast traces the coastline of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and is known for its open space and hiking trails. Roughly coinciding with the borders of San Mateo county, it also includes the northwestern Santa Clara county cities of [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], and [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Sabrina|title=Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRubZ8uW1FYC&pg=PA130|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=January 31, 2006|publisher=First Books|isbn=978-0-912301-63-1|pages=130–156}}</ref> The "South Bay" includes all of the rest of the cities in Santa Clara county, centered around [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], and is roughly synonymous with [[Silicon Valley]] due to its high concentration of tech companies, although the industry also has a significant presence in the rest of the Bay Area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Sabrina|title=Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRubZ8uW1FYC&pg=PA130|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=January 31, 2006|publisher=First Books|isbn=978-0-912301-63-1|pages=157–182}}</ref> The "[[North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|North Bay]]" includes Marin, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano counties, and is the largest and least populated subregion. The western counties of Marin and Sonoma are encased by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the bay on the east, and are characterized by its mountainous and woody terrain. Sonoma and Napa counties are known internationally for their grape vineyards and [[wineries]], and Solano county to the east, centered around [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], is the fastest growing region in the Bay Area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Sabrina|title=Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRubZ8uW1FYC&pg=PA130|accessdate=February 9, 2013|date=January 31, 2006|publisher=First Books|isbn=978-0-912301-63-1|pages=78–98}}</ref> |
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===South Bay=== |
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{{See also|Santa Clara Valley|Silicon Valley}} |
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The communities at the southern region of the Bay Area are primarily located in what is known as [[Silicon Valley]], or the [[Santa Clara Valley]]. These include the city of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], and surrounding municipalities, including the high-tech hubs of [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]], [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]] as well as many other cities like [[Saratoga, California|Saratoga]], [[Campbell, California|Campbell]], [[Los Gatos, California|Los Gatos]] and the [[commuter town|exurbs]] of [[Morgan Hill, California|Morgan Hill]] and [[Gilroy, California|Gilroy]]. Some [[Peninsula]] and [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] towns are sometimes recognized as being in the Silicon Valley. Generally, the term South Bay refers to Santa Clara County, but the northwest portion of the county ([[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]] and [[Los Altos Hills, California|Los Altos Hills]]) may be considered part of the peninsula as well. |
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==History== |
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Silicon Valley was primarily an agricultural center from the time of California's founding until World War II. During and after the war, working and middle-class families migrated to the area to settle and work in the burgeoning aerospace and electronics industries. This area then experienced rapid growth as agriculture was gradually replaced by high-technology. During this period, the Santa Clara Valley gradually became an urbanized metropolitan region. Today, the growth continues, fueled primarily by technology jobs, the weather, and immigrant labor. Urbanization is gradually replacing suburbanization as the population density of the valley increases. This trend has resulted in a huge increase in property values, forcing many middle-class families out of the area or into lower income neighborhoods in older sections of the region. The Santa Clara Valley also came to be known as Silicon Valley, as the area became the premier technology center of the United States. Some [[Silicon Valley#Notable companies|notable tech companies headquartered in the South Bay]] are [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]], [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]], [[Intel Corporation|Intel]], [[Netflix]], [[Cisco Systems]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Google]], [[eBay]], [[Facebook]] and [[Yahoo!]]. Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]] has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html|work=Forbes|title=America's Greediest Cities|date=December 3, 2007|first=Elisabeth|last=Eaves}}</ref> |
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{{seealso|Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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[[File:Mission San Jose natives.jpg|thumb|An early sketch of the [[Ohlone]] people dancing in [[Mission San José (California)|Mission San Jose]]. The Ohlone lived in the Bay Area when European colonizers first arrived in the region.|alt=A sketch of the native Ohlone people performing a dance.]] |
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The population of the entire valley is part of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area, which has about 2 million residents. San Jose, the largest city in the Silicon Valley area, is the tenth most populous city in the United States and the most populous city in the Bay Area. San Jose is the oldest city in California and was its first capital. The city prides itself on being an environmentally conscious city. It recycles a greater percentage of its waste than any other large American city. Over the past several decades, the San Jose Area has experienced rapid growth. To limit the effects of [[urban sprawl]], planned communities were laid out to control growth. [[Urban growth boundary|Urban growth boundaries]] have been established to protect remaining open space (primarily in the surrounding hills and southern border) from development. Most new growth has been [[urban infill]] in the form of [[high density housing]] to increase density rate. The growth rate has slowed, but the area continues to have steady growth.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} |
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Although the [[settlement of the Americas]] occurred some 20,000 years ago, when the first Asians crossed the [[Bering Strait]] into [[Alaska]],<ref name="ohlone1">{{cite news |last=Billiter |first=Bill |date=January 1, 1985 |title=3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed : Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-01/local/me-10267_1_tribes |deadurl=no |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=Los Angeles |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128090656/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-01/local/me-10267_1_tribes |archivedate=November 28, 2014 |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> the earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation of the Bay Area dates to around 3,000 [[Anno Domini|B.C.]] along the shores of the bay, with evidence pointing to even earlier settlement in [[Point Reyes]] in [[Marin County, California|Marin County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/projects/pointreyes/overview2.pdf|title=Archaeological Research Issues For The Point Reyes National Seashore – Golden Gate National Recreation Area|accessdate=September 22, 2017|last=Stewart|first=Suzanne B.|date=November 2003|format=PDF|publisher=Sonoma State University – Anthropological Studies Center|page=11}}</ref> The [[Miwok|Miwokan]] and [[Ohlone|Costanoan Ohlone]] people, who were living in the Bay Area at the time of first European contact, were possibly descended from [[Siberian]] tribes who arrived at around 1,000 BC by sailing over the [[Arctic Ocean]] and following the salmon migration.<ref name="ohlone1" /> The Ohlone lived in about forty or so tribes spread throughout the lands adjacent to the [[San Francisco Bay]] and as far south as [[Point Sur]] in near [[Monterey Bay]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|title= Visitors: San Francisco Historical Information|url= http://sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8091|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060301022510/http://sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8091|archivedate= March 1, 2006|accessdate=June 10, 2008|publisher=City and County of San Francisco}}</ref> |
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San Jose is home to many sports teams both amateur and professional, such as the [[San Jose Sharks]] of the [[National Hockey League|NHL]], and the [[San Jose Earthquakes]] of [[Major League Soccer|MLS]]. The San Francisco 49ers moved to [[Levi's Stadium|a new stadium]] in Santa Clara in 2014. |
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[[File:SanFrancisco1851a.jpg|thumb|left|The Bay Area was briefly controlled by [[Mexico]] until [[John Berrien Montgomery]] captured San Francisco during the [[Mexican-American War]] and raised the [[American flag]] over [[Portsmouth Square]].|alt=An old image of Portsmouth Square from 1851.]] |
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The Silicon Valley has a large transportation infrastructure that includes many freeways, [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]] bus service and light rail, [[Amtrak]], and commuter rail such as [[Caltrain]]. The [[San Jose International Airport]] serves air traffic in the San Jose Area and is conveniently located just north of downtown in the center of Silicon Valley. The height of buildings in [[Downtown San Jose|Downtown]] is limited (due to [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] regulations and city ordinance) because it is situated directly under the flight path. The South Bay is poised to have a more efficient transportation network with the extension of the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] system to San Jose, which would allow elevated/[[Rapid transit|subway]] travel into San Francisco. San Jose will also be a major stop on the proposed [[California High-Speed Rail]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vta.org/bart/index.html|title=Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority|publisher=Vta.org|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|_Nx8rNysZSI|California High-Speed Trains: Visual Tour}}</ref> |
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In 1575, a [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish exploration party]] led by [[Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno]] landed in [[Drakes Bay]] near Point Reyes and was the first European settler to claim land in the Bay Area. He was soon followed in 1579 by [[Sir Francis Drake]], who also landed in Drakes Bay and claimed the land for [[English colonization of the Americas|England]].<ref name="timeline"/> The San Francisco Bay itself remained undiscovered by Europeans until a Spanish expedition led by [[Gaspar de Portolà]] sailed through the [[Golden Gate Strait]] in 1769.<ref name="timeline"/> Further expeditions by Spanish explorers in the following years include those led by [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] who colonized the [[Presidio]], and [[Gabriel Moraga]] who started at the Presidio and led expedition parties to [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] and over the [[Pacheco Pass]], as well as reaching the [[San Joaquin Valley]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.cagenweb.com/sanjoaquin/moraga.pdf|title=Moraga Explores The Valley|publisher=Cagen Web|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="timeline"/> In 1821, [[Mexico]] [[Mexican War of Independence|gained its independence]] from [[Spain]] and the Bay Area became part of the Mexican province of [[Alta California]], a period characterized by [[Ranchos of California|ranch life]] and visiting [[United States|American]] trappers.<ref name="nps">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/intro.htm |title=Introduction |work=Early History of the California Coast |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> Mexico's control of the territory would be short-lived, however, and in 1846, a party of settlers [[Bear Flag Revolt|occupied]] [[Sonoma Plaza]] and proclaimed the independence of the new [[Republic of California]].<ref name="nps"/> That same year, the [[Mexican-American War]] began, and American captain [[John Berrien Montgomery]] sailed the ''[[USS Portsmouth]]'' into the bay and seized San Francisco, which was then known as [[Yerba Buena, California|Yerba Buena]], and raised the [[American flag]] for the first time over [[Portsmouth Square]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lee Foster|title=Northern California History Weekends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VA0GAmdjK4C|accessdate=26 December 2011|date=October 1, 2001|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-1076-8|page=13}}</ref> |
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[[File:Sutters Mill.jpg|thumb|[[California Gold Rush|Discovery of gold]] near [[Sutter's Mill]] transformed the Bay Area, which saw a flood of immigrants seeking wealth and hoping to strike it rich.|alt=An image of Sutter's Mill, where the Gold Rush took place.]] |
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===Outer Bay=== |
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In 1848, [[James W. Marshall]]'s discovery of gold in the [[American River]] sparked the [[California Gold Rush]], and within half a year, 4,000 men were panning for gold along the river and finding $50,000 per day.<ref name="Richardson">{{cite web|last=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |title=From the 1820s to the Gold Rush |date=July 16, 2004 |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/early.html |accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022224825/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/early.html |archivedate=October 22, 2009 }}</ref> The promise of fabulous riches quickly led to a stampede of wealth-seekers descending on [[Sutter's Mill]]. The Bay Area's population quickly emptied out as laborers, clerks, waiters, and servants joined the rush to find gold, and California's first newspaper, ''[[The Californian (1840s newspaper)|The Californian]]'', was forced to announce a temporary freeze in new issues due to labor shortages.<ref name="Richardson"/> By the end of 1849, news had spread across the world and newcomers flooded into the Bay Area at a rate of 1,000 per week on their way to California's interior.<ref name="Richardson"/> The rush was so great that vessels were abandoned by the hundreds in San Francisco's ports as crews rushed to the gold fields.<ref name="buriedships">{{cite news|last = Harris |first = Ron|title = Crews Unearth Shipwreck on San Francisco Condo Project|agency=Associated Press|date = November 14, 2005|url = http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/story.asp?story=6287&headline=Crews|accessdate =September 22, 2017}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Santa Cruz County, California|San Benito County, California|San Joaquin County, California}} |
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Whether [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz]], [[San Benito County|San Benito]] and [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin]] counties are considered part of the San Francisco Bay Area depends on the observer. These counties do not touch either the San Francisco, San Pablo or Suisun Bays, but each have cities and communities that have become [[exurb]]s or [[commuter town]]s of the Bay Area. Santa Cruz County and San Benito County are also usually regarded as being part of the [[California Central Coast]], while San Joaquin County is usually regarded as part of the [[California Central Valley]]. |
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As the Gold Rush was happening, a [[Constitutional Convention (California)|constitutional convention]] was called to determine California's application for [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|statehood]] into the [[United States]]. After statehood was granted, the capital city moved between three cites in the Bay Area: San Jose (1849–1851), [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] (1851–1852), and [[Benicia, California|Benicia]] (1852–1853) before permanently settling in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] in 1854.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Dotson |last2=Ebbert |first2=Brian S. |year=2006 |title=California's Legislature |edition=2006 |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pdf/caleg11.pdf |location=Sacramento |publisher=California State Assembly |oclc=70700867|format=PDF|pages=149–154}}</ref> As the Gold Rush wound down, wealth generated from the endeavor led to the establishment of [[Wells Fargo Bank]] and the [[Bank of California]], and immigrant laborers attracted by the promise of wealth transformed the demographic makeup of the region. Construction of the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] from the [[Oakland Long Wharf]] attracted so many [[Chinese Railroad Workers|laborers from China]] that by 1870, 8% of San Francisco's population was of Asian origin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |accessdate=December 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd5KAIE?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archivedate=August 6, 2012 |df= }}</ref> The completion of the railroad connected the Bay Area with the rest of the United States, established a truly national marketplace for the trade of goods, and accelerated the urbanization of the region.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://railroad.historyproject.ucdavis.edu/about/content-scope-and-approach/|title=The Transcontinental Railroad: Transforing California and the Nation|publisher=[[UC Davis]]|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref> |
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For example, the regional governments in the San Francisco Bay Area, including the [[Association of Bay Area Governments]], the [[Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)|Metropolitan Transportation Commission]], the [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District]] (BAAQMD), and the [[California State Water Resources Control Board#Regional Water Quality Control Boards|San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB)]] include only the nine counties above in their boundaries or membership. (The BAAQMD includes all of the nine counties except the northern portions of Sonoma and Solano; the RWQCB includes all of San Francisco and the portions of the other eight counties that drain to San Francisco Bay or to the Pacific Ocean.)<ref>[http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/body_boundary.html Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region (2) Boundaries]. Retrieved February 20, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231080639/http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/body_boundary.html |date=December 31, 2006 }}</ref> However, the [[Office of Management and Budget]] defines the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Consolidated Statistical Area as a twelve-county region, including the nine counties above plus Santa Cruz, San Benito and San Joaquin counties. Although, the San Francisco television market excludes half of [[Solano County, California|Solano]], Santa Cruz, San Benito, and San Joaquin counties; but includes [[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]] and [[Lake County, California|Lake]] counties. Meanwhile, the California State Parks Department defines the Bay Area as including ten counties,<ref name=parks>{{cite web|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/parkindex/region_info.asp?regiontab=0&id=5|title=Find a park – San Francisco Bay Area Region|publisher=California State Parks|accessdate=June 20, 2006}}</ref> including Santa Cruz but excluding San Benito and San Joaquin. On the other hand, Santa Cruz and San Benito along with [[Monterey County]] are part of a different regional government organization called the [[Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments]]. Local media in the San Francisco Bay Area and travel guides often consider these two counties as part of the South Bay subregion, as they are greatly connected geographically, economically, and historically.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcalifornia.com/media/pages/getting_around/maps/SAN-FRANCISCO.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=August 6, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920005932/http://www.visitcalifornia.com/media/pages/getting_around/maps/SAN-FRANCISCO.pdf|archivedate=September 20, 2011|df=}}</ref><!-- Official California visitor's bureau map of Bay Area, Sonoma/Napa counties map in Wine Country section --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2011/07/27/homeless-population-rises-in-santa-cruz-decreases-in-santa-clara/|title=Homeless Population Rises In Santa Cruz Co., Decreases In Santa Clara Co. « CBS San Francisco|publisher=Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com|date=July 27, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref><!-- Article about Santa Cruz County in "local" section --><ref>{{cite web|last=Preuitt|first=Lori|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Earthquake-Shakes-Aromas-100312044.html|title=Earthquake Shakes Aromas|publisher=NBC Bay Area|date=August 9, 2010|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref><!-- Article in "local" section --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/channel?section=news/local/south_bay&id=7102664|title=South Bay, San Jose and Silicon Valley Local News | abc7news.com|publisher=Abclocal.go.com|date=November 5, 2009|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref><!-- Articles about Santa Cruz/San Benito Counties can be found --><ref>{{cite web|url=http://radioalice.radio.com/2011/06/30/where-in-the-bay-can-i-see-fireworks/3/|title=Where In The Bay Can I See Fireworks?|publisher=Radioalice.radio.com|date=June 30, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref><!-- Bay Area event list --> |
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[[File:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg|thumb|left|Damaged buildings in the aftermath of the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]].|alt=A historical image of damaged and destroyed buildings after the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco]] |
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==History== |
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In the early morning of April 18, 1906, [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|a large earthquake]] with an epicenter near the city of San Francisco hit the region.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1906calif/18april/|title=The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> Immediate casualty estimates by the [[U.S. Army]]'s relief operations were 498 deaths in San Francisco, 64 deaths in [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], and 102 in or near San Jose, for a total of about 700. More recent studies estimate the total death count to be over 3,000, with over 28,000 buildings destroyed.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1906calif/18april/casualties.php|title=Casualties and damage after the 1906 Earthquake|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> Rebuilding efforts began immediately. [[Amadeo Peter Giannini]], owner of the [[Bank of Italy (USA)|Bank of Italy]] (now known as the [[Bank of America]]), had managed to retrieve the money from his bank's vaults before fires broke out through the city and was the only bank with [[liquidity|liquid]] funds readily available and was instrumental in loaning out funds for rebuilding efforts.<ref name="earthquakeaftermath"/> Congress immediately approved plans for a reservoir in [[Hetch Hetchy Valley]] in [[Yosemite National Park]], a plan they had denied a few years earlier, which now provides drinking water for 2.4 million people in the Bay Area. By 1915, the city had been sufficiently rebuilt and advertised itself to the world during the [[Panama Pacific Exposition]] that year, although the effects of the quake hastened the loss of the region's dominant status in California to the [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]].<ref name="earthquakeaftermath">{{citeweb|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2002931392_calquake15.html|title=Ripples from 1906 San Francisco quake felt even today|author=Rodgers, Paul|publisher=''[[The Seattle Times]]''|date=April 15, 2006|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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[[File:UnitedNationsconference.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] addressing the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|United Nations Conference]] in San Francisco that established the [[United Nations]].|alt=An image of President Truman speaking at a podium, addressing the United Nations Convention.]] |
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==Economy== |
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In 2015, the [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland CSA]] had a GDP of $758.5 billion, which would rank 17th [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|among countries]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} |
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During the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|1929 stock market crash]] and subsequent [[Great Depression|economic depression]], not a single San Francisco-based bank failed,<ref>{{cite web|title = San Francisco Gold Rush Banking – 1849|publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco|date = June 24, 2004|url = http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist9/banking.html|accessdate =September 24, 2017}}</ref> while the region attempted to spur job growth by simultaneously undertaking two large infrastructure projects: construction of the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], which would connect San Francisco with [[Marin County, California|Marin County]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.npr.org/2012/05/27/153778083/75-years-later-building-the-golden-gate-bridge|title=75 Years Ago, A Deadly Day On The Golden Gate|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|date=May 27, 2012|accessdate=September 24, 2017|author=Standen, Amy}}</ref> and the [[San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]], which would connect San Francisco with Oakland and the East Bay.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/08/09/building-the-bay-bridge-1930s-vs-today/|title=Building the Bay Bridge: 1930s vs. today|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|author=Vorderbrueggen, Lisa|date=August 9, 2013|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> After the United States joined [[World War II]] in 1941, the Bay Area became a major domestic military and naval hub, with large shipyards constructed in [[Sausalito, California|Sausalito]] and across the East Bay to build ships for the war effort, and [[Fort Mason]] acting the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater of Operations]].<ref name="WWII">{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/World-War-II-reshaped-the-Bay-Area-and-its-people-3589894.php|title=World War II reshaped the Bay Area and its people|author=Nolte, Carl|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|date=May 28, 2012|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> After the war, the [[United Nations]] was chartered in San Francisco to help prevent the kind of devastation that occurred over the past decade,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-n-charter-signed|title=U.N. Charter signed|publisher=[[History Channel]]|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> and on September 1951, [[Surrender of Japan|Japan officially surrendered]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in San Francisco, with the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] entering into force a year later.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf|title=Treaty of Peace with Japan (with two declarations). Signed at San Francisco, on 8 September 1951|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=September 8, 1951|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> In the years immediately following the war, the Bay Area saw a huge wave of immigration as populations increased across the region. Between 1950 to 1960, San Francisco welcomed over 100,000 new residents, inland suburbs in the East Bay saw their populations double, [[Daly City, California|Daly City]]'s population quadrupled, and [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]'s population quintupled.<ref name="WWII"/> |
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[[Silicon Valley]] is located within the southern reaches of the Bay Area. The leading high technology region in the world, Silicon Valley covers San Jose and several cities of the South Bay. The Valley is home to many of the industry leaders in technology such as [[Google]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Facebook]], [[eBay]], [[PayPal]], [[Cisco]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Marvell Technology Group|Marvell]], [[Intel]], [[Uber (company)|Uber]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]]. Major corporations in San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, and the surrounding cities help make the region second in the nation in concentration of [[Fortune 500]] companies, after New York.<ref name="The Fortune 500, 2010">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/|title=Fortune 500 2010: Annual ranking of America's largest corporations from Fortune Magazine|accessdate=August 11, 2010|work=CNN}}</ref> The region's northern counties encompass California's famous [[Wine Country (California)|Wine Country]], home to hundreds of vineyards and wineries. The Bay Area is a leader in [[sustainable agriculture]], [[organic farming]], and [[sustainable energy]] and a leading producer of high quality food, wine, and innovation in the [[culinary arts]]. [[California Cuisine]] was developed primarily in the Bay Area, as was the organic farming movement. The area is renowned for its natural beauty. It is also known as being one of the most expensive regions to live in the country.<ref name="US Census Bureau, household and per capita income during the 2000 Census in metro areas" /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/08/MN45195.DTL|title=SF Chronicle, most democratic voting bloc in the state, 2003|accessdate=June 12, 2007|date=October 8, 2003|work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> |
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[[File:Mounted policemen watch a Vietnam War protest march in San Francisco, April 1967.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mounted police|Mounted policeman]] observe a protest march against the [[Vietnam War]] in San Francisco in 1967.|alt=A pair of policemen mounted on horses observe a protest march down a street in San Francisco.]] |
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Oakland, on the east side of the bay, has the fifth-largest [[container terminal|container shipping port]] in the United States. The city is also a major [[rail terminus]].<ref name="North America Container Traffic Rankings">{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/NORTHAMERICANPORTCONTAINERTRAFFIC2009.pdf|title=North American Container Traffic, 2009 Port Ranking|accessdate=August 11, 2010}}</ref> |
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By the early 1960s, the Bay Area and the rest of [[Northern California]] became the center of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]]. [[Telegraph Avenue]] in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and the [[Haight-Ashbury]] neighborhood in San Francisco were seen as centers of activity,<ref name="Ashbolt">{{citebook|title=A Cultural History of the Radical Sixties in the San Francisco Bay Area|author=Ashbolt, Anthony|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2013|page=4}}</ref> with the hit American [[pop song]] ''[[San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)]]'' further enticing like-minded individuals to join the movement in the Bay Area and leading to the [[Summer of Love]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/9487213/Scott-McKenzie-1960s-counter-culture-singer-dies-at-73.html |title=Scott McKenzie, 1960s counter-culture singer, dies at 73 |publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' |date= August 20, 2012|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> In the proceeding decades, the Bay Area would cement itself as a hotbed of [[New Left]] activism, [[student activism]], [[opposition to the Vietnam War]] and other [[anti-war movements]], the [[Black Power|black power movement]], and the [[LGBT social movements|gay rights movement]].<ref name="Ashbolt"/> At the same time, San Jose and the rest of the South Bay began to rapidly develop as it began to transition from a largely agricultural-based economy into the hotbed of the [[high-tech industry]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.sjpl.org/blog/looking-back-canning-valley-hearts-delight|title=Looking Back: Canning in the Valley of Heart's Delight|publisher=[[San Jose Public Library]]|author=Robertson, Mark|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> [[Fred Terman]], the director of a top-secret research project at [[Harvard University]] during World War II, joined the faculty at [[Stanford University]] in order to reshape the university's engineering department. His students, including [[David Packard]] and [[William Redington Hewlett|William Hewlett]] would later help usher in the region's high-tech revolution.<ref name="WWII"/> In 1955, [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] opened for business near Stanford, and although the business venture was a financial failure, it was the first [[semiconductor]] company in the Bay Area, and the talent that it attracted to the region eventually led to a high-tech cluster of companies later known as [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{Citeweb|url=http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/shocksemi.html|title=Shockley Semiconductor|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Station]]|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> |
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As a result of the technology industry, growth in the South Bay accelerated and by 1990, the [[1990 United States Census|United States Census]] confirmed that San Jose had overtaken San Francisco in terms of population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt |title=1990 and 1980 Census Counts for Cities with 1990 Population Greater Than 100,000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=August 8, 2014 |quote='''1980''': San Francisco = 678974, San Jose = 629400. '''1990''': San Jose = 782248, San Francisco = 723959|archiveurl=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/c1008090pc.txt|archivedate=September 20, 2008}}</ref> The commercialization of the [[Internet]] in the middle of the decade rapidly created a [[speculative bubble]] in the high-tech economy known as the [[Dot-com bubble]]. This bubble began collapsing in 1999 and the industry continued contracting for the next few years, nearly wiping out the market. Companies like [[Amazon.com]] and [[Google]] managed to weather the crash however, and following the industry's return to normalcy, their market value increased significantly.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://etfdailynews.com/2015/05/13/when-did-the-stock-market-crash-a-list-of-u-s-markets-worst-declines-dow-jones/|title=When Did The Stock Market Crash? A List Of U.S. Markets’ Worst Declines|author=Clark, Tara|publisher=ETF Daily News|date=May 13, 2015|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref> |
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Changes in [[house price index|house prices]] for the Bay Area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the [[Case–Shiller index]]; the statistic is published by [[Standard & Poor's]] and is also a component of S&P's 10-city [[composite (finance)|composite index]] of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market. |
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==Culture== |
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The Bay Area led the United States in [[sustainable energy]] and "[[clean tech]]" development in 2012, with San Francisco and San Jose having significantly higher ratings than any other US cities, according to [[Clean Edge]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Silvio Marcacci|url=http://theenergycollective.com/silviomarcacci/233481/california-ranked-epicenter-us-clean-tech-market|title=California and Cleantech|publisher=The Energy Collective|date=June 5, 2013|accessdate=July 8, 2013}}</ref> |
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===Arts=== |
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====Art==== |
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[[File:Pixaranimationstudios.jpg|thumb|[[Pixar Animation Studios]], whose animated films have accrued numerous [[Academy Award]]s, is based in [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]].|alt=An image of Pixar Animation Studio's headqarters.]] |
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{{Main|Art in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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The Bay Area was, along with [[New York City]], one of the two birthplaces of the [[Abstract Expressionism]] movement of painting. It is associated with the works of [[Clyfford Still]], who began teaching at the [[California School of Fine Arts]] (now the [[San Francisco Art Institute]]) in 1946, leaving a lasting impact on the artistic styles of Bay Area painters up to the present day.<ref>{{citebook|title=Art in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1980: An Illustrated History |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|date=1985|author=Albright, Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGN3vXcZl74C|pages=15–17}}</ref> A few years later, Abstract Expressionist painter [[David Park (painter)|David Park]] painted ''Kids on Bikes'' in 1950, which retained many aspects of abstract expressionism but with original distinguishing features that would later lead to the [[Bay Area Figurative Movement]].<ref>{{citebook|title=Art in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1980: An Illustrated History |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|date=1985|author=Albright, Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGN3vXcZl74C|page=57}}</ref> While both the Figurative Movement and the Abstract Expressionism movement arose from art schools, [[Funk art]] would later rise out of the region's underground and was characterized by informal sharing of technique among groups of friends and art showcases in "cooperative" galleries instead of formal museums. Later, the Bay Area art movement would be heavily influenced by the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement in the 1960s]], and art produced during this time reflected the political environment.<ref>{{citebook|title=Art in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1945-1980: An Illustrated History |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|date=1985|author=Albright, Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGN3vXcZl74C|page=81–82}}</ref> |
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A 2016 poll of 1,000 people, by the [[Bay Area Council]], showed that 34 percent are considering leaving the area, due primarily to the high costs of living and housing, and traffic.<ref>[http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_29837065/one-third-bay-area-residents-hope-leave-soon]</ref> |
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The Bay Area is presently home to a thriving computer animation industry<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://museumca.org/exhibit/pixar-25-years-animation|title=PIXAR: 25 Years of Animation|publisher=[[Oakland Museum of California]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> led by [[Pixar Animation Studios]] and [[Industrial Light & Magic]]. Pixar, based in [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]], produced the first fully [[Computer_animation#Films|computer animated feature film]], ''[[Toy Story]]'', with software it designed in-house and whose computer animation films have since garnered 26 [[Academy Awards]]s and critical acclaim.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://time.com/4118006/20-years-toy-story-pixar/|title=How Toy Story Changed Movie History|author=Zorthian, Julia|date=November 19, 2015|accessdate=September 21, 2017|publisher=''[[TIME Magazine]]''}}</ref> Industrial Light & Magic, which is based in the [[Presidio, San Francisco|Presidio]] in San Francisco, was created in 1975 to help create visual effects for the ''[[Star Wars]]'' series has since been involved with creating visual effects for over three hundred Hollywood films.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/05/inside-ilm/|title=The Untold Story of ILM, a Titan That Forever Changed Film|publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''|author=French, Alex and Howie Khan|date=June 2015|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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==Metropolitan area== |
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{{See also|List of metropolitan areas of the United States}} |
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The United States [[Office of Management and Budget]] has designated seven [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]s (MSAs) and one [[Combined Statistical Area]] (CSA) for the Bay Area and nearby counties.<ref name=OMB_13-01>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf|title=OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas|publisher=[[United States Office of Management and Budget]]|date=February 28, 2013|accessdate=April 17, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319014514/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf|archivedate=March 19, 2013|df=}}</ref> These comprise: |
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====Music==== |
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#The [[San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]], [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]], [[San Francisco]], [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]], and [[Marin County, California|Marin]] counties |
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{{seealso|List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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#The [[San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] and [[San Benito County, California|San Benito]] counties |
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#The [[Stockton-Lodi, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin County]] |
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#The [[Santa Rosa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]] |
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#The [[Vallejo-Fairfield, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[Solano County, California|Solano County]] |
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#The [[Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]] |
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#The [[Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprising [[Napa County, California|Napa County]] |
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#The [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area]] comprising all seven MSAs above and their 12 counties |
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Throughout its recent history, the Bay Area has been home to several musical movements that left lasting influences on the genres they affected. San Francisco in particular was the center of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement in the 1960s]], which directly led to the rise of several notable musical acts: [[The Grateful Dead]], which formed in 1965, and [[Jefferson Airplane]] and [[Janis Joplin]]; all three would be closely associated with the 1967 [[Summer of Love]].<ref name="summeroflove">T. Gitlin, ''The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage'', (New York, 1993), p.215–217</ref> [[Jimi Hendrix]] also had strong connections to the movement and the Bay Area, as he lived in Berkeley for a brief time as a child and played in many local venues in that decade.<ref name="chroniclehistory">{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/The-Chronicle-s-Bay-Area-musical-history-tour-3174389.php|title=The Chronicle's Bay Area musical history tour|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|author=Selvin, Joel|date=January 30, 2009|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name="summeroflove"/> By the 1970s, San Francisco had developed a vibrant jazz scene, earning the moniker, "Harlem of the West".<ref name="nytjazz"/> The [[Vietnam War]] was being fought at the time, and Bay Area bands such as [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] of [[El Cerrito, California|El Cerrito]] became known for their political and socially-conscious lyrics [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|against the conflict]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/john-fogerty-addresses-fortunate-son-concert-for-valor-controversy-20141113|title=John Fogerty Addresses 'Fortunate Son' Concert for Valor Controversy|author=Grow, Korey|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|date=November 13, 2014|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> [[Carlos Santana]] rose to fame in the early 1970s with his [[Santana band]] and would later be inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]],<ref>[http://rockhall.com/inductees/santana/ "Santana"]. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 16 April 2013.</ref> and would later help lead the formation of the band [[Journey (band)|Journey]] along with former members of Santana.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/carlos-santana-journey-steve-perry/|title=Carlos Santana Wants Journey to Get Back Together With Steve Perry |date=April 15, 2016|accessdate=September 21, 2017|publisher=Ultimate Classic Rock|author=Galluci, Michael}}</ref> |
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The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates the population for these areas as of July 1, 2016 as follows:<ref name=PopEstCSA>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/popest/total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016|work=2016 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=March 2017|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Bay Area [[Bay Area thrash metal|became home to]] one of the largest and most influential [[thrash metal]] scenes in the world, with contributions from acts like [[Metallica]], and the emergence of the [[avant-garde metal]] with bands such as [[Giant Squid (band)|Giant Squid]], [[Grayceon]], and [[Ludicra]].<ref name=bayarea>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Chris|title=Rehab of a strung-out musical scene|url=http://www.sanfranmag.com/story/rehab-of-a-strung-out-musical-scene|publisher=San Francisco Magazine|accessdate=August 7, 2011|date=July 2011}}; {{cite web|last=Smith|first=Chris|title=Our avant-garde metal scene|url=http://www.ca-smith.net/blog/2011/07/our-avant-garde-metal-scene/|publisher=ca-smith.net|accessdate=August 7, 2011|date=July 6, 2011}}</ref> The [[post-grunge]] era in the 1990s and featured prominent Bay Area bands [[Third Eye Blind]] of San Francisco, [[Counting Crows]] of Berkeley, and [[Smash Mouth]] of San Jose, and later [[punk rock]] bands like [[Green Day]].<ref name="chroniclehistory"/> The 1990s also saw the emergence of the influential [[hyphy movement]] in [[hip hop]], derived from the Oakland [[slang]] for "hyperactive", and pioneered by Bay Area rappers [[Andre "Mac Dre" Hicks]], [[Mistah Fab]], and [[E-40]].<ref name=definition>{{Cite news|last = Collins|first = Hattie|title = Ghostridin' the whip|work = ''[[The Guardian]]''| accessdate = September 21, 2017| date = October 20, 2006|url = http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1926601,00.html}}</ref> Other notable rappers from the Bay Area include [[Tupac Shakur]] and [[MC Hammer]].<ref name="oakrap">{{citeweb|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/11/14/interview-oakland-locals-eric-arnold-on-the-oakland-rap-scene/|title=Interview: Oakland Hip Hop History and the Current Scene|author=Brooks, John|date=November 14, 2011|accessdate=September 21, 2017|publisher=[[KQED]]}}</ref> Today, much of the rap coming out of the Oakland and the East Bay is "[[conscious rap]]", which concerns itself with social issues and awareness.<ref name="oakrap"/> |
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{{clear}}<center> |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+OMB designated statistical areas for the Bay Area and outlying counties population |
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![[Statistical area (United States)|Statistical area]] |
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!2016 Estimate |
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!2010 Census |
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!Change |
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The San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area ranks as the [[List of metropolitan areas of the United States|fifth most populous metropolitan area]] of the United States.<ref name=PopEstCSA /> |
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The Bay Area is also home to hundreds of [[classical music]] ensembles, from community choirs to professional [[orchestra]]s, such as the [[San Francisco Symphony]], [[California Symphony]], [[Fremont Symphony Orchestra]], [[Oakland Symphony]] and the [[San Francisco Chamber Orchestra]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.sfcv.org/events-calendar/organization-profiles?field_organization_type_value=orchestras|title=Bay Area Music Groups|publisher=San Francisco Classical Voice|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the population of the less extensive nine-county Bay Area as of July 1, 2016 as follows:<ref name="PopEstCounties">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/popest/counties-total.html|title=Counties Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016|work=2016 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=March 2017|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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====Theater==== |
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{{clear}}<center> |
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[[File:BerkeleyRep.jpg|thumb|The [[Berkeley Repertory Theatre]] is one of the founding members of [[Theatre Bay Area]] and are based in a building (pictured above) in downtown [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]].|alt=A picture of the Berkeley Repertory Theatre's headquarters.]] |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+Nine county San Francisco Bay Area population |
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According to the regional theater service organization [[Theatre Bay Area]], the San Francisco Bay Area is the third largest center of activity for [[theatre company|theater companies]] and [[actor]]s in the United States, after the [[New York City metropolitan area|New York City]] and [[Chicago metropolitan area]]s, with 400 companies spread throughout the region.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://stage-directions.com/6405-theatre-bay-area-announces-finalists-for-inaugural-awards.html|title=Theatre Bay Area Announces Finalists for Inaugural Awards|author=Coakley, Jacob|publisher=''Stage Directions''|date=September 24, 2014|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> The organization was founded in 1976 by the [[Magic Theatre]] and [[American Conservatory Theater]] (ACT) in San Francisco and the [[Berkeley Repertory Theatre]] in Berkeley.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/theatrebayarea.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/Press_Room/TBA_Fact_Sheet_UPDATED_FINAL.pdf|title=Fact Sheet: About Theatre Bay Area|publisher=[[Theatre Bay Area]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> The latter two, along with the [[San Francisco Mime Troupe]], have since gone on to win one [[Regional Theatre Tony Award]] each.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://americantheatrecritics.org/tony-award/|title=The Special Tony® Award for Regional Theatre|publisher=[[American Theatre Critics Association]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> Several famous actors have arisen from the Bay Area's theatre community, including [[Daveed Diggs]] from ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]'' and [[Darren Criss]] from ''[[Hedwig and the Angry Inch (musical)|Hedwig]]'', ''[[A Very Potter Musical]]'', and ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://thebolditalic.com/heres-why-the-bay-area-theater-scene-is-amazing-right-now-34935fc03255|title=Here’s Why the Bay Area Theater Scene Is Amazing|author=Fields, Regina|publisher=The Bold Italic|date=July 28, 2016|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> Locally, well-regarded actors include [[James Carpenter (actor)|James Carpenter]], a stage actor who has performed at the ACT, Berkeley Repertory, and [[San Jose Repertory Theatre]] among others, Rod Gnapp of the Magic Theatre Company, Sean San Jose, one of the founders of the Campo Santo theater, and Campo Santo member Margo Hall.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/09/30/ten-bay-area-stage-actors-we-love/|title=Ten Bay Area stage actors we love|author=D'Souza, Karen|date=June 28, 2017|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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![[List of counties in California|County]] |
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!2016 Estimate |
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The Bay Area also has an active youth theater scene. ACT and the Berkeley Repertory both run classes and camps for young actors, as do the Peninsula Youth Theater and Willow Glen Children’s Theatre in the Peninsula and South Bay, Bay Area Children's Theater and Danville Children’s Musical Theater in the East Bay, and [[Marin Shakespeare]] in the North Bay, among many others.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.act-sf.org/home/conservatory/young_conservatory.html|title=ACT's Young Conservatory|publisher=[[American Conservatory Theatre]]|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bayareakidfun.com/theater-lessons-in-the-bay-area/|title=Theatre Lessons in the Bay Area|publisher=Bay Area Kid's Fun|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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!2010 Census |
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!Change |
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===Media=== |
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{{main|Media in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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|[[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] |
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[[File:Chronicle Building, San Francisco, 1901.jpg|thumb|The [[Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences|Old Chronicle Building]], which housed the offices of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' until 1924.|alt=An image of the Old Chronicle Building.]] |
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| {{change|invert=on|1919402|1781642}} |
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The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest [[designated market area|television market]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Local Television Market Universe Estimates|date = September 22, 2007|url = http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/nmr_static/docs/2007-2008_DMA_Ranks.xls|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200433/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/nmr_static/docs/2007-2008_DMA_Ranks.xls|archivedate = September 27, 2007|format = XLS |accessdate =June 15, 2008}}</ref> and the fourth-largest [[designated market area|radio market]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Spring 2008|publisher=Arbitron|date = April 16, 2008|url = http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp|accessdate =June 14, 2008|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5Qlkb2wW6?url=http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/mm001050.asp |archivedate = August 1, 2007|deadurl=no}}</ref> in the U.S. The Bay Aea's oldest radio station, [[KCBS (AM)]], began as an experimental station in San Jose in 1909, before the beginning of commercial broadcasting.<ref>{{citebook|title=Charles Herrold, Inventor of Radio Broadcasting|publisher=McFarland & Company|author=Greb, Gordon and Mike Adams|page=129|date=August 15, 2003}}</ref> [[KALW]] was the Bay Area's first [[FM broadcasting|FM radio station]], and first radio station to begin commercial broadcasting west of the [[Mississippi River]] when it signed on the air in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|title=About KALW|url=http://kalw.org/about-kalw#stream/0|publisher=KALW|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> [[KPIX]], which began broadcasting in 1948, was the first television station to air in the Bay Area and Northern California.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/187344|title=KPIX Retrospective: 1948-5|publisher=San Francisco State University|date=1968|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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|[[Alameda County, California|Alameda County]] |
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All major U.S. television networks have [[List of television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area|affiliates]] serving the region, including [[KTVU]] 2 (FOX), [[KRON-TV]] 4 (myNetworkTV), [[KPIX]] 5 (CBS), [[KGO-TV]] 7 (ABC), [[KQED-TV]] 9 (PBS), [[KNTV]] 11 (NBC), [[KBCW (TV)|KBCW]] 44/45 (CW), [[KQEH]] 54 (PBS), and [[KKPX]] 65 ([[Ion Television|Ion]]). [[Bloomberg West]], a show that focuses on topics pertaining to technology and business, was launched in 2011 from a studio in and continues to broadcast from San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Robin J|title=Bloomberg launches West Coast show from San Francisco|url=http://businessjournalism.org/2011/02/28/bloomberg-launches-west-coast-show-from-san-francisco/|accessdate=25 July 2011|newspaper=Reynolds Center|date=Feb 28, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130414120012/http://businessjournalism.org/2011/02/28/bloomberg-launches-west-coast-show-from-san-francisco/|archivedate=14 April 2013|df=}}</ref> |
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[[Public broadcasting]] outlets include both a [[KQED-TV|television station]] and a [[KQED-FM|radio station]], both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the [[Potrero Hill, San Francisco|Potrero Hill]] neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to [[National Public Radio]] affiliate in the country.<ref>{{cite web |
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|[[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa County]] |
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|title = Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers – Winter 2004 Arbitron |
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| {{change|invert=on|1135127|1049025}} |
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|work=Radio Research Consortium |
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|publisher=Arbitron Media Research |
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|[[San Francisco]] |
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|date = June 17, 2004 |
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| {{change|invert=on|870887|805235}} |
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|url = http://www.pacifica.org/documents/pdf/ArbitronRatingsWinter2004.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050423215537/http://www.pacifica.org/documents/pdf/ArbitronRatingsWinter2004.pdf |archivedate = April 23, 2005 |format = PDF |
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|accessdate =June 14, 2008 |
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|[[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]] |
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}}</ref> Another local broadcaster, [[KPOO]], is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpoo.com/about|title=About Us|publisher=KPOO|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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| {{change|invert=on|764797|718451}} |
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The largest newspapers in the Bay Area are the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' and ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', the highest and second-highest most widely circulated newspaper in [[Northern California]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Top 200 Newspapers by Largest Reported Circulation|publisher=Audit Bureau of Circulations|url=http://www.accessabc.com/products/top200.htm|date = March 31, 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070813073544/http://www.accessabc.com/products/top200.htm|archivedate= August 13, 2007|accessdate =June 14, 2008}}</ref> ''The Chronicle'' is most famous for a former columnist, the late [[Herb Caen]], whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the "voice of San Francisco". The ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]'', once the cornerstone of [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s media empire and the home of [[Ambrose Bierce]], declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.<ref>{{cite news|last = Rosenberg |first = Scott|title = The San Francisco Examiner, 1887–2000|work=Salon |date = March 21, 2000|url = http://archive.salon.com/media/feature/2000/03/21/examiner/index.html|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090627064603/http://archive.salon.com/media/feature/2000/03/21/examiner/index.html|archivedate = June 27, 2009|accessdate =June 15, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last = Nolte |first = Carl|title = Examiner Staff Ends an Era With Tears, Newsroom Tales|work=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|page = A-1 |publisher=Hearst Communications|date = November 22, 2000|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/11/22/MN121380.DTL&hw=san+francisco+examiner&sn=005&sc=498|accessdate =June 15, 2008}}</ref> Most of the Bay Area's local regions and municipalities also have their own newspapers, such as the ''[[East Bay Times]]'' and ''[[San Mateo Daily Journal]]''. The national newsmagazine ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' is also based in San Francisco.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2001/05/first-25-years/|title=The First 25 Years|publisher=''Mother Jones''|date=May–June 2001|accessdate=September 19, 2017|author=Hochschild, Adam}}</ref> Non-[[English (language)|English]] language newspapers include several [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]]-language papers such as ''[[Sing Tao Daily]]'', the largest in the Bay Area by circulation,<ref>{{cite news|last = Hua |first = Vanessa|title = Newspaper war in the Bay Area: Ming Pao becomes 6th Chinese-language daily|work=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|page = B-1 |publisher=Hearst Communications|date = August 3, 2004|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/03/BAGI781MM91.DTL|accessdate =June 14, 2008}}</ref> and ''El Mundo'', a free [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]]-language weekly distributed by the ''Mercury News''.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/the-peninsula-s-only-homegrown-spanish-language-newspaper-is-finding/article_a2dae28c-fcb5-50ec-bfab-8d006a687fb0.htm|title=The Peninsula's only homegrown Spanish-language newspaper is finding its place in the world.|date=January 11, 2001|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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|[[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]] |
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| {{change|invert=on|503070|483878}} |
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===Sports and recreation=== |
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{{Main|Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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|[[Solano County, California|Solano County]] |
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[[File:AT&T Park July 24, 2016.jpg|thumb|[[AT&T Park]], home to the [[San Francisco Giants]], is situated along the waterfront and has a view of the [[San Francisco Bay]].|alt=An image of AT&T Park, a baseball field]] |
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| {{change|invert=on|440207|413344}} |
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[[Image:Cyclists Above Grant Ranch.jpg|thumb|A paceline of [[Drafting (aerodynamics)|drafting]] cyclists while ascending [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] in [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara county]].]] |
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|[[Marin County, California|Marin County]] |
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The Bay Area is home to seven professional major league sports franchises: The [[San Francisco 49ers]] and [[Oakland Raiders]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) in [[American football]], the [[San Francisco Giants]] and [[Oakland Athletics]] of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB), the [[Golden State Warriors]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), the [[San Jose Sharks]] of the [[National Hockey League]], and the [[San Jose Earthquakes]] of [[Major League Soccer]]. In [[sailing]], the Bay Area was host to the [[2013 America's Cup]]. |
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In American football, the 49ers play in [[Levi's Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://levisstadium.com/about#/comparison |title=About Levi's Stadium |publisher=levisstadium.com |date= |accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref> and have won five [[Super Bowl]]s ([[Super Bowl XVI|XVI]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxvi |title=Super Bowl XVI Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 25, 1982 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XIX|XIX]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxix |title=Super Bowl XIX Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 21, 1985|accessdate=August 21, 2012}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XXIII|XXIII]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxxiii |title=Super Bowl 46 at NFL.com – Official Site of the National Football League |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 23, 1989 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XXIV|XXIV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxxiv |title=Super Bowl XXIV Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 29, 1990 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XXIX|XXIX]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxxix |title=Super Bowl XXIX Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 30, 1995 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>) and lost one (XLVII<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/videos/nfl-game-highlights/0ap2000000135690/Super-Bowl-XLVII-Ravens-vs-49ers-highlights |title=Super Bowl XLVII Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |accessdate=July 2, 2017}}</ref>), and the Raiders play in [[Oakland Alameda Coliseum]],<ref name="aboutcoliseum"/> and have won three Super Bowls ([[Super Bowl XI|XI]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxi |title=Super Bowl XI Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 10, 1997 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XV|XV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxv |title=Super Bowl XV Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 26, 1981|accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XVIII|XVIII]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxviii |title=Super Bowl XVIII Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 23, 1984 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>), and lost two ([[Super Bowl II|II]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbii |title=Super Bowl II Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 15, 1968 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> [[Super Bowl XXXVII|XXXVII]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history/recap/sbxxxvii |title=Super Bowl XXXVII Game Recap |publisher=Nfl.com |date=January 27, 2003 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref>) In baseball, the San Francisco Giants, who play at [[AT&T Park]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com/sf/ballpark/index.jsp |title=AT&T Park | SFGiants.com: Ballpark |publisher=Sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com |date=June 19, 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-21}}</ref> and have won eight [[World Series]] titles,<ref name="worldseries">{{citeweb|url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/sports/5-mlb-teams-world-series-titles.html/?a=viewall|title=5 MLB Teams With the Most World Series Titles|publisher=Sports Cheat Sheet|author=Schaal, Eric|date=November 4, 2016|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> and the Oakland Athletics who share the Oakland Coliseum with the Raiders,<ref name="aboutcoliseum">{{cite web|url=http://www.coliseum.com/about-us/history|title=Oracle Arena and Oakland Coliseum About Us|publisher=Coliseum.com|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> and have won nine World Series titles.<ref name="worldseries"/> In [[basketball]], the Warriors play in [[Oracle Arena]] and have won three [[NBA Finals]] since their move to Oakland in 1971.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.nba.com/warriors/team_history_index.html/|title=Warriors History Index|publisher=NBA|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> In [[hockey]], the Sharks play at the [[SAP Center]] and have never won a [[Stanley Cup]]. In [[Association football|soccer]], the Earthquakes play at Avaya Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/san-jose-earthquakes-eyeing-new-stadium-2012-1359501 |title=San Jose Earthquakes eyeing new stadium in 2012 | MLS News |publisher=tribalfootball.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-22}}</ref> |
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|[[Napa County, California|Napa County]] |
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|'''Total''' |
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| {{change|invert=on|7684011|7150739}} |
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|}</center> |
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Outside of major league sports, the Bay Area is home to six minor league teams: one soccer team ([[San Francisco Deltas]]),<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://sfdeltas.com/club-about|title=Delta = Change|publisher=San Francisco Deltas|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> one hockey team ([[San Jose Barracuda]]),<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sjbarracuda.com/team/development-history|title=Development History|publisher=San Jose Barracudas|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> and four baseball teams in the [[Pacific Association of Professional Baseball Clubs]] ([[San Rafael Pacifics]], [[Sonoma Stompers]], [[Pittsburg Diamonds]], and the [[Vallejo Admirals]]).<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.pacificsbaseball.com/index.php/team-info/pacific-association|title=The Pacific Association of Baseball Clubs|publisher=The Pacifics|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> In terms of collegiate sports, six Bay Area universities are members of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division I|Division I]], the highest level of college sports in the country.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://web1.ncaa.org/onlineDir/exec2/divisionListing?sortOrder=0&division=1|title=NCAA Members by Division|publisher=NCAA|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> All three football-playing schools in the Bay Area are in the [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|Football Bowl Subdivision]], the highest level of NCAA [[college football]]. The [[California Golden Bears]] and [[Stanford Cardinal]] compete in the [[Pac-12 Conference]], and the [[San Jose State Spartans]] compete in the [[Mountain West Conference]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/7883895/utah-state-san-jose-state-joining-mountain-west-conference-2013-2014-according-sources |title=Sources: Utah St., SJSU joining MWC |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=May 3, 2013|accessdate=September 21, 2017|author=Katz, Andy}}</ref> The Cardinal and Golden Bears are intense rivals, with their football teams competing annually in the [[Big Game (American football)|Big Game]] for the Stanford Axe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/sports/college/football&id=8433343 |title=Cal, Stanford get pumped up for The Big Game | abc7news.com |publisher=Abclocal.go.com |date=November 15, 2011 |accessdate=2012-08-22}}</ref> One of the most famous games in the rivalry occurred in 1982, when the [[California Golden Bears football|Golden Bears]] defeated the [[Stanford Cardinal football|Cardinal]] on a last-second return kickoff known as "[[The Play (Stanford vs. California)|The Play]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://california.scout.com/2/814436.html |title=Scout.com: The Big Game: Cal vs. Stanford |publisher=California.scout.com |date=November 22, 2008 |accessdate=2012-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525002822/http://www.scout.com/college/california/story/814436-the-big-game-cal-vs-stanford?s=166|archivedate=May 25, 2017}}</ref> |
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==Demography== |
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The Bay Area has an ideal climate for outdoor recreation, such that activities like hiking and cycling are popular among locals.<ref>{{citebook|title=Afoot and Afield: San Francisco Bay Area: A Comprehensive Hiking Guide|author=Weintraub, David|publisher=Wilderness Press|date=September 29, 2004|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hillsidegraphics.com/hamilton-challenge/| title = Mt. Hamilton Challenge & Ascent Bicycle Tours|publisher = Pedalera Bicycle Club| accessdate = April 4, 2008 }}</ref> There are more than {{convert|200|mi|km}} of [[segregated cycle facilities|bicycle paths, lanes]] and bike routes just within San Francisco,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bicycle Network Facilities |work=Commuting and Resources |publisher=SF Municipal Transportation Authority |date=May 12, 2008 |url=http://www.sfmta.com/cms/bcomm/3180.html |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043109/http://www.sfmta.com/cms/bcomm/3180.html |archivedate=October 22, 2007 }}</ref> and the [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]] and [[Marina Green]] are favored sites for [[skateboarding]]. Extensive public tennis facilities are available in [[Golden Gate Park]] and [[Dolores Park]], as well as at smaller neighborhood courts throughout the city. San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the U.S.<ref name="fitness">{{cite news| last = Hübler | first = Eric| title = The Fittest and Fattest Cities in America| work=Men's Fitness | publisher=American Media, Inc| year = 2008| url = http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/454| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081011203124/http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/454| archivedate = October 11, 2008| accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Boating, sailing, [[windsurfing]] and [[kitesurfing]] are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the [[Marina District, San Francisco|Marina District]]. The [[St. Francis Yacht Club]] and [[Golden Gate Yacht Club]] are located in the Marina Harbor,<ref>{{cite web|title=St Francis Yacht Club|url=http://www.stfyc.com/|accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Gate Yacht Club|url=http://www.ggyc.com/|accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> while the South Beach Yacht Club is located next to AT&T Park.<ref>{{cite web|title=About South Beach Yacht Club|url=http://www.southbeachyachtclub.org/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=28&ssid=100049&vnf=1|accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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[[File:San Jose Tet parade, 2009.jpg|thumb|left|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]] is home to the largest Vietnamese community outside of [[Vietnam]]. Here, the Vietnamese diaspora celebrate [[Tết]], or New Years, in San Jose.|alt=An image of members of of the Vietnamese community marching in San Jose]] |
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{{US Census population |
{{US Census population |
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|1860= 114074 |
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|estyear= 2016 |
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|estref= <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/popest/total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016|work=2016 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=March 2017|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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|estref= <ref name="PopEstCounties" /> |
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|footnote=Note: 9 County Population Totals |
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According to the [[2010 United States Census]], the population of the nine-county Bay Area was 7.15 million, with 49.6% male and 50.4% female.<ref name="Bay Area Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm|title=Bay Area Census – Bay Area Data|publisher=Bayareacensus.ca.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> Of these, approximately 2.3 million (32%) are foreign born.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-state-and-county|title=U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County|date=February 4, 2014|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=July 6, 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 2010 the racial makeup of the nine-county Bay Area was 52.5% [[White American|White]] (both [[Non-Hispanic whites]] and [[Hispanic White Americans]]), 23.5% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] of any race (17.9% Mexican, 1.3% Salvadoran, 0.6% Guatemalan, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Nicaraguan, 0.3% Peruvian, 0.2% Cuban), 23.3% [[Asian American|Asian]] (7.9% Chinese, 5.1% Filipino, 3.3% Indian, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.0% Korean, 0.9% Japanese, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% Burmese), 6.7% non-Hispanic [[African American]], 0.7% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.6% [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] (0.1% Tongan, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Fijian, >0.1% Guamanian, >0.1% Native Hawaiian), 5.4% from [[Multiracial American|two or more races]] and 10.8% from other races.<ref name="americanfactfinder">{{cite web|url=http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/state_census_data_center/census_2010/documents/2010Census_Table3A_RedistrictingFile.xls|title=Census 2010: Table 3A – Total Population by Race (Hispanic exclusive) and Hispanic or Latino: 2010|format=Excel|publisher=[[California Department of Finance]]|accessdate=June 11, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124020222/http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/state_census_data_center/census_2010/documents/2010Census_Table3A_RedistrictingFile.xls|archivedate=November 24, 2011|df=}}</ref> The Bay Area cities of [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[Suisun City]], [[Oakland]], [[San Leandro]], [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]], and [[Richmond, California|Richmond]] are among the most ethnically diverse cities in the United States.<ref name="BusinessInsider">{{cite journal|last=Willet|first=Megan|date=July 8, 2013|magazine=[[Business Insider]]|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-diverse-cities-in-the-us-2013-7|title=The Most Diverse Cities in United States|accessdate=September 11, 2014}}</ref> |
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Based on geographic location, [[non-Hispanic whites]] make up the majority in [[Marin County, California|Marin]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]], and [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma counties]].<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> Whites also make up the majority in the eastern regions of the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] centered around [[Livermore, California|Livermore]] and [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]] areas.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> San Francisco's [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]] district is considered the [[Little Italy]] of the city, and was once home to a significant Italian American community. San Francisco and Marin County both have substantial [[American Jews|Jewish]] communities.<ref name="asarb">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_195c.asp|title=Judaism (estimated) Metro Areas (2000)|accessdate=December 1, 2009|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123122848/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_195c.asp|archivedate=November 23, 2009|df=}}</ref> The [[Latino]] population is spread throughout the Bay Area, but among the nine counties, the greatest number of them live in Santa Clara County, while Contra Costa County sees the highest growth rate.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/09/08/report-bay-area-latino-population-growth-has-slowed/|title=Report: Bay Area Latino population growth has slowed|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|author=Sanchez, Tatiana|date=September 6, 2016|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> [[Mexican Americans]] make up the largest share of Hispanic residents in Napa county,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hispanics-move-from-S-F-San-Jose-into-suburbs-2918330.php|title=Hispanics move from S.F., San Jose into suburbs / Numbers climb fast throughout state|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|author=DelVecchio, Rick|date=May 24, 2001|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> while Central Americans make up the largest share in San Francisco, many of whom live in the [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]] which is home to many residents of [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] and [[Guatemalan American|Guatemalan]] descent.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.kqed.org/w/hood/mission/barrio.html|title=The Mission – A Barrio of Many Colors|publisher=[[KQED]]|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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According to the 2010 United States Census, the population was 7.15 million in the nine-county Bay Area, with 49.6% male and 50.4% female.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> Of these, approximately 2.3 million (32%) are foreign born.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-state-and-county|title=U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County|date=February 4, 2014|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=July 6, 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 2010 the racial makeup of the nine-county Bay Area was 52.5% [[White American|White]] (both [[Non-Hispanic whites]] and [[Hispanic White Americans]]), 23.5% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] of any race (17.9% Mexican, 1.3% Salvadoran, 0.6% Guatemalan, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Nicaraguan, 0.3% Peruvian, 0.2% Cuban), 23.3% [[Asian American|Asian]] (7.9% Chinese, 5.1% Filipino, 3.3% Indian, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.0% Korean, 0.9% Japanese, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% Burmese), 6.7% non-Hispanic [[African American]], 0.7% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.6% [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] (0.1% Tongan, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Fijian, >0.1% Guamanian, >0.1% Native Hawaiian), 5.4% from [[Multiracial American|two or more races]] and 10.8% from other races.<ref name=americanfactfinder>{{cite web|url=http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/state_census_data_center/census_2010/documents/2010Census_Table3A_RedistrictingFile.xls|title=Census 2010: Table 3A – Total Population by Race (Hispanic exclusive) and Hispanic or Latino: 2010|format=Excel|publisher=[[California Department of Finance]]|accessdate=June 11, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124020222/http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/state_census_data_center/census_2010/documents/2010Census_Table3A_RedistrictingFile.xls|archivedate=November 24, 2011|df=}}</ref> |
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The [[Asian American]] population in the Bay Area is significant compared to other regions in the U.S., concentrated in the Bay Area city of [[Daly City, California|Daly City]]. At 58.4%, Daly City's Asian American population is larger than anywhere else in the United States outside of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Asian-population-swells-in-Bay-Area-state-nation-3425777.php|title=Asian population swells in Bay Area, state, nation|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|date=March 22, 2012|author=Fagan, Mark|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Asian Americans also constitute a majority in [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], with significant populations in [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]] and [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]. The cities of San Jose and San Francisco had the third and fourth largest total number of Asian Americans out of every American city.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf|pages=12–13|title=The Asian Population: 2010|publisher=U.S. Census|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> In [[San Francisco]], [[Chinese Americans]] comprise 21.4% of the population and constitute the single largest ethnic group in the city.<ref>{{cite web| title = QT-P3 – Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010| url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3| work = [[2010 United States Census]] Summary File 1| publisher = United States Census Bureau| accessdate =July 11, 2011}}</ref> Santa Clara county, and increasingly the East Bay, house a significant [[Indian American]] community.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2011/05/12/indian-american-population-is-fastest-growing-minority-group/|title=Indian-American population is fastest-growing minority group|date=May 12, 2011|accessdate=September 19, 2017|publisher=''East Bay Times''}}</ref> The Bay Area is home to over 382,950 [[Filipino American]]s, one of the largest communities of Filipino people outside of the [[Philippines]] with the largest proportion of Filipino Americans concentrating themselves within [[American Canyon]], [[Daly City, California|Daly City]], [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]], [[South San Francisco, California|South San Francisco]] and [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62|title=Training and Education /PET|accessdate=April 28, 2012|publisher=Filipino-American Law Enforcement Officers Association|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021343/http://www.faleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62|archivedate=January 16, 2013|df=}}</ref> There are more than one hundred thousand people of [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]] ancestry residing within [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] city limits, the largest Vietnamese population of any city in the world outside of [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/16/BAG2751OP81.DTL|title=S.F.'s 'Little Saigon' / Stretch of Larkin Street named for Vietnamese Americans|date=February 2004|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=March 6, 2010|first=Cicero A.|last=Estrella}}</ref> In addition, there is a sizable community of [[Korean American]]s in Santa Clara county, where San Jose is located.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/asianamericans-maps/|title=Asian American Maps|publisher=Pew Research|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> East Bay cities such as [[Richmond, California|Richmond]] and Oakland, and the North Bay city of [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], have plentiful populations of [[Laotian American|Laotian]] and [[Cambodian American|Cambodians]] in certain neighborhoods.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Taste-of-Laos-in-Richmond-school-garden-4298443.php#photo-4220806|title=Taste of Laos in Richmond school garden|author=Eaton, Joe and Ron Sullivan|date=May 31, 2014|accessdate=September 19, 2017|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''}}</ref> [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islanders]] such as [[Samoan American|Samoans]] and [[Tongan American|Tongans]] have the largest presence in [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]], where they constitute over 7% of the population.<ref name="EPA">{{citeweb|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/EastPaloAlto.htm|title=East Palo Alto|publisher=Bay Area Census|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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The Bay Area cities of [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[Suisun City]], [[Oakland]], [[San Leandro]], [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]], and [[Richmond, California|Richmond]] are among the most ethnically diverse cities in the United States.<ref name=BusinessInsider>{{cite journal|last=Willet|first=Megan|date=July 8, 2013|magazine=[[Business Insider]]|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-diverse-cities-in-the-us-2013-7|title=The Most Diverse Cities in United States|accessdate=September 11, 2014}}</ref> |
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The [[African American]] population of the Bay Area used to be significant in San Francisco, where one out of seven residents were black in 1970, which had a thriving [[jazz]] scene and was known as "Harlem of the West". Today, they have mostly moved to parts of the East Bay and North Bay, including the cities of [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] and [[Antioch, California|Antioch]].<ref name="nytjazz">{{citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/black-exodus-from-san-francisco.html?mcubz=1|title=The Loneliness of Being Black in San Francisco|author=Fuller, Thomas|date=July 20, 2016|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> The South Park neighborhood of [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]] was home to once a primarily black community until the 1980s, when many Latino immigrants settled in the area.<ref name="southpark">{{cite web|title=South Park, Santa Rosa's vibrant, ever-changing corner|work=[[The Press Democrat]]|url=http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20090613/ARTICLES/906139924?p=4&tc=pg|accessdate=July 8, 2011}}</ref> Other cities with large numbers of African Americans include [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] (28%), <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/Vallejo.htm|title=Vallejo|publisher=Bay Area Census|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> [[Richmond, California|Richmond]] (26%),<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/Richmond.htm|title=Richmond|publisher=Bay Area Census|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> and East Palo Alto (17%).<ref name="EPA"/> |
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[[Non-Hispanic whites]] make up the majority in [[Marin County, California|Marin]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]] and |
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[[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma counties]].<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> Whites also make up the majority in the eastern regions of the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] towards [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] in the [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]] and |
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[[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa counties]] centered around [[Livermore, California|Livermore]] and [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]] areas.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> San Francisco's [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]] district is considered the [[Little Italy]] of the city, and was once home to a significant Italian American community. San Francisco and Marin County both have substantial [[American Jews|Jewish]] communities.<ref name=asarb>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_195c.asp|title=Judaism (estimated) Metro Areas (2000)|accessdate=December 1, 2009|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123122848/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_195c.asp|archivedate=November 23, 2009|df=}}</ref> |
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The Bay Area is one of the wealthiest regions in the United States, due, primarily, to the economic power engines of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], San Francisco, and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The Bay Area city of [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]] has the second-highest household income in the country after [[New Canaan, Connecticut]]. However, discretionary income is very comparable with the rest of the country, primarily because the higher cost of living offsets the increased income.<ref name=affluence>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/sanmateocountytimes/localnews/ci_4259660|title=Pleasanton tops county in median household income|publisher=Inside Bay Area|accessdate=October 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141112/http://www.insidebayarea.com/sanmateocountytimes/localnews/ci_4259660|archivedate=June 6, 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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The Latino population is spread throughout the Bay Area, but has the largest populations in San Jose, in The Peninsula cities of [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]], [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]], [[San Bruno, California|San Bruno]], [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], and East [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], North Bay cities of [[Dixon, California|Dixon]], [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], East Bay cities of Oakland, Richmond, [[Concord, California|Concord]] and [[Antioch, California|Antioch]], and in [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]]. San Francisco's [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]] is home to a thriving [[Mexican American]] community, as well as many residents of [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] and [[Guatemalan American|Guatemalan]] descent.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> |
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Forty-seven Bay Area residents made the [[Forbes]] magazine's 400 richest Americans list, published in 2007. Thirteen lived in San Francisco proper, placing it seventh among cities in the world. Among the forty-seven were several well-known names such as [[Steve Jobs]], [[George Lucas]], and [[Charles R. Schwab|Charles Schwab]]. The wealthiest resident was [[Larry Ellison]] of [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], worth $25 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/47-Bay-Area-billionaires-on-Forbes-list-3224006.php|title=47 Bay Area billionaires on Forbes list|date=March 6, 2008|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|first=Ilana|last=DeBare}}</ref> A study by Capgemini indicates that in 2009, 4.5% of all households within the San Francisco-Oakland and San Jose metropolitan areas held $1 million in investable assets, placing the region No. 1 in the United States (Metro New York City placed second at 4.3%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100803006707/en/Capgemini-Announces-2010-U.S.-Metro-Wealth-Index|title=Capgemini Announces 2010 U.S. Metro Wealth Index|publisher=Business Wire|date=August 3, 2010|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> |
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The Chinese population of the Bay Area is concentrated in [[San Francisco]], where 30% of the Bay Area's Chinese American population resides. In [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] and in the San Jose area are centers of a significant [[Indian American]] community.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> The Bay Area is home to over 382,950 [[Filipino American]]s, one of the largest communities of Filipino people outside of the [[Philippines]] with the largest proportion of Filipino Americans concentrating themselves within [[American Canyon]], [[Daly City, California|Daly City]], [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]], [[South San Francisco, California|South San Francisco]] and [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]].<ref name="Bay Area Census" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62|title=Training and Education /PET|accessdate=April 28, 2012|publisher=Filipino-American Law Enforcement Officers Association|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021343/http://www.faleo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=62|archivedate=January 16, 2013|df=}}</ref> There are more than one hundred thousand people of [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]] ancestry residing within [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] city limits, the largest Vietnamese population of any city in the world outside of [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/16/BAG2751OP81.DTL|title=S.F.'s 'Little Saigon' / Stretch of Larkin Street named for Vietnamese Americans|date=February 2004|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=March 6, 2010|first=Cicero A.|last=Estrella}}</ref> There is a sizable community of [[Korean American]]s in Santa Clara County, and there is a large strip of Korean restaurants and businesses located in [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]. East Bay cities such as [[Richmond, California|Richmond]] and Oakland, and the North Bay city of [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], have plentiful populations of [[Laotian American|Laotian]] and [[Cambodian American|Cambodians]] in certain neighborhoods.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> |
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The African American population of the Bay Area has always been significant in Marin City, [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], Richmond, and parts of San Francisco but other East and North Bay cities such as [[Antioch, California|Antioch]], [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]] and [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] have received an influx of black residents. While mainly concentrated in the East Bay, there are well-established black neighborhoods located in the North Bay and the Peninsula. The South Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa was home to once a primarily black community until the 1980s, when many Latino immigrants settled in the area.<ref name="southpark">{{cite web|title=South Park, Santa Rosa's vibrant, ever-changing corner|work=[[The Press Democrat]]|url=http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20090613/ARTICLES/906139924?p=4&tc=pg|accessdate=July 8, 2011}}</ref> In San Francisco, [[Hunters Point, San Francisco|Hunters Point]] and [[Fillmore District]] have significant black populations. The [[Marin City, California|Marin City]] community in [[Marin County, California|Marin County]] has a significant black population. In the Peninsula, East Palo Alto has the highest population of African Americans. |
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[[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islanders]] such as [[Samoan American|Samoans]] and [[Tongan American|Tongans]] have the largest presence in [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]], [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[San Bruno, California|San Bruno]], [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]] and the [[Bayview-Hunters Point]] and [[Visitacion Valley]] neighborhoods of San Francisco.<ref name="Bay Area Census" /> |
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In 2007 the population density was 1,057 people per square mile. There were 2,499,702 housing units with an average family size of 3.3. Of the 2,499,702 households, approximately one-third were renter occupied housing units, while two-thirds were owner occupied housing units. 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 11.6% of households had someone 65 years of age or older, and 27.4% of households were non-families.<ref name="Bay Area Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm|title=Bay Area Census – Bay Area Data|publisher=Bayareacensus.ca.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> |
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The Bay Area is one of the wealthiest regions in the United States, due, primarily, to the economic power engines of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], San Francisco, and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]] has the second-highest household income in the country after New Canaan, CT. However, discretionary income is very comparable with the rest of the country, primarily because the higher cost of living offsets the increased income.<ref name=affluence>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidebayarea.com/sanmateocountytimes/localnews/ci_4259660|title=Pleasanton tops county in median household income|publisher=Inside Bay Area|accessdate=October 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141112/http://www.insidebayarea.com/sanmateocountytimes/localnews/ci_4259660|archivedate=June 6, 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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Forty-seven Bay Area residents made the [[Forbes]] magazine's 400 richest Americans list, published in 2007. Thirteen lived in San Francisco proper, placing it seventh among cities in the world. Among the forty-seven were several well-known names such as [[Steve Jobs]], [[George Lucas]], and [[Charles R. Schwab|Charles Schwab]]. The wealthiest resident was [[Larry Ellison]] of [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], worth $25 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/47-Bay-Area-billionaires-on-Forbes-list-3224006.php|title=47 Bay Area billionaires on Forbes list|date=March 6, 2008|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|first=Ilana|last=DeBare}}</ref> |
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A study by Capgemini indicates that in 2009, 4.5% of all households within the San Francisco-Oakland and San Jose metropolitan areas held $1 million in investable assets, placing the region No. 1 in the United States (Metro New York City placed second at 4.3%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100803006707/en/Capgemini-Announces-2010-U.S.-Metro-Wealth-Index|title=Capgemini Announces 2010 U.S. Metro Wealth Index|publisher=Business Wire|date=August 3, 2010|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> |
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As of 2007, there were approximately 80 public companies with annual revenues of over $1 billion a year, and 5–10 more private companies. Nearly 2/3 of these are in the Silicon Valley section of the Bay Area. According to the May 2010 Fortune Magazine analysis of the US "Fortune 500" companies, the combined San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan region ranks second (after metro New York City and before Chicago) with 30 companies (May 2011, Fortune Magazine).<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune|url=http://www.fortune.com/|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=May 24, 2011}}</ref> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | White |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Other |
! data-sort-type="number" | Other |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Asian |
! data-sort-type="number" | Asian |
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! data-sort-type="number" | African |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Native |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Hispanic |
! data-sort-type="number" | Hispanic |
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| [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] || [[List of counties in California|County]] || 478,551 || $33,119 || $64,343 || $78,227 |
| [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] || [[List of counties in California|County]] || 478,551 || $33,119 || $64,343 || $78,227 |
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===Crime=== |
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Statistics regarding crime rates in the Bay Area generally fall into two categories: [[violent crime]] and [[property crime]]. Historically, violent crime has been concentrated in a few cities in the East Bay, namely [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Pablo, California|San Pablo]], and [[Antioch, California|Antioch]], but also [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]] in the Peninsula, [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] in the North Bay, and [[San Francisco]].<ref name="uneven">{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/crime/article/U-S-crime-drops-again-but-gains-uneven-in-Bay-6536129.php|title=U.S. crime drops again, but gains uneven in Bay Area|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|author=Sernoffsky , Evan and Kurtis Alexander|date=September 28, 2015|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Nationally, Oakland's murder rate ranked 18th among cities with over 100,000 residents, and third for violent crimes per capita.<ref name="fbireport">{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/FBI-report-reveals-safest-and-most-dangerous-Bay-9399281.php|title=FBI report reveals safest and most dangerous Bay Area cities|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|author=Veklerov, Kimberly|date=September 28, 2016|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> According to a 2015 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] report, Oakland was also the source of the most violent crime in the Bay Area, with 16.9 reported incidents per thousand people. Vallejo came in second, at 8.7 incidents per thousand people, while San Pablo, Antioch, and San Francisco rounded out the top five. East Palo Alto, which used to have the Bay Area's highest murder rate, saw violent crime incidents drop 65% between 2013 to 2014, while Oakland saw violent crime incidents drop 15%.<ref name="uneven"/> Meanwhile, [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], which was one of the safest large cities in the United States in the early 2000s, has saw its violent crime rates trend upwards.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/12/31/san-jose-street-violence-rises-burglary-drops-in-scattered-crime-profile-for-2016/|title=San Jose: Street violence rises, burglary drops in scattered crime profile for 2016|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|author=Salonga, Robert|date=December 31, 2016|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Cities with the lowest rate of violent crime include the Peninsula cities of [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]] and [[Foster City, California|Foster City]], East Bay cities of [[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]] and [[Danville, California|Danville]], and South Bay cities of [[Saratoga, California|Saratoga]] and [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]]. In 2015, 45 Bay Area cities counted zero homicides, the largest of which was [[Daly City, California|Daly City]].<ref name="uneven"/> |
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In 2015, Oakland also saw the highest rates of property crime in the Bay Area, at 59.4 incidents per thousand residents, with San Francisco following close behind at 53 incidents per thousand residents. The East Bay cities [[Pleasant Hill, California|Pleasant Hill]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], and [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]] rounded out the top five. The South Bay city of [[Saratoga, California|Saratoga]] and the North Bay city of [[Windsor, California|Windsor]] saw the least rates of property crime.<ref name="uneven"/> Additionally, San Francisco saw the most reports of arson.<ref name="fbireport"/> |
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==Politics== |
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The Bay Area is widely regarded as one of the most liberal areas in the country. According to the [[California Secretary of State]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] holds a voter registration advantage in every [[California's congressional districts|congressional district]], [[California State Senate districts|state senate district]], [[California State Assembly districts|state assembly district]], [[State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)#Equalization_districts|State Board of Equalization districts]], all nine counties, and all but three of the 101 incorporated municipalities in the Bay Area. The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] holds a voter registration advantage in one state assembly subdistrict (the portion of [[California's 4th State Assembly district]] in [[Solano County, California|Solano county]]) and three cities, [[Atherton, California|Atherton]], [[Hillsborough, California|Hillsborough]], and [[Danville, California|Danville]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/ror-pages/ror-odd-year-2017/politicalsub.pdf|title= Report of Registration|publisher=California Secretary of State|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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Several street gangs operate in the Bay Area, including the [[Sureños]] and [[Norteños]] in San Francisco's [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Bulwa, Demian|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SAN-FRANCISCO-Sure-o-gang-s-threat-growing-in-2667647.php |title=SAN FRANCISCO / Sureño gang's threat growing in Bay Area / Widow's apartment is at heart of group's Mission District turf|work=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' |date=May 27, 2005 |accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref> African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the [[Crips]], have struggled to establish footholds in the city,<ref>{{cite web|author=Albert Samaha |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/2012-09-26/news/crips-gangs-sfpd-bloods-bayview-hunters-point/ |title=Crip-less: S.F.'s Dislike of Franchises Extends to Street Gangs – Page 1 – News – San Francisco |publisher=SF Weekly |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=July 29, 2013}}</ref> although gangs with shotcallers in China, including [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] groups such as the [[Wo Hop To]], have been reported active.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mary Spicuzza|url=http://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/enter-the-dragon-head/Content?oid=2163615 |title=Enter The Dragon |publisher=SF Weekly |date=August 1, 2007 |accessdate=September 5, 2016}}</ref> In 1977, an ongoing rivalry between two Chinese gangs led to a [[Golden Dragon massacre|shooting attack at the Golden Dragon restaurant in Chinatown]], which left 5 people dead and 11 wounded. Five members of the [[Joe Boys]] gang were arrested and convicted of the crime.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vanessa Hua |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/10/07/BAGMMLKK661.DTL |title=Golden Dragon Closes and owes a million |work=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' |date=October 7, 2006 |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Oakland, which also sees organized gang violence, implemented [[Operation Ceasefire]] in 2012 in an effort to reduce the violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2013/08/08/oakland-boosts-operation-ceasefire-after-baby-father-killed/ |title=Oakland Boosts 'Operation Ceasefire' After Baby, Father Killed « CBS San Francisco |publisher=Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com |date=August 8, 2013|accessdate=August 8, 2013}}</ref> |
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According to the [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] (CPVI), [[congressional districts]] the Bay Area tends to favor Democratic candidates by roughly 40 to 50 percentage points, considerably above the mean for California and the nation overall. All congressional districts in the region voted for Democrat [[Barack Obama]] over Republican [[John McCain]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 Presidential Election]]. |
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Over the last four and a half decades the 9-county Bay Area voted for [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates only twice, once in 1972 for [[Richard Nixon]] and again in [[:Category:1980 in politics|1980]] for [[Ronald Reagan]] and in 1984, both Californians. The last county to vote for a Republican Presidential candidate was [[Napa County, California|Napa county]] in 1988 for [[George H. W. Bush]]. |
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==Economy== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |
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[[File:Googleplex (4842867784).jpg|thumb|[[Google]], a [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] and [[subsidiary]] of [[Alphabet Inc.]], is headquartered in the Bay Area city of [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]].|alt=An image of Google's corporate headquarters.]] |
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|- |
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The three principal cities of the Bay Area represent different employment clusters and are dominated by different, but commingled, industries. San Francisco is home to the region's [[financial industry|financial]] and business industry, tourism, and is host to numerous conventions. The East Bay, centered around Oakland, is home to heavy industry, metalworking, oil, and shipping, while Silicon Valley is a major pole of economic activity around the [[high-tech|technology]] industry. Furthermore, the North Bay is a major player in the country's [[agriculture]] and wine industry.<ref name="walker"/> In all, the Bay Area is home to the second highest concentration of [[Fortune 500]] companies, second only to the [[New York metropolitan area]], with thirty such companies based throughout the region.<ref>{{citejournal|url=http://geography.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Walker_107.pdf|title=The strange case of the Bay Area|page=14|author=Walker, Richard and Alex Schafran|journal=Environment and Planing|volume=47|year=2015}}</ref> In 2014, the greater [[San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area|twelve-county statistical area]] had a GDP of $758.5 billion, the third-highest among [[combined statistical areas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2015/pdf/gdp_metro0915.pdf|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|last=Analysis|first=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|website=www.bea.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> The smaller nine-county Bay Area had a GDP of $721 billion, which nonetheless would rank it 6th [[List of U.S. states by GDP|among U.S. states]] and 16th [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|among countries]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bayareaeconomy.org/the-bay-area-led-broad-regional-gdp-growth-surge-in-2015/|title=The Bay Area’s GDP Growth Lands it Among the Nation’s Top Economies|date=September 2016|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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! rowspan="3" | County |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" | Population (2010)<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Summary File 1|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_SF1DP1|work=[[2010 United States Census]]|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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! rowspan="2" | 2012 election results<ref name="2012 election">{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/sov/2012-general/10-president.pdf|title=2012 California Presidential Election Results by County|format=PDF|accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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! rowspan="2" | Median household income (2011)<ref name="ACS 2011 income">{{cite web|title=2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/11_1YR/DP03/0500000US06001%7c0500000US06013%7c0500000US06041%7c0500000US06055%7c0500000US06075%7c0500000US06081%7c0500000US06085%7c0500000US06095%7c0500000US06097|work=2011 American Community Survey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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! rowspan="2" | Per capita income (2011)<ref name="ACS 2011 income" /> |
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! colspan="3"|Voter Registration (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ror/ror-pages/ror-odd-year-2013/county.pdfa|title=Report of Registration|publisher=California Secretary of State|date=February 10, 2013|accessdate=January 20, 2014}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! Democratic |
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! Independent |
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! Republican |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]] |
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| 1,510,271 |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 78.9%–18.2% Obama |
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| $67,558 |
|||
| $33,888 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|461,007 |
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| 158,958 |
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| 114,802 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]] |
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| 1,049,025 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 66.2%–31.2% Obama |
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| $74,353 |
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| $36,274 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|263,258 |
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| 113,358 |
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| 131,608 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Marin County, California|Marin]] |
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| 252,409 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 74.3%–23.0% Obama |
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| $77,168 |
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| $49,439 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|83,853 |
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| 35,251 |
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| 28,116 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Napa County, California|Napa]] |
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| 136,484 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 63.0%–34.3% Obama |
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| $61,460 |
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| $32,170 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|33,182 |
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| 15,248 |
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| 19,142 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[San Francisco]] |
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| 805,235 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 83.5%–13.0% Obama |
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| $69,894 |
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| $44,905 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|276,855 |
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| 154,691 |
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| 42,922 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]] |
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| 718,451 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 72.1%–25.5% Obama |
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| $81,657 |
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| $44,331 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|185,134 |
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| 92,158 |
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| 69,925 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] |
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| 1,781,642 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 70.1%–27.2% Obama |
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| $84,895 |
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| $39,365 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|372,979 |
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| 237,357 |
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| 177,268 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Solano County, California|Solano]] |
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| 413,344 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 63.5%–34.2% Obama |
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| $63,795 |
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| $27,785 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|102,177 |
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| 46,246 |
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| 52,633 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] |
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| 483,878 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 71.1%–25.3% Obama |
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| $61,020 |
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| $30,868 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|134,896 |
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| 55,666 |
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| 56,428 |
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|- |
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! scope="row" | Median |
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! — |
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! {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 72.9%–24.1% Obama |
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! $73,562 |
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! $37,851 |
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! — |
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! — |
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! — |
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|- |
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! scope="row" | Total |
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! 7,150,739 |
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! — |
|||
! — |
|||
! — |
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! {{Party shading/Democratic}}|1,913,341 |
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! 908,933 |
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! 692,844 |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:82%;" |
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|+ Presidential election results |
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|- style="background:lightgrey;" |
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! Year |
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! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] |
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! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2016|2016]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|74.5% ''2,339,480'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|18.9% ''594,831'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|72.9% ''2,105,625'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|24.1% ''696,656'' |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|73.8% ''2,172,411'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|24.4% ''717,989'' |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|69.2% ''1,926,726'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|29.3% ''815,225'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|64.1% ''1,607,695'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|30.0% ''751,832'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|60.5% ''1,417,511'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|28.3% ''662,263'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|56.2% ''1,476,971'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|25.0% ''658,202'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|57.8% ''1,338,533'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|40.8% ''945,802'' |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|50.8% ''1,157,855'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|47.9% ''1,090,115'' |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|40.7% ''827,309'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|44.4% ''904,100'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|49.9% ''950,055'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|45.8% ''872,920'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|48.2% ''990,560'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|49.1 ''1,007,615'' |
|||
|- |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|50.8% ''890,650'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|41.3% ''725,304'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|65.7% ''1,116,215'' |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|34.1% ''579,528'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1960|1960]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|52.0% ''820,860'' |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"|47.6% ''751,719'' |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |
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|- |
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! scope="col" width="40" | District |
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! scope="col" width="280" | Location |
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! scope="col" width="120" | Representative |
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! scope="col" width="70" | Cook PVI<ref name="Cook PVI">{{cite web|title=Partisan Voting Index Districts of the 113th Congress|url=http://cookpolitical.com/file/2013-04-47.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Cook Political Report]]|accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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! scope="col" width="130" | 2012 election results<ref name="2012 election" /> |
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! scope="col" width="120" | Median household income (2011)<ref name="Census Bureau congressional district">{{cite web|title=My Congressional District|url=http://www.census.gov/mycd/|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] |
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| [[Marin County, California|Marin County]] and the [[North Coast (California)|North Coast]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|2|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+20 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 69.0%–27.0% Obama |
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| $56,576 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 3rd congressional district|3rd]] |
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| [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]], [[Vacaville, California|Vacaville]], and the [[Sacramento Valley]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|3|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+3 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 54.3%–43.1% Obama |
|||
| $53,602 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 5th congressional district|5th]] |
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| [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], [[Napa County, California|Napa County]], [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], and [[Martinez, California|Martinez]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|5|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+19 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 69.7%–27.4% Obama |
|||
| $58,942 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 9th congressional district|9th]] |
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| [[Antioch, California|Antioch]] and most of [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin County]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|9|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+6 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 57.8%–40.1% Obama |
|||
| $52,209 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 11th congressional district|11th]] |
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| Most of [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa County]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|11|fmt=linked}} |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+17 |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 67.5%–29.9% Obama |
|||
| $69,586 |
|||
|- |
|||
| scope="row" | [[California's 12th congressional district|12th]] |
|||
| Most of [[San Francisco]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|12|fmt=linked}} |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+34 |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 84.0%–12.5% Obama |
|||
| $69,046 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 13th congressional district|13th]] |
|||
| [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], and [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]] |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|13|fmt=linked}} |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+37 |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 87.5%–9.0% Obama |
|||
| $56,906 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 14th congressional district|14th]] |
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| Most of [[San Mateo County]] |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|14|fmt=linked}} |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+23 |
|||
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 74.2%–23.6% Obama |
|||
| $79,287 |
|||
|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 15th congressional district|15th]] |
|||
| [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[Union City, California|Union City]], and the [[Tri-Valley]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|15|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+16 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 68.0%–29.8% Obama |
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| $82,179 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 17th congressional district|17th]] |
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| [[Fremont, California|Fremont]] and northern [[Silicon Valley]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|17|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+20 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 71.9%–25.5% Obama |
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| $92,030 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 18th congressional district|18th]] |
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| [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]] and western [[Silicon Valley]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|18|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+18 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 68.2%–28.9% Obama |
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| $97,001 |
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|- |
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| scope="row" | [[California's 19th congressional district|19th]] |
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| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] and [[Morgan Hill, California|Morgan Hill]] |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | {{Representative|cacd|19|fmt=linked}} |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+19 |
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| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 71.2%–26.5% Obama |
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| $71,479 |
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|- |
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! scope="row" | Median |
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! — |
|||
! — |
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! {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D+13 |
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! {{Party shading/Democratic}} | 67.8%–26.9% Obama |
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! $63,904 |
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|} |
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Several major corporations are headquartered in the Bay Area. Among the Fortune 500 companies located in the region include technology companies [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Hewlett Packard]], [[Intel]], [[Applied Materials]], [[eBay]], [[Cisco Systems]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Symantec]], and [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]; [[energy]] companies [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[Calpine Corporation]], and [[PG&E]]; financial service companies [[Charles Schwab Corporation]], [[Visa Inc.]], and [[Wells Fargo]]; [[apparel]] retailers [[Gap Inc.]] and [[Levi Strauss & Co.]]; [[aerospace]] and defense contractor [[Lockheed Martin]]; local [[grocer]] [[Safeway Inc.|Safeway]]; and biotechnology company [[Genentech]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/2010/|title=Fortune 500|publisher=''Fortune''|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Oakland is the site of the fifth-largest [[container terminal|container shipping port]] in the United States and is also a major [[rail terminus]].<ref name="North America Container Traffic Rankings">{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/NORTHAMERICANPORTCONTAINERTRAFFIC2009.pdf|title=North American Container Traffic, 2009 Port Ranking|accessdate=August 11, 2010}}</ref> In addition, [[NASA]]'s [[NASA Ames Research Center|Ames Research Center]] and the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] are based in [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]] and [[Livermore, California|Livermore]] respectively. In the North Bay, Napa and Sonoma counties are known for their famous wineries, including [[Fantesca Estate & Winery]], [[Domaine Chandon California]], and [[D'Agostini Winery]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestravelguide/2017/08/10/your-top-california-wine-tasting-itinerary-napa-and-sonoma/#4b75a142b8f3|title=Your Top California Wine-Tasting Itinerary: Napa and Sonoma|publisher=Forbes|author=Kester, Jennifer|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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During the [[Base Realignment and Closure]]s (BRACs) of the 1990s, almost all the military installations in the region were closed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Keep California the 'Gibraltar of the Pacific'|author=Kevin Starr|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050227/news_mz1e27starr.html|newspaper=[[San Diego Union Tribune]]|date=February 27, 2005|accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Spared 2 Base Closings, Californians Lobby On|author=Jane Gross|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/14/us/spared-2-base-closings-californians-lobby-on.html|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=March 14, 1993|accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref> The only remaining major [[active duty]] military installations are [[Travis Air Force Base]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Base-closing plan spares Beale, Travis|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2005/05/09/daily37.html?jst=b_ln_hl|newspaper=Sacramento Business Journal|date=May 13, 2005|accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Coast Guard Island]]. |
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Despite the strong economy, the Bay Area's housing market and cost of living is becoming increasingly expensive. As of 2017, the average income needed in order to purchase a house in the region was $179,390, while the median price for a house was $895,000.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/08/11/bay-area-real-estate-to-buy-a-median-priced-home-you-now-need-income-over-179000/|title=Bay Area real estate: To buy a median priced home, you now need income over $179,000|author=Scheinin, Richard|date=August 12, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''}}</ref> Because of the high cost of living, many workers in the Bay Area live far from their place of employment, contributing to one of the highest percentages of [[extreme commuting|extreme commuters]] in the United States, or commutes that take over ninety minutes in one direction. For example, about 50,000 people commute from neighboring [[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin county]] into the nine-county Bay Area daily.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/business/economy/san-francisco-commute.html?mcubz=1|title=A 2:15 Alarm, 2 Trains and aBus Get Her to Work by 7 A.M.|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|author=Dougherty, Connor and Andrew Burton|date=August 17, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="width: 100%;" |
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|- |
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! colspan="8" | Counties by population and voter registration |
|||
|- |
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! County |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref name="US-CB-B02001">U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B02001. [http://factfinder2.census.gov/ American FactFinder]. Retrieved October 26, 2013.</ref> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Registered voters<ref name="CA-SS">California Secretary of State. Report of Registration as of February 10, 2017.</ref> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Democratic<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Republican<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | D–R spread<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | American<br />Independent<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Green<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Libertarian<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Peace and<br />Freedom<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
|||
! data-sort-type="number" | Americans<br />Elect<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Other<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | No party preference<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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|- |
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| [[Alameda County|Alameda]] || 1,494,876 || 54.6% || 56.4% || 14.1% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+42.3%'''</span> || 2.0% || 1.2% || 0.5% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 6.0% || 19.5% |
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|- |
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| [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]] || 1,037,817 || 58.5% || 50.4% || 21.8% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+24.8%'''</span> || 2.6% || 0.5% || 0.6% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 23.7% |
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|- |
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| [[Marin County, California|Marin]] || 250,666 || 61.5% || 54.4% || 18.2% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+36.2%'''</span> || 2.1% || 1.4% || 0.5% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 12.9% |
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|- |
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| [[Napa County, California|Napa]] || 135,377 || 56.2% || 46.9% || 24.2% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+22.7%'''</span> || 3.0% || 0.8% || 0.8% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 23.4% |
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|- |
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| [[San Francisco]] || 870,887 || 62.4% || 55.6% || 8.6% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+47.0%'''</span> || 1.8% || 1.7% || 0.6% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 31.1% |
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|- |
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| [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]] || 711,622 || 50.7% || 51.3% || 19.4% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+31.9%'''</span> || 2.1% || 0.7% || 0.5% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 25.5% |
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|- |
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| [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] || 1,762,754 || 46.5% || 45.6% || 21.7% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+23.9%'''</span> || 2.1% || 0.5% || 0.6% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 29.0% |
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|- |
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| [[Solano County, California|Solano]] || 411,620 || 51.1% || 48.6% || 25.0% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+23.6%'''</span> || 2.8% || 0.4% || 0.5% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.4% || 22.0% |
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|- |
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| [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] || 478,551 || 54.7% || 51.5% || 21.6% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+29.9%'''</span> || 2.5% || 1.8% || 0.7% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 21.3% |
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|} |
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== |
==Education== |
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===Colleges and universities=== |
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The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. |
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{{seealso|List of colleges and universities in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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[[File:UCBerkeleyCampus.jpg|thumb|The Memorial Glade of Sather Tower in the [[University of California, Berkeley]] campus. Berkeley is the highest-ranked public university in the United States, according to ''[[US News & World Report]]''.|alt=An image of UC Berkeley's campus.]] |
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The Bay Area is home to a large number of colleges and universities. The first institution of higher education in the Bay Area, [[Santa Clara University]], was founded by [[Jesuits]] in 1851, whom also founded the [[University of San Francisco]] in 1855.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.gutenberg.us/articles/oldest_schools_in_california|title=Oldest Schools in California|publisher=World Heritage Encyclopedia|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> [[San Jose State University]] was founded in 1857 and is the oldest public college on the [[West Coast of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web | title = San José State University: About SJSU: 1857-1879 | work = | publisher = San José State University | date = | url = http://www.sjsu.edu/about_sjsu/history/timeline/1857/ | doi = | accessdate = October 29, 2013}}</ref> According to the [[Brookings Institution]], 45% of residents of the two-county San Jose metro area have a college degree and 43% of residents in the five-county San Francisco metro area have a college degree, the second and fourth highest ranked metro areas in the country for higher educational attainment.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/05/31/us/education-in-metro-areas.html?mcubz=1|title=Cities with the Most College-Educated Residents|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="width: 100%;" |
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|- |
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! colspan="9" | Counties by population and crime rates |
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|- |
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! County |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Population |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Violent crimes |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Violent crime rate<br />per 1,000 persons |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Property crimes |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Property crime rate<br />per 1,000 persons |
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|- |
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| [[Alameda County|Alameda]] || 1,494,876 || 11,189 || 7.48 || 33,395 || 22.34 |
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|- |
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| [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]] || 1,037,817 || 4,257 || 4.10 || 19,843 || 19.12 |
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|- |
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| [[Marin County, California|Marin]] || 250,666 || — || — || — || — |
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|- |
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| [[Napa County, California|Napa]] || 135,377 || 580 || 4.28 || 1,634 || 15.45 |
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|- |
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| [[San Francisco]] || 870,887 || 5,777 || 7.04 || 38,898 || 47.42 |
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|- |
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| [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]] || 711,622 || 2,072 || 2.91 || 8,677 || 12.19 |
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|- |
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| [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] || 1,762,754 || 5,013 || 2.84 || 23,790 || 13.50 |
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|- |
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| [[Solano County, California|Solano]] || 411,620 || 2,064 || 5.01 || 8,460 || 20.55 |
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|- |
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| [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] || 478,551 || 1,917 || 4.01 || 4,537 || 9.48 |
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|} |
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Rankings compiled by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' feature several Bay Area universities in prominent spots. [[Stanford University]] is the highest ranked university in the Bay Area, and fifth overall in the United States. The [[University of California, Berkeley]] is ranked twentieth overall, but for the past nineteen years has been highest-ranked public university in the country. Additionally, [[San Jose State University]] and [[Sonoma State University]] were respectively ranked sixth and tenth among public colleges in the West Coast.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://abc7news.com/education/bay-area-universities-rank-among-best-in-the-us/1509952/|title=Bay Area universities rank among best in the US|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=September 13, 2016|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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==Climate== |
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{{See also|Climate of California}} |
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{{Multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 250 |
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|align=left |
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|image1=San Francisco Bay Area Skyline Blvd.jpg |
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|caption1=[[Skyline Boulevard]] stretches through the Santa Cruz Mountains, here atop Portola Valley, California. During winter and spring, the hills surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area are lush and green. |
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|image2=San Francisco Bay Area Skyline Blvd2.jpg |
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|caption2=The same location during the summer months. Because rain is rare in the San Francisco Bay Area during this time, the surrounding hills quickly become dry and golden-hued in grassy areas |
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}} |
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The city of San Francisco is host to two additional [[University of California]] schools, neither of which confer [[undergraduate]] degrees. The [[University of California, San Francisco]] is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings |title=America's Best Graduate Schools: Best Medical Schools |accessdate=July 25, 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=[[U.S. News and World Report]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421213522/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings |archivedate=April 21, 2010 |df= }}</ref> and operates the [[UCSF Medical Center]], which is the highest-ranked hopsital in California.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ca/ucsf-medical-center-6930043|title = UCSF Medical Center in San Francisco|publisher=U.S. News and World Report|accessdate =July 25, 2010}}</ref> The [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law]], founded in [[Civic Center, San Francisco|Civic Center]] in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.uchastings.edu/?pid=37|title = Hastings Quick Facts|accessdate =August 30, 2006|publisher=University of California, Hastings College of the Law}}</ref> The city is also host to a [[California State University]] school, [[San Francisco State University]].<ref name=sfsu>{{cite web|url = http://www.sfsu.edu/future/visit/facts.html|title = SF State Fast Facts|accessdate =September 21, 2017|publisher=SFSU}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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[[California Community Colleges System]] also operates a number of [[community colleges]] in the Bay Area. According to [[CNNMoney]], the Bay Area community college with the highest "success" rate is [[De Anza College]] in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], which is also the tenth-highest ranked in the nation. Other relatively well-ranked Bay Area community colleges include [[Foothill College]], [[City College of San Francisco]], [[West Valley College]], [[Diablo Valley College]], and [[Las Positas College]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://money.cnn.com/pf/college/community-colleges/|title=How does your community college stack up?|publisher=[[CNNMoney]]|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" "text-align: center;font-size:90%;"| |
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<!--- If this heading is wrong, please change it. Does Average mean median or arithmetic mean? ---> |
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|+High and Low Average Temperatures for Various Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area |
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|+in Fahrenheit and (Celsius) degrees |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| City |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Jan|January}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Feb|February}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Mar|March}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| May |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Jun|June}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Aug|August}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Sep|September}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Oct|October}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Nov|November}} |
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! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| {{Tooltip|Dec|December}} |
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|- |
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! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Gilroy, California|Gilroy]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 60/39<br />({{convert|60|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|39|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/42<br />({{convert|64|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|42|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 68/44<br />({{convert|68|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|44|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 73/46<br />({{convert|73|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|46|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 78/50<br />({{convert|78|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|50|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 84/53<br />({{convert|84|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|53|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 88/55<br />({{convert|88|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|55|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 88/55<br />({{convert|88|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|55|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 85/54<br />({{convert|85|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|54|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 79/49<br />({{convert|79|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|49|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 68/43<br />({{convert|68|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|43|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 60/38<br />({{convert|60|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|38|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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|- |
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! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 58/45<br />({{convert|58|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|45|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 62/48<br />({{convert|62|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|48|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 64/49<br />({{convert|64|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|49|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 66/51<br />({{convert|66|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|51|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 69/53<br />({{convert|69|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|53|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 71/56<br />({{convert|71|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|56|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 72/57<br />({{convert|72|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|57|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 73/58<br />({{convert|73|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|58|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 74/58<br />({{convert|74|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|58|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 72/55<br />({{convert|72|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|55|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 64/50<br />({{convert|64|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|50|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 58/45<br />({{convert|58|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|45|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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|- |
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! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Richmond, California|Richmond]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 58/44<br />({{convert|58|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|44|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 61/46<br />({{convert|61|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|46|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/48<br />({{convert|64|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|48|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 67/49<br />({{convert|67|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|49|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[San Francisco]] |
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! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]] |
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! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]] |
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===Primary and secondary schools=== |
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==Ecology== |
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{{ |
{{seealso|List of high schools in California}} |
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[[File:Sfestuaryhistorical.gif|thumb|300px|right|San Francisco Bay c. 1770–1820]] |
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Despite its urban and industrial character, San Francisco and San Pablo Bays and the [[Sacramento River Delta|Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta]] remain perhaps California's most important ecological [[habitat (ecology)|habitats]]. California's [[Dungeness crab]], Pacific [[halibut]], and Pacific [[salmon]] [[fisheries]] rely on the bay as a nursery. The few remaining [[salt marsh]]es now represent most of California's remaining salt marsh, supporting a number of endangered [[species]] and providing key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and [[sediment]]s from the rivers. Most famously, the bay is a key link in the [[Pacific Flyway]]. Millions of [[waterfowl]] annually use the bay shallows as a refuge. Two [[endangered species]] of birds are found here: the [[California least tern]] and the [[California clapper rail]]. Exposed [[bay mud]]s provide important feeding areas for [[shorebird]]s, but underlying layers of bay mud pose geological hazards for structures near many parts of the bay perimeter. San Francisco Bay provided the nation's first wildlife refuge, Oakland's artificial [[Lake Merritt]] (constructed in the 1860s) and America's first urban National Wildlife Refuge, the [[Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge]] (SFBNWR) (1972). The Bay is also invaded by non-native species. |
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Public primary and secondary education in the Bay Area is provided through school districts organized through three structures: elementary school districts, high school districts, or unified school districts, and are governed by an elected board. In addition, many Bay Area counties and the city of San Francisco operate "special service schools" that are geared towards providing education to students with handicaps or [[special needs]].<ref name="publiceducation"/> An alternative public educational setting is offered by [[charter schools]], which may be established with a renewable charter of up to five years by third parties. The mechanism for charter schools in the Bay Area is governed by the California Charter Schools Act of 1992.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.ccsa.org/understanding/what-are-charter-schools.html|title=What Are Charter Schools?|publisher=California Charter Schools Association|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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The seasonal range of water temperature in the Bay is from about 8 °C (46 °F) to about 23 °C (73 °F). |
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According to rankings compiled by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', the highest-ranked high school in California is the [[Pacific Collegiate School]], located in [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] and part of the greater Bay Area. Within the traditional nine-county boundaries, the highest ranked high school is [[KIPP San Jose Collegiate]] in San Jose. Among the top twenty high schools in California include [[Lowell High School (San Francisco)|Lowell High School]] in San Francisco, the [[University Preparatory Academy]] in San Jose, [[Mission San Jose High School]] in [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[Oakland Charter High School]] in Oakland, [[Henry M. Gunn High School]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], and [[Saratoga High School (California)|Saratoga High School]] in [[Saratoga, California|Saratoga]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/search?state-urlname=california|title=California High Schools|publisher=''[[US News & World Report]]''|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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Industrial, mining, and other uses of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] have resulted in a widespread distribution of that poisonous metal in the bay, with uptake in the bay's [[phytoplankton]] and contamination of its [[game fish|sportfish]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Rev Environ Contam Toxicol|year=2008|volume=194|pages=29–54|title=Mercury in the San Francisco Estuary|author1=Conaway CH|author2=Black FJ|author3=Grieb TM|author4=Roy S|author5=Flegal AR|pmid=18069645|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-74816-0_2|series=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|isbn=978-0-387-74815-3}}</ref> In November 2007, a ship named ''[[Cosco Busan]]'' collided with the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and spilled over 58,000 gallons of bunker fuel, creating the largest [[oil spill]] in the region since 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-bay9nov09,1,1303799.story?coll=la-headlines-california|title=Oil oozes in S.F. Bay after ship hits bridge|author=Eric Bailey|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=Feb 15, 2010|date=November 9, 2007}}</ref> |
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==Geography== |
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===Salmonids in the Bay Area=== |
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===Climate=== |
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[[Steelhead]] (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'') populations in California have dramatically declined due to human and natural causes. The Central California Coast [[distinct population segment]] (DPS) was listed as threatened under the [[Endangered Species Act|Federal Endangered Species Act]] on August 18, 1997; threatened status was reaffirmed on January 5, 2006. This DPS includes all naturally spawned [[Fish migration|anadromous]] steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in California streams from the [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]] to [[Aptos Creek]], and the drainages of San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun Bays.<ref>{{cite report|title=Central California Coast Steelhead DPS|publisher=NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office|url=http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Steelhead/STCCC.cfm|accessdate=February 15, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Map showing endangered species status of west coast steelhead|publisher=[[Alameda Creek]] Alliance|url=http://www.alamedacreek.org/Steelhead%20trout/steelhead%20listing%20status.gif|accessdate=February 14, 2010}}</ref> The U.S. [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] has a [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/salmon.htm detailed description of threats]. |
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{{seealso|Climate of California}} |
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{{Multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 250 |
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The Central California Coast [[coho salmon]] (''Oncorhynchus kisutch'') [[Evolutionary Significant Unit]] (ESU) population is the most endangered of the many troubled salmon populations on the West Coast.<ref name=Science>{{cite journal|title=In Central California, Coho Salmon Are on the Brink|author=Greg Miller|journal=Science|date=January 2010|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5965/512|accessdate=Feb 15, 2010|doi=10.1126/science.327.5965.512|volume=327|issue=5965|pages=512–3|pmid=20110475}}</ref> It was listed as threatened on October 31, 1996 and later changed to endangered status on June 28, 2005.<ref>{{cite report|title=Central California Coast Coho ESU|publisher=NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office|url=http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Coho/COCCA.cfm|accessdate=February 15, 2010}}</ref> The ESU includes all naturally spawned populations of coho salmon (''Oncorhynchus kisutch'') from [[Punta Gorda Light|Punta Gorda]] in northern California south to and including the [[San Lorenzo River]] in central California, as well as populations in tributaries to San Francisco Bay. The [[National Park Service]] has made major recent investments in restoring the tidal wetlands at the mouths of [[Lagunitas Creek]] and [[Redwood Creek (Marin County)|Redwood Creek]] including levee removal and placement of large woody debris in the creeks, which provide shelter to salmonids during heavy stream flows and flooding. Lagunitas Creek's coho population is especially important, as 80% of the ESU depends on this stream draining the north slope of [[Mount Tamalpais]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=California Coho Salmon In Dire Straits|author=Donna Whitmarsh|journal=Bay Nature|date=Jan 2010}}</ref> This year's coho count dropped to 64 from an average of 600 in previous years.<ref name=Science /> |
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|align=right |
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|image1=San Francisco Bay Area Skyline Blvd.jpg |
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|caption1=[[Skyline Boulevard]] stretches through the Santa Cruz Mountains, here atop [[Portola Valley, California]]. During the winter and spring, hills surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area are lush and green. |
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|image2=San Francisco Bay Area Skyline Blvd2.jpg |
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|caption2=The same location during the summer months. Because rain is rare in the San Francisco Bay Area during this time, the surrounding hills quickly become dry and golden-hued in grassy areas.}} |
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The Bay Area is located in the relatively rare [[Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate|warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csb'') that is a characteristic of California's coast, with moist mild winters and dry summers.<ref name="ggclimate">{{citeweb|url=http://ggweather.com/sf/narrative.html|title=Climate of San Francisco|publisher=Golden Gate Weather Services|date=2009|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> It is largely influenced by the cold [[California Current]], which penetrates the natural mountainous barrier along the coast by traveling through various gaps.<ref name="NOASJ">{{citeweb|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd_sjc_climate/sjc/SJC_CLIMATE3.php|title=Climate of San Jose|author=Miller, Miguel|publisher=National Weather Service|date=April 1999|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> In terms of [[precipitation]], this means that the Bay Area has pronounced wet and dry seasons. The wet season, which roughly runs between November and March, is the source of about 82% of annual precipitation in the area. In the South Bay and further inland, while the wet season is cool and mild, the summer dry season is characterized by warm sunny days,<ref name="NOASJ"/> while in San Francisco and areas closer to the Golden Gate strait, the dry season is periodically affected by fog.<ref name="fog"/> |
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Much of the SFBNWR consists of salt [[evaporation]] ponds acquired from the [[Leslie Salt Company]] and its successor, [[Cargill]] Corporation through a series of land sales and donations. Many of these salt ponds remain in operation and produce salt used throughout the Western United States in food, agriculture, industry and medicine. The refuge pond support dense populations of [[brine shrimp]], and therefore serving as feeding areas for waterfowl. In 2003, the US Fish & Wildlife Service and California Department of Fish & Game entered one of the largest private land purchases in American history, with the state and federal governments paying $100 million for 15,100 acres (65 km<sup>2</sup>) of salt ponds (which government appraisers valued at $243 million prior to the acquisition) in the south bay and 1,400 acres near the Napa River. SFBNWR and state biologists hope to restore some of the recently purchased ponds as [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. |
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Due to the Bay Area's diverse topography, the result of the clashing [[tectonic plate]]s, the region is home to numerous [[microclimates]] that lead to pronounced differences in climate and temperature over short distances.<ref name="ggclimate"/><ref name="SFG climate">{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Weather-as-varied-as-the-people-Land-and-fog-2900468.php|title=Weather as varied as the people / Land and fog build summer microclimates|author=Gillam, Harold|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|date=July 9, 2001|accessdate=September 19, 2001}}</ref> Within the city of San Francisco, natural and artificial topographical features direct the movement of wind and fog, resulting in startlingly varied climates between city blocks. Along the [[Golden Gate Strait]], oceanic wind and fog from the [[Pacific Ocean]] are able to penetrate the mountain barriers inland into the Bay Area.<ref name="SFG climate"/> During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low pressure area that draws winds from the [[North Pacific High]] through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's [[San Francisco fog generation|characteristic cool winds and fog]].<ref name="fog">{{Cite journal|last = Gilliam|first = Harold|author-link = Harold Gilliam|title = Cutting Through the Fog: Demystifying the Summer Spectacle|journal=Bay Nature|date = July–September 2002|url = http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2002/cutting-through-the-fog}}</ref> The microclimate phenomenon is most pronounced during this time, when fog penetration is at its maximum in areas near the Golden Gate strait,<ref name="SFG climate"/> while the South Bay and areas further inland are sunny and dry.<ref name="NOASJ"/> |
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===Aquatic mammals in the Bay Area=== |
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[[File:River otter Richmond Marina Scott Campbell July 29, 2010.jpg|thumb |250px |left |River otter sunning on rocks in the [[Richmond, California|Richmond Marina]]]] |
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[[File:Beaver Yearling Grooming Alhambra Creek 2008.jpg|thumb |250px |right |California golden beaver on [[Alhambra Creek]] in [[Martinez, California]]]] |
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Aquatic mammals recently re-colonizing the Bay Area include the [[North American beaver|California golden beaver]] (''Castor canadensis'') which is now established on [[Alhambra Creek]] in [[Martinez, California|Martinez]], [[Napa River]] and [[Sonoma Creek]]; and [[North American river otter]] (''Lontra canadensis'') which was first reported in [[Redwood Creek (Marin County)|Redwood Creek]] at [[Muir Beach, California|Muir Beach]] in 1996,<ref>{{cite news|title=Get Outside!|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=April 1966|url=http://www.sfgate.com/getoutside/1996/apr/rwanimals.html|accessdate=March 6, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630084732/http://www.sfgate.com/getoutside/1996/apr/rwanimals.html|archivedate=June 30, 2009}}</ref> and recently in [[Corte Madera Creek (Marin County, California)|Corte Madera Creek]], and in the south Bay on [[Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)|Coyote Creek]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Blue Oak Ranch Reserve|publisher=University of California|url=http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/blue_oak_ranch/blue_oak.htm|accessdate=March 6, 2011}}</ref> as well as in 2010 in San Francisco Bay itself at the [[Richmond, California|Richmond Marina]]. [[Sea otter]] (''Enhydra lutris'') were hunted to extinction in San Francisco Bay by about 1817. Historical records reveal that the [[Russian-American Company]] snuck [[Aleut people|Aleuts]] into San Francisco Bay multiple times, despite the Spanish capturing or shooting them while hunting sea otters in the estuaries of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[San Bruno, California|San Bruno]] and around [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island]].<ref name=Ogden>{{cite book|title=The California sea otter trade, 1784–1848|author=Adele Ogden|year=1975|page=54|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-02806-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mlU37uRbvmcC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=khlebnikov+california#v=onepage&q=san%20francisco%20bay&f=false|accessdate=March 6, 2011}}</ref> The founder of [[Fort Ross]], [[Ivan Kuskov]], finding otter scarce on his second voyage to Bodega Bay in 1812, sent Russian ships and hired an American ship to hunt otter in the Bay, catching 1,160 sea otter in three months.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Alaska: 1730–1885|author1=Hubert Howe Bancroft|author2=Alfred Bates|author3=Ivan Petroff|author4=William Nemos|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HQQTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=kuskof+bodega#v=onepage&q=rumiantzof&f=false|page=482|year=1887|publisher=A. L. Bancroft & company|location=San Francisco, California|accessdate=March 6, 2011}}</ref> |
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Along the San Francisco peninsula, gaps in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], one south of [[San Bruno Mountain]] and another in Crystal Springs, allow oceanic weather into the interior and causing a cooling effect for cities along the Peninsula and even as far south as San Jose. This weather pattern is also the source for delays at [[San Francisco International Airport]]. In Marin county north of the Golden Gate strait, two gaps north of [[Muir Woods National Monument|Muir Woods]] bring cold air across the [[Marin Headlands]], with the cooling affect reaching as far north as [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]].<ref name="SFG climate"/> Further inland, the East Bay receives oceanic weather that travels through the Golden Gate strait, and further diffuses that air through the [[Berkeley Hills]], [[Niles Canyon]] and the Hayward Pass into the [[Livermore Valley]] and [[Altamont Pass]]. Here, the resulting breeze is so strong that it is home to one of the world's largest array of [[wind turbines]]. Further north, the [[Carquinez Strait]] funnels the ocean weather into the [[San Joaquin River Delta]], causing a cooling effect in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], so that these cities are also cooler than their [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] counterparts in the south.<ref name="SFG climate"/> |
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[[Humphrey the Whale]], a [[humpback whale]] (''Megaptera novaeangliae''), entered San Francisco Bay twice on errant migrations, and was successfully rescued and redirected each time in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This occurred again with [[Dawn and Delta]] a mother and calf in 2007. |
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[[Bottlenose dolphin]]s and [[Harbour porpoise|harbor porpoises]] have recently returned to the bay, having been absent for some 50 years. Historically, this was the northern extent of their warm-water species range. However, human development adversely impacted this habitat and pushed the species south to Monterey Bay. It is thought that laws limiting water pollution have improved the ecosystem health, allowing the return of [[cetacea]]n marine life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ggcetacean.org/home-page.html|title=Home Page|website=GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> |
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===Birds of the Bay Area=== |
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[[File:Burrowing Owl Family in Antioch.jpg|thumb|250px |left |Family of owls turned out of their homes in Antioch]] |
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[[Burrowing owl|Western burrowing owls]] (''Athene cunicularia'') were listed as a [[California species of special concern|species of special concern]] (a pre-listing category under the Endangered Species Act) by the [[California Department of Fish and Game]] in 1979. California's population declined 60% from the 1980s to the early '90s, and continues to decline at roughly 8% per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Owl Be Damned:Developers plow into the homes of the burrowing owl|author=Rendon, JIm|newspaper=Metro, Silicon Valley's Weekly Newspaper|date=Nov–Dec 1999|url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/11.24.99/cover/species5-9947.html}}</ref> In 1994, the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] nominated the western burrowing owl as a Federal Category 2 candidate for listing as endangered or threatened, but loss of habitat continues due to development of the flat, grassy lands used by the owl. A 1992–93 survey reported no breeding burrowing owls in [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[Marin County, California|Marin]], and [[San Francisco County|San Francisco]] counties, and only a few in [[San Mateo County|San Mateo]] and [[Sonoma County|Sonoma]]. The [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] population is declining and restricted to a few breeding locations, leaving only [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]], [[Contra Costa County|Contra Costa]], and [[Solano County|Solano]] counties as the remnant breeding range.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wild Neighbors: Antioch Owls Face Evicition|author=Joe Eaton|newspaper=Berkeley Daily Planet|date=Jan 14, 2010|url=http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2010-01-14/article/34485?headline=Wild-Neighbors-Antioch-Owls-Face-Evicition|accessdate=January 14, 2010}}</ref> Despite organized protests at Kiper Homes' Blue Ridge property in [[Antioch, California]] by [[Burrowing Owl Conservation Network|''Friends of East Bay Owls'']], one-way doors were installed in the birds' burrows so that the owl families could not return to their nests in early 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Owl advocates protest birds relocation|author=Katherine Tam|date=Jan 3, 2010|url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_14115773?nclick_check=1|newspaper=Contra Costa Times|accessdate=January 3, 2010}}</ref> In addition, in 2008, [[Mountain View, California]] evicted a pair of burrowing owls so that it could sell a parcel of land to [[Google]] to build a hotel at Shoreline Boulevard and Charleston Road.<ref>{{cite news|title=Burrowing Owls vs. Google:Pair of birds found on Google's hotel site will cost city $150,000|author=DeBolt, Daniel|newspaper=Mountain View Voice|date=January 10, 2008|url=http://www.mv-voice.com/news/show_story.php?id=348}}</ref> Eviction of the owls is controversial because the birds regularly reuse burrows for years, and there is no requirement that suitable new habitat be found for the owls. |
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In March 2012 a [[bald eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') nest was reported on the northwest arm of [[Crystal Springs Reservoir|Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir]] and upper [[San Mateo Creek (San Francisco Bay Area)|San Mateo Creek]]. This is the first bald eagle breeding pair on the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] since 1915, when they nested in [[La Honda, California|La Honda]], almost one hundred years ago. The birds were once common in the Bay Area. While visiting [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] in 1855, physician naturalist [[James Graham Cooper|James G. Cooper]] described "a nest of this bird large enough to fill a wagon, built in a large [[California sycamore|sycamore]] tree, standing alone in the prairie. Habitat destruction and thinning of eggs from (now banned) [[DDT]] poisoning reduced the California state population to 35 nesting pairs at their lowest point. In the 1980s re-introductions began with the [[Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group]] and the [[San Francisco Zoo]] began importing birds and eggs from [[Vancouver Island]] and northeastern California in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eagles reappear in San Mateo County after nearly century absence|author=Lisa M. Krieger|newspaper=San Jose Mercury News|date=March 23, 2012|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_20243906/eagles-reappear-san-mateo-after-nearly-century-absence#.T28ziNcgZcM.email|accessdate=March 25, 2012}}</ref> |
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[[Joseph Grinnell]] wrote in 1927 that [[osprey]] (''Pandion haliaetus'') were only rare visitors to the San Francisco Bay Area, although he noted records of one or two used nests in the broken tops of [[coast redwood|redwood]] trees along the [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Directory to the bird-life of the San Francisco Bay region|authors=Grinnell, J., and Wythe, M. W.|year=1927|journal=Pacific Coast Avifauna|volume=18|url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/113|accessdate=May 22, 2016}}</ref> In 1989, the southern breeding range of the osprey in the Bay Area was [[Kent Lake]], although osprey were noted to be extending their range further south in the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bald Eagle and Osprey, in Proceedings of the Western Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop|authors=Henny, C. J., and Anthony, R. G.|year=1989|editor=B. G. Pendleton|pages=66–82|journal=National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series|volume=12}}</ref> However, in 2014 a Bay Area-wide survey found osprey had extended their breeding range southward with nesting sites as far south as [[Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco|Hunters Point]] in San Francisco on the west side and [[Hayward, California|Hayward]] on the east side. Most nests were built on man-made structures close to areas of human disturbance, likely due to lack of mature trees near the Bay. Transfer of these birds to artificial nesting boxes away from human disturbance significantly increased nesting success.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Status of Ospreys Nesting on San Francisco Bay|author1=Anthony J. Brake|author2=Harvey A. Wilson|author3=Robin Leong|author4=Allen M. Fish |last-author-amp=yes|journal=Western Birds|date=September 2014|volume=45|number=3|pages=190–198|url=http://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V45/WB-45(3)-Brake-190-198.pdf|accessdate=May 22, 2016}}</ref> The above 2014 survey omitted nesting sites in Santa Clara County in the [[Los Gatos Creek (Santa Clara County, California)|Los Gatos Creek]] watershed photographed as early as 2004, indicating that the nesting range now includes the entire length of San Francisco Bay.<ref name="Bousman2007">{{cite book|author=William G. Bousman|title=Breeding Bird Atlas of Santa Clara County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYNFAQAAIAAJ|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society|isbn=978-0-9796038-0-8}}</ref> |
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The [[wild turkey]] population has increased greatly since their introduction during the ’60s and ’70s from other areas by game officials.<ref>California Department of Fish and Game. [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/publications/docs/turkeyguide.pdf Wild Turkey Guide 2005].</ref> By 2015 they had become an everyday sight in the East Bay Area.<ref name=rub>{{cite web|last1=Rubio|first1=Tena|date=November 27, 2015|title=Like It or Not, Wild Turkeys Proliferate in East Bay|url=http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/27/like-it-or-not-wild-turkeys-proliferate-in-east-bay|website=kqed.org|accessdate=November 27, 2015}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" "text-align: center;font-size:90%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |
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==Geology and landforms== |
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|+ [[Mean|Average]] daily high and low temperatures in °F (°C) for selected locations in the Bay Area,<br>colored and sortable by average monthly temperature |
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[[File:Glen Canyon Park Chert Outcrop.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A portion of the [[Franciscan Assemblage]] (former seabed), one of the terrane types]] |
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|- |
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! data-sort-type="text" scope="col" | City |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Jan|January}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Feb|February}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Mar|March}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Apr|April}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | May |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Jun|June}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Jul|July}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Aug|August}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Sep|September}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Oct|October}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Nov|November}} |
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! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Dec|December}} |
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|- |
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! [[Fairfield, California|Fairfield]]<ref>{{WRCC|Fairfield, California|ca2934|NCDC 2010}}</ref> |
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| data-sort-value="46.9" title="average temperature: 46.9" {{average temperature table/color|46.9|F}} | {{convert|55|/|39|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="51.5" title="average temperature: 51.5" {{average temperature table/color|51.5|F}} | {{convert|61|/|42|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="55.4" title="average temperature: 55.4" {{average temperature table/color|55.4|F}} | {{convert|66|/|45|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="59.1" title="average temperature: 59.1" {{average temperature table/color|59.1|F}} | {{convert|71|/|47|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="64.9" title="average temperature: 64.9" {{average temperature table/color|64.9|F}} | {{convert|78|/|52|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="70.3" title="average temperature: 70.3" {{average temperature table/color|70.3|F}} | {{convert|85|/|56|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="73.6" title="average temperature: 73.6" {{average temperature table/color|73.6|F}} | {{convert|90|/|58|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="73.1" title="average temperature: 73.1" {{average temperature table/color|73.1|F}} | {{convert|89|/|57|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="71.0" title="average temperature: 71.0" {{average temperature table/color|71.0|F}} | {{convert|86|/|56|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="64.3" title="average temperature: 64.3" {{average temperature table/color|64.3|F}} | {{convert|78|/|51|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="54.6" title="average temperature: 54.6" {{average temperature table/color|54.6|F}} | {{convert|65|/|44|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="47.1" title="average temperature: 47.1" {{average temperature table/color|47.1|F}} | {{convert|55|/|39|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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|- |
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! [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]<ref>{{WRCC|Oakland, California|ca6336|NCDC 2010}}</ref> |
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| data-sort-value="58.1" title="average temperature: 51.2" {{average temperature table/color|51.2|F}} | {{convert|58|/|44|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="54.2" title="average temperature: 54.2" {{average temperature table/color|54.2|F}} | {{convert|67|/|47|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="56.2" title="average temperature: 56.2" {{average temperature table/color|56.2|F}} | {{convert|64|/|49|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="58.2" title="average temperature: 58.2" {{average temperature table/color|58.2|F}} | {{convert|66|/|50|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="60.7" title="average temperature: 60.7" {{average temperature table/color|60.7|F}} | {{convert|69|/|53|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="63.2" title="average temperature: 63.2" {{average temperature table/color|63.2|F}} | {{convert|72|/|55|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="64.1" title="average temperature: 64.1" {{average temperature table/color|64.1|F}} | {{convert|72|/|56|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="65.3" title="average temperature: 65.3" {{average temperature table/color|65.3|F}} | {{convert|73|/|58|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="65.6" title="average temperature: 65.6" {{average temperature table/color|65.6|F}} | {{convert|74|/|57|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="63.0" title="average temperature: 63.0" {{average temperature table/color|63.0|F}} | {{convert|72|/|54|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="56.9" title="average temperature: 56.9" {{average temperature table/color|56.9|F}} | {{convert|65|/|49|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="51.5" title="average temperature: 51.5" {{average temperature table/color|51.5|F}} | {{convert|58|/|45|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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|- |
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! [[San Francisco|San Francisco]]<ref>{{WRCC|San Francisco Downtown, California|ca7772|NCDC 2010}}</ref> |
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| data-sort-value="51.3" title="average temperature: 51.3" {{average temperature table/color|51.3|F}} | {{convert|57|/|46|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="53.9" title="average temperature: 53.9" {{average temperature table/color|53.9|F}} | {{convert|60|/|48|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="55.1" title="average temperature: 55.1" {{average temperature table/color|55.1|F}} | {{convert|62|/|49|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="56.2" title="average temperature: 56.2" {{average temperature table/color|56.2|F}} | {{convert|63|/|49|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="57.6" title="average temperature: 57.6" {{average temperature table/color|57.6|F}} | {{convert|64|/|51|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="59.6" title="average temperature: 59.6" {{average temperature table/color|59.6|F}} | {{convert|66|/|53|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="60.3" title="average temperature: 60.3" {{average temperature table/color|60.3|F}} | {{convert|66|/|54|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="61.6" title="average temperature: 61.6" {{average temperature table/color|61.6|F}} | {{convert|68|/|55|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="62.7" title="average temperature: 62.7" {{average temperature table/color|62.7|F}} | {{convert|70|/|55|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="61.5" title="average temperature: 61.5" {{average temperature table/color|61.5|F}} | {{convert|69|/|54|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="56.6" title="average temperature: 56.6" {{average temperature table/color|56.6|F}} | {{convert|63|/|50|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="51.6" title="average temperature: 51.6" {{average temperature table/color|51.6|F}} | {{convert|57|/|46|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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|- |
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! [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]<ref>{{WRCC|San Jose|ca7821 |NCDC 2010}}</ref> |
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| data-sort-value="50.1" title="average temperature: 50.1" {{average temperature table/color|50.1|F}} | {{convert|58|/|42|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="53.3" title="average temperature: 53.3" {{average temperature table/color|53.3|F}} | {{convert|62|/|45|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="56.2" title="average temperature: 56.2" {{average temperature table/color|56.2|F}} | {{convert|66|/|47|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="58.9" title="average temperature: 58.9" {{average temperature table/color|58.9|F}} | {{convert|69|/|49|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="63.4" title="average temperature: 63.4" {{average temperature table/color|63.4|F}} | {{convert|74|/|52|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="67.5" title="average temperature: 67.5" {{average temperature table/color|67.5|F}} | {{convert|79|/|56|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="70.0" title="average temperature: 70.0" {{average temperature table/color|70.0|F}} | {{convert|82|/|58|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="70.1" title="average temperature: 70.1" {{average temperature table/color|70.1|F}} | {{convert|82|/|58|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="68.5" title="average temperature: 68.5" {{average temperature table/color|68.5|F}} | {{convert|80|/|57|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="63.2" title="average temperature: 63.2" {{average temperature table/color|63.2|F}} | {{convert|74|/|53|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="55.1" title="average temperature: 55.1" {{average temperature table/color|55.1|F}} | {{convert|64|/|46|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="50.0" title="average temperature: 50.0" {{average temperature table/color|50.0|F}} | {{convert|58|/|42|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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|- |
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! [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]]<ref>{{WRCC|Santa Rosa, California|ca7965|NCDC 2010}}</ref> |
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===Multiple terranes=== |
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| data-sort-value="49.1" title="average temperature: 49.1" {{average temperature table/color|49.1|F}} | {{convert|59|/|39|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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The area is well known worldwide for the complexity of its landforms, the region being composed of at least six [[terrane]]s ([[continent]]al, [[seabed]], or [[island arc]] fragments with distinct characteristics) pushed together over many millions of years by the forces of [[plate tectonics]]. Nine out of eleven distinct ''assemblages'' have been identified in a single county (Alameda).<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/ Alameda County geologic map] USGS publication</ref><ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/algeo.pdf Preliminary geologic map emphasizing bedrock formations in Alameda County, California: A digital database] USGS Publication (Geologic explanation of map noted above)</ref> Diverse assemblages adjoin in complex arrangements due to offsets along the many faults (both active and stable) in the area. As a consequence, many types of rock and soil are found in the region. Formations include the [[sedimentary]] rocks of [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], and [[shale]] in uplifted seabeds, [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] [[Serpentine group|serpentine]] rock, coal deposits, and [[igneous]] forms such as basalt flows, rhyolite outcroppings, granite associated with the [[Salinian Block]] west of the San Andreas Fault, and ash deposits of extinct yet relatively recently active (10 million years) [[volcano]]s. [[Pleistocene]]-era [[fossil]]s of mammals are abundantly present in some locations. |
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| data-sort-value="52.2" title="average temperature: 52.2" {{average temperature table/color|52.2|F}} | {{convert|63|/|41|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="54.8" title="average temperature: 54.8" {{average temperature table/color|54.8|F}} | {{convert|67|/|43|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="57.6" title="average temperature: 57.6" {{average temperature table/color|57.6|F}} | {{convert|70|/|45|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="61.4" title="average temperature: 61.4" {{average temperature table/color|61.4|F}} | {{convert|75|/|48|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="65.9" title="average temperature: 65.9" {{average temperature table/color|65.9|F}} | {{convert|80|/|52|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="67.3" title="average temperature: 67.3" {{average temperature table/color|67.3|F}} | {{convert|82|/|52|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="67.7" title="average temperature: 67.7" {{average temperature table/color|67.7|F}} | {{convert|83|/|53|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="67.4" title="average temperature: 67.4" {{average temperature table/color|67.4|F}} | {{convert|83|/|52|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="63.1" title="average temperature: 63.1" {{average temperature table/color|63.1|F}} | {{convert|78|/|48|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="54.8" title="average temperature: 54.8" {{average temperature table/color|54.8|F}} | {{convert|67|/|43|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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| data-sort-value="49.0" title="average temperature: 49.0" {{average temperature table/color|49.0|F}} | {{convert|59|/|39|F|disp=br()|abbr=values}} |
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|} |
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=== |
===Ecology=== |
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{{main|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary}} |
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The region has considerable vertical relief in its landscapes that are not in the [[alluvial plain]]s leading to the bay or in inland valleys. In combination with the extensive water regions this has forced the fragmented development of urban and suburban regions and has led to extensive building on poor soils in the limited flatland areas and considerable expense in connecting the various [[subregion]]s with roads, tunnels, and bridges. |
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[[File:BayareaUSGS.jpg|thumb|USGS satellite photo of the Bay Area taken in 1999. Gray areas are highly urbanized.]] |
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[[File:San Francisco Bay NASA World Wind Globe.jpg|thumb|NASA satellite photo]] |
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Several mountains are associated with some of the many ridge and hill structures created by compressive forces between the Pacific Plate and the North American plate. These provide spectacular views (in appropriate weather) of large portions of the Bay Area and include Marin County's [[Mount Tamalpais]] at 2,571 feet (784 m). Contra Costa County's [[Mount Diablo]] at 3,849 feet (1,173 m), Alameda County's [[Mission Peak]] at 2,517 to 2,604 feet (767 to 776 m), and Santa Clara County's [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] at 4,213 ft (1,284 m), the latter with significant astronomical studies performed at its crowning [[Lick Observatory]]. Though Tamalpais and Mission Peak are quite lower than the others, Tamalpais has no other peaks and few hills nearby. Mission Peak is coast facing and is an interior mountain and therefore has excellent views of both sides. |
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====Marine wildlife==== |
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The three major ridge structures (part of the [[Pacific Coast Range]]) which are all roughly parallel to the major [[Fault (geology)|faults]]: |
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[[File:River otter Richmond Marina Scott Campbell July 29, 2010.jpg|thumb|250px|River otter sunning on rocks in the [[Richmond, California|Richmond Marina]].|alt=An image of river otter sunning on rocks.]] |
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* The [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] along the San Francisco Peninsula and the [[Marin Hills]] in Marin County ([[San Andreas Fault]]) |
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[[File:Beaver Yearling Grooming Alhambra Creek 2008.jpg|thumb|250px|A California golden beaver in [[Alhambra Creek]] in [[Martinez, California|Martinez]].|alt=An image of a California golden beaver.]] |
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* The [[Berkeley Hills]], [[San Leandro Hills]] and their southern ridgeline extension through [[Mission Peak]] ([[Hayward Fault]]) |
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The Bay Area is home to a diverse array of wildlife and, along with the connected [[San Joaquin River Delta]] represents one of California's most important ecological habitats.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/san_francisco_bay_area_and_delta_protection/|title= San Francisco Bay Area and Delta Protection|publisher=Center for Biological Diversity|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> California's [[Dungeness crab]], Pacific [[halibut]], and the California [[scorpionfish]] are all significant components of the bay's [[fisheries]].<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Ocean/Regulations/Fishing-Map/San-Francisco|title=Current California Ocean Recreational Fishing Regulations|publisher=California Department of Fish and Wildlife|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> The bay's [[salt marsh]]es now represent most of California's remaining salt marsh and support a number of endangered [[species]] and provide key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and [[sediment]]s from the rivers.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87379|title=From Salt Production to Salt Marsh|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> Most famously, the bay is a key link in the [[Pacific Flyway]] and with millions of [[shorebirds]] annually visiting the bay shallows as a refuge, is the most important component of the flyway south of [[Alaska]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://data.prbo.org/apps/pfss/uploads/Reports/SanFranciscoBayShorebirdMonitoringPlan_v1.0_FULL_PRBO_2010CALCC.pdf|title=A Monitoring Plan for Wintering Shorebids in the San Francisco Bay|author=Reiter, Matthew E. et al.,|publisher=California Landscape Conservation Cooperative|date=April 2011|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> Many [[endangered species]] of birds are also found here: the [[California least tern]], the [[California clapper rail]], the [[snowy egret]], and the [[black crowned night heron]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.southbayrestoration.org/Fact%20Sheets/FS5.html|title=Threatened and Endangered species|publisher=South Bay Restoration Project|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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* The [[Diablo Range]], which includes [[Mount Diablo]] and [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] ([[Calaveras Fault]]) |
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There is also a significant diversity of [[salmonids]] present in the bay. [[Steelhead]] populations in California have dramatically declined due to human and natural causes; in the Bay Area, all naturally spawned [[Fish migration|anadromous]] steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in California streams from the [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]] to [[Aptos Creek]], and the drainages of San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun Bays are listed as threatened under the [[Endangered Species Act|Federal Endangered Species Act]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Central California Coast Steelhead DPS|publisher=NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office|url=http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Steelhead/STCCC.cfm|accessdate=February 15, 2010}}</ref> The Central California Coast [[coho salmon]] population is the most endangered of the many troubled salmon populations on the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast of the United States]], including populations residing in [[tributaries]] to the San Francisco Bay.<ref name=Science>{{cite journal|title=In Central California, Coho Salmon Are on the Brink|author=Greg Miller|journal=Science|date=January 2010|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5965/512|accessdate=Feb 15, 2010|doi=10.1126/science.327.5965.512|volume=327|issue=5965|pages=512–3|pmid=20110475}}</ref> Industrial, mining, and other uses of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] have resulted in a widespread distribution of that poisonous metal in the bay, with uptake in the bay's [[phytoplankton]] and contamination of its [[game fish|sportfish]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Rev Environ Contam Toxicol|year=2008|volume=194|pages=29–54|title=Mercury in the San Francisco Estuary|author1=Conaway CH|author2=Black FJ|author3=Grieb TM|author4=Roy S|author5=Flegal AR|pmid=18069645|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-74816-0_2|series=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|isbn=978-0-387-74815-3}}</ref> |
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===Major waterways=== |
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{{Main|Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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* [[San Joaquin River]] |
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* [[Sacramento River]] |
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* [[Napa River]] |
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* [[Suisun Marsh]] |
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* [[Sonoma Creek]] |
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* [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]] |
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* [[Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)|Coyote Creek]] |
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* [[Petaluma River]] |
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* [[San Pablo Creek]] |
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* [[Wildcat Creek (California)|Wildcat Creek]] |
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* [[Oakland Estuary]] |
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* [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]] |
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* [[San Lorenzo River]] |
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* [[San Lorenzo Creek]] |
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* [[Gulf of the Farallones]] |
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* [[Alameda Creek]] |
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Aquatic mammals are also present in the bay. Before 1825, Spanish, French, English, Russians and Americans were drawn to the Bay Area to harvest prodigious quantities of [[North American beaver|beaver]], [[North American river otter|river otter]], marten, fisher, mink, fox, weasel, harbor and [[fur seal]]s and [[sea otter]]. This early fur trade, known as the [[California Fur Rush]], was more than any other single factor, responsible for opening up the West and the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], in particular, to world trade.<ref name=Skinner>{{cite book |author=Skinner, John E. |year=1962 |title=An Historical Review of the Fish and Wildlife Resources of the San Francisco Bay Area (The Mammalian Resources) |url=http://www.estuaryarchive.org/archive/skinner_1962 |publisher=California Department of Fish and Game, Water Projects Branch Report no. 1. Sacramento, California: California Department of Fish and Game |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726035239/http://www.estuaryarchive.org/archive/skinner_1962/ |archivedate=July 26, 2011 |df= }}</ref> By 1817 sea otter in the area were practically eliminated.<ref>{{cite report |title=Archeological Research Issues for the Point Reyes National Seashore - Golden Gate National Recreation Area |author=Suzanne Stewart and Adrian Praetzellis |page=335 |url=http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/projects/pointreyes/overview4.pdf |date=November 2003 |publisher=Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University |accessdate=Jan 10, 2010 }}</ref> Since then, the [[North American beaver|California golden beaver]] has re-established a presence in the [[Alhambra Creek]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/12/21/leave-it-to-beavers-california-joins-other-states-in-embracing-the-rodent/|title=Leave it to beavers: California joins other states in embracing the rodent|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|author=Clark, Samantha|date=August 12, 2016|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> The [[North American river otter]] which was first reported in [[Redwood Creek (Marin County)|Redwood Creek]] at [[Muir Beach, California|Muir Beach]] in 1996,<ref>{{cite news|title=Get Outside!|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=April 1966|url=http://www.sfgate.com/getoutside/1996/apr/rwanimals.html|accessdate=March 6, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630084732/http://www.sfgate.com/getoutside/1996/apr/rwanimals.html|archivedate=June 30, 2009}}</ref> has since been spotted in the North Bay's [[Corte Madera Creek (Marin County, California)|Corte Madera Creek]], the South Bay's [[Coyote Creek (Santa Clara County)|Coyote Creek]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Blue Oak Ranch Reserve|publisher=University of California|url=http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/blue_oak_ranch/blue_oak.htm|accessdate=March 6, 2011}}</ref> as well as in 2010 in San Francisco Bay itself at the [[Richmond, California|Richmond Marina]]. Other mammals include the internationally famous [[sea lions]] who began inhabiting San Francisco's [[Pier 39]] after the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.pier39.com/the-sea-lion-story/|title=Sea Lions and the Sea Lion Story|publisher=Pier 39|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> and the locally famous [[Humphrey the Whale]], a [[humpback whale]] who entered San Francisco Bay twice on errant migrations in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tokuda, Wendy |author2=Hall, Richard |author3=Wakiyama, Hanako (ill.) |title=Humphrey the lost whale: a true story |publisher=Heian Intl Publishing Company |location=Union City, California |date=1986 |isbn=0-89346-270-5 |oclc=779021889}}</ref> [[Bottlenose dolphin]]s and [[Harbour porpoise|harbor porpoises]] have recently returned to the bay, having been absent for many decades. Historically, this was the northern extent of their warm-water species range.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.oursausalito.com/fun-sausalito-activities/marine-mammal-center/dolphins-harbor-porpoise-project.html|title=Dolphins and Porpoises in San Francisco Bay|publisher=Our Sausalito|author=Roger, AnnaMarie|accessdate=September 21, 2017}}</ref> |
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===Earthquake faults=== |
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====Birds==== |
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The region is also traversed by six major slip-strike fault systems with hundreds of related faults, many of which are "sister faults" of the infamous [[San Andreas Fault]], all of which are stressed by the relative motion between the [[Pacific Plate]] and the [[North American Plate]] or by compressive stresses between these plates. The fault systems include the [[Hayward Fault Zone]], [[Concord Fault|Concord-Green Valley Fault]], [[Calaveras Fault]], [[Clayton-Marsh Creek-Greenville Fault]], and the [[San Gregorio Fault]]. Significant blind [[thrust fault]]s (faults with near vertical motion and no surface ruptures) are associated with portions of the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Diablo Range]] and [[Mount Diablo]]. |
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[[File:Burrowing Owl Family in Antioch.jpg|thumb|250px |A family of owls turned out of their homes in [[Antioch, California|Antioch]].|alt=An image of a family of burrowing owls inside their holes.]] |
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In addition to the many species of marine birds that can be seen in the Bay Area, many other species of birds make the Bay Area their home, making the region a popular destination for [[birdwatching]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/top-lists/best-places-for-bird-watching-near-bay-area/|title=Best Places For Bird Watching Near Bay Area|date=September 5, 2015|publisher=KPIX-5|accessdate=September 19, 2017|author=Yagi, Randy}}</ref> Many birds, including many described in the following paragraphs, are listed as [[endangered species]] despite once being common in the region, due to human and other impacts. |
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[[Burrowing owl|Western burrowing owls]] were originally listed as a [[California species of special concern|species of special concern]] by the [[California Department of Fish and Game]] in 1979. California's population declined 60% from the 1980s to the early 1990s, and continues to decline at roughly 8% per year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Owl Be Damned:Developers plow into the homes of the burrowing owl|author=Rendon, JIm|newspaper=Metro, Silicon Valley's Weekly Newspaper|date=Nov–Dec 1999|url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/11.24.99/cover/species5-9947.html}}</ref> A 1992–93 survey reported no breeding burrowing owls in [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[Marin County, California|Marin]], and [[San Francisco County|San Francisco]] counties, and only a few in [[San Mateo County|San Mateo]] and [[Sonoma County|Sonoma]]. The [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara county]] population is also declining and restricted to a few breeding locations, leaving only [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]], [[Contra Costa County|Contra Costa]], and [[Solano County|Solano]] counties as the remnant breeding range.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wild Neighbors: Antioch Owls Face Evicition|author=Joe Eaton|newspaper=Berkeley Daily Planet|date=Jan 14, 2010|url=http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2010-01-14/article/34485?headline=Wild-Neighbors-Antioch-Owls-Face-Evicition|accessdate=January 14, 2010}}</ref> In 1989, a [[bald eagle]] nest was reported in Napa county's [[Lake Berryessa]], and was the first bald eagle breeding pair in the Bay Area since 1915, and were once common in the Bay Area. Habitat destruction and thinning of eggs from [[DDT]] poisoning reduced the California state population to 35 nesting pairs at their lowest point.<ref name="baldeagle">{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/04/03/in-bay-area-bald-eagles-breed-and-soar-once-more/|title=In Bay Area, bald eagles breed and soar once more|author=Krieger, Lisa M.|date=April 3, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017|publisher=''San Jose Mercury News}}</ref> In the 1980s an effort to re-introduce the species to the area began with the Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group and the [[San Francisco Zoo]] importing birds and eggs from [[Vancouver Island]] and northeastern California,<ref>{{cite news|title=Eagles reappear in San Mateo County after nearly century absence|author=Lisa M. Krieger|newspaper=San Jose Mercury News|date=March 23, 2012|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_20243906/eagles-reappear-san-mateo-after-nearly-century-absence#.T28ziNcgZcM.email|accessdate=March 25, 2012}}</ref> and there are now nineteen nesting couples in eight of the Bay Area's nine counties.<ref name="baldeagle"/> Other once absent species that have returned to the Bay Area include [[Swainson’s hawk]], [[white tailed kite]], and the [[osprey]].<ref name="baldeagle"/> |
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==Natural hazards== |
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In 1927, zoologist [[Joseph Grinnell]] wrote that osprey were only rare visitors to the San Francisco Bay Area, although he noted records of one or two used nests in the broken tops of [[coast redwood|redwood]] trees along the [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Directory to the bird-life of the San Francisco Bay region|authors=Grinnell, J., and Wythe, M. W.|year=1927|journal=Pacific Coast Avifauna|volume=18|url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/113|accessdate=May 22, 2016}}</ref> In 1989, the southern breeding range of the osprey in the Bay Area was [[Kent Lake]], although osprey were noted to be extending their range further south in the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bald Eagle and Osprey, in Proceedings of the Western Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop|authors=Henny, C. J., and Anthony, R. G.|year=1989|editor=B. G. Pendleton|pages=66–82|journal=National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series|volume=12}}</ref> In 2014, a Bay Area-wide survey found osprey had extended their breeding range southward with nesting sites as far south as [[Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco|Hunters Point]] in San Francisco on the west side and [[Hayward, California|Hayward]] on the east side, while further studies have found nesting sites as far south as the [[Los Gatos Creek (Santa Clara County, California)|Los Gatos Creek]] watershed, indicating that the nesting range now includes the entire length of San Francisco Bay.<ref name="Bousman2007">{{cite book|author=William G. Bousman|title=Breeding Bird Atlas of Santa Clara County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYNFAQAAIAAJ|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society|isbn=978-0-9796038-0-8}}</ref> Most nests were built on man-made structures close to areas of human disturbance, likely due to lack of mature trees near the Bay.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Status of Ospreys Nesting on San Francisco Bay|author1=Anthony J. Brake|author2=Harvey A. Wilson|author3=Robin Leong|author4=Allen M. Fish |last-author-amp=yes|journal=Western Birds|date=September 2014|volume=45|number=3|pages=190–198|url=http://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V45/WB-45(3)-Brake-190-198.pdf|accessdate=May 22, 2016}}</ref> The [[wild turkey]] population was introduced in the 1960s by state game officials, and by 2015 have become a common sight in East Bay communities.<ref name=rub>{{cite web|last1=Rubio|first1=Tena|date=November 27, 2015|title=Like It or Not, Wild Turkeys Proliferate in East Bay|url=http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/27/like-it-or-not-wild-turkeys-proliferate-in-east-bay|publisher=[[KQED]]|accessdate=November 27, 2015}}</ref> |
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===Earthquakes=== |
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[[File:Eq-prob.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Probabilities for major earthquakes on Bay Area faults]] |
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The region is particularly exposed to hazards associated with large earthquakes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Expiration: 11.09.11|url=http://quake.abag.ca.gov/|title=Maps and information about Bay Area threats including earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis.|publisher=Quake.abag.ca.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868virtualtour/bayarea.php/|title=Earthquake Setting of the San Francisco Bay Area|work=usgs.gov}}</ref> Two of the largest earthquakes in the area were the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] and the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]]. The hazard from earthquakes is high in the Bay Area owing to a combination of factors: |
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* Numerous major [[active fault]]s in the region. |
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* A combined thirty-year probability of a major earthquake in excess of seventy percent. |
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* Poorly responding native soil conditions in many places near the bay and in inland valleys, soils which amplify shaking as shown in the map to the right. |
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* Large areas of filled marshlands and bay mud that are significantly urbanized, with most subject to [[soil liquefaction]], becoming unable to support structures. |
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* A large inventory of older buildings, many of which are expected to perform poorly in a major earthquake. |
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* Extensive building in areas subject to [[landslide]], [[mudslide]], and in some locations directly over active fault surface rubble zones. |
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* Most lowrise construction is not fireproof and water systems are likely to be extensively damaged and so large areas are subject to destruction by fire after a large earthquake. |
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* The coastal location makes the region vulnerable to Pacific Ocean [[tsunami]]s.<ref>[http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/web_tsus/19600522/damage.htm Describes Bay Area damage from 1960 tsunami.] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ySDIpxkG?url=http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/web_tsus/19600522/damage.htm |date=May 5, 2011 }}</ref> |
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===Geology and landforms=== |
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Some of these hazards are being addressed by [[seismic retrofit]]ting, education in household seismic safety, and even complete replacement of major structures such as the [[Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]]. |
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[[File:BayareaUSGS.jpg|thumb|A [[USGS]] satellite photo of the Bay Area taken in 1999. The gray areas are signs of [[urbanization]] and represent the most populated areas.|alt=A satellite image of the Bay Area, depicting features visible from space.]] |
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The Bay Area is well known for the complexity of its landforms that are the result of millions of years by the forces of [[plate tectonics]], since the region is located in the middle of a meeting point between two plates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region|last=Sloan|first=Doris|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=|location=|pages=2}}</ref> Nine out of eleven distinct ''assemblages'' have been identified in a single county, Alameda.<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/algeo.pdf Preliminary geologic map emphasizing bedrock formations in Alameda County, California: A digital database] USGS Publication</ref> Diverse assemblages adjoin in complex arrangements due to offsets along the many faults (both active and stable) in the area. As a consequence, many types of rock and soil are found in the region. The oldest rocks are [[metamorphic rocks]] that are associated with granite in the [[Salinian Block]] west of the [[San Andreas fault]]. These were formed from [[sedimentary]] rocks of [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], and [[shale]] in uplifted seabeds.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://baynature.org/article/what-and-where-are-the-oldest-rocks-in-the-bay-area/|title=What, and where, are the oldest rocks in the Bay Area?|publisher=''Bay Nature Magazine''|author=Sloan, Doris|date=October 1, 2001|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> Volcanic deposits also exist in the Bay Area, left behind by the movement of the San Andreas fault, whose movement sliced a subduction plate and allowed magma to briefly flow to the surface.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/|title=Bay Area Volcanoes|author=Alden, Andrew|publisher=[[KQED]]|date=April 11, 2011|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> |
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For an article concerning a typical fault in the region and its associated hazards see [[Hayward Fault Zone]]. |
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[[File:Eq-prob.jpg|left|thumb|A map displaying each of the seven major fault lines in the Bay Area, and the probability of an [[Magnitude (earthquake)|M6.7]] earthquake or higher occurring on each fault line between 2003 to 2032.|alt=A map tracing all the fault lines in the Bay Area, and listing probabilities of earthquakes occurring on them.]] |
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===Flooding=== |
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Some flooding occurs on local drainages under sustained wet conditions when the ground becomes saturated, more frequently in the North Bay area, which tends to receive substantially more rainfall than the South Bay. In one case, the [[Napa River]] drainage, floodplain developments are being purchased and removed and natural wetlands restored in the innovative [[Napa River Flood Project]] as the previous [[river engineering#Channelization|channelization]] of insufficient capacity around such developments was causing flooding problems upstream. Many of the local creeks have been channelized, although modern practice, and some restoration work includes returning the creeks to a natural state with dry [[stormwater]] bypasses constructed to handle flooding. While quite expensive, the restoration of a natural environment is of high priority in the intensively urbanized areas of the region. |
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The region has considerable vertical relief in its landscapes that are not in the [[alluvial plain]]s leading to the bay or in inland valleys. The topography, and geologic history, of the Bay Area can largely be attributed to the compressive forces between the Pacific Plate and the North American plate.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2188/b2188ch4.pdf |title=San Andreas Fault and Coastal Geology from Half Moon Bay to Fort Funston: Crustal Motion, Climate Change, and Human Activity |publisher=[[United States Geologic Survey]] |author=Anderson, David W et al |accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> The three major ridge structures in the Bay Area, part of the [[Pacific Coast Range]], are all roughly parallel to the major [[Fault (geology)|faults]]. The [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] along the San Francisco Peninsula and the [[Marin Hills]] in Marin County follow the [[San Andreas Fault|San Andreas fault]], The [[Berkeley Hills]], [[San Leandro Hills]] and their southern ridgeline extension through [[Mission Peak]] roughly follow the [[Hayward Fault|Hayward fault]], and the [[Diablo Range]], which includes [[Mount Diablo]] and [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]] and runs along the [[Calaveras Fault|Calaveras fault]].<ref>{{cite map|title=Fault Activity Map of California|date=2010|url=http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/fam/|publisher=California Geological Survey|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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===Windstorms and wildfires=== |
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Typically between late November and early March, a very strong Pacific storm can bring both substantial rainfall (saturating and weakening soil) and strong wind gusts that can cause trees to fall on power lines. Owing to the wide area involved (sometimes hundreds of miles of coast), electrical service can be interrupted for up to several days in some more remote localities, but service is usually restored quickly in urban areas. These storms occasionally bring lightning & thunder. More rarely they even spawn tornadoes. For example, during the abnormal hurricane-like storm in early 2010, a funnel cloud sparked an extremely rare Tornado Warning in [[Morgan Hill]]. |
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In total, the Bay Area is traversed by seven major [[earthquake fault|fault]] systems with hundreds of related faults, all of which are stressed by the relative motion between the [[Pacific Plate]] and the [[North American Plate]] or by compressive stresses between these plates. The fault systems include the [[Hayward Fault Zone]], [[Concord Fault|Concord-Green Valley Fault]], [[Calaveras Fault]], [[Clayton-Marsh Creek-Greenville Fault]], [[Rodgers Creek Fault]], and the [[San Gregorio Fault]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1906calif/virtualtour/bayarea.php|title=The San Andreas and Other Bay Area Faults|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Significant blind [[thrust fault]]s (faults with near vertical motion and no surface ruptures) are associated with portions of the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] and the northern reaches of the [[Diablo Range]] and [[Mount Diablo]]. These "hidden" faults, which are not as well known, pose a significant earthquake hazard.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Bay-Area-home-to-thrust-faults-Some-are-hidden-2544890.php|title=Bay Area home to thrust faults / Some are hidden from scientists' view|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|date=December 25, 2003|author=Perlman, David|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Among the more well-understood faults, scientists estimate a 63% probability of a [[earthquake magnitude|magnitude]] 6.7 earthquake occurring along either the Hayward, Rogers Creek, or San Andreas fault, with an earthquake more likely to occur in the East Bay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1868calif/virtualtour/modern.php|title=Earthquake Hazards of The Bay Area Today|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Two of the largest earthquakes in recent history were the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] and the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]]. |
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In the spring and fall, [[Diablo wind|strong offshore winds]] periodically develop. These winds are an especially dangerous fire hazard in the fall when vegetation is at its driest, as exemplified historically by the [[1923 Berkeley Fire]] and the [[Oakland Firestorm of 1991|1991 Oakland Firestorm]]. |
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===Hydrography=== |
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===Mudslides and landslides=== |
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{{main|Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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Some geologically unstable areas have been extensively urbanized, and can become mobile due to changes in drainage patterns and grading created for development. These are usually confined to small areas, but there have been larger problems in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]]. |
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[[File:Sfestuaryhistorical.gif|thumb|A map of the water features in the San Francisco Bay Area, including the bay and adjacent [[marshes]], [[pond]]s, and [[tributaries]].|alt=A map of all the water features in the Bay Area.]] |
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The Bay Area is home to a complex network of watersheds, marshes, rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and bays that predominantly drain into the [[San Francisco Bay]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]. The largest bodies of water in the Bay Area are the [[San Francisco Bay|San Francisco]], [[San Pablo Bay|San Pablo]], and [[Suisun Bay|Suisun]] estuaries. Major rivers of the [[North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|North Bay]] include the [[Napa River]], the [[Petaluma River]], the [[Gualala River]], and the [[Russian River (California)|Russian River]]; the former two drain into [[San Pablo Bay]], the latter two into the [[Pacific Ocean]]. In the [[Santa Clara Valley|South Bay]], the [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]] drains into [[San Francisco Bay]] near [[Alviso, San Jose, California|Alviso]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/OnePane/basicviewer/index.html?appid=387531ac0c094da5b6139b890958fca6|title=San Francisco Bay Delta Watershed Map|publisher=ArcGIS|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> There are also several lakes present in the Bay Area, including man-made lakes like [[Lake Berryessa]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.usbr.gov/mp/ccao/berryessa/index.html|title=Lake Berryessa|publisher=[[U.S. Department of the Interior]]|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> and natural albeit heavily modified lakes like [[Lake Merritt]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.lakemerrittinstitute.org/about_lake.htm|title=About Lake Merritt|publisher=The Lake Merritt Institute|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> |
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==Transportation== |
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[[File:SF Bay Rail Transit.svg|thumb|300px|The Bay Area is served by a variety of rail transit systems, primarily by [[BART|Bay Area Rapid Transit]] and [[Caltrain]].]] |
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{{Main|Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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The Bay Area is served by several [[transportation]] systems, including three major international airports ([[San Francisco International Airport|SFO]], [[Oakland International Airport|OAK]], [[Mineta San Jose International Airport|SJC]]), six major overlapping [[bus]] transit agencies ([[AC Transit]], [[San Francisco Muni|Muni]], [[SamTrans]], [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]], [[Golden Gate Transit]], [[County Connection]]), and additional systems serving smaller areas. There are four [[rapid transit]] and [[regional rail]] systems including [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] and [[Caltrain]] and two [[light rail]] systems ([[San Francisco Muni Metro]] and [[VTA Light-rail]]). There are also several regional rail lines provided by [[Amtrak]], notably the [[Capitol Corridor]]. In addition to rail lines, there are multiple public and private ferry services (notably [[Golden Gate Ferry]] and [[Blue and Gold Fleet]]), which are being expanded by the [[San Francisco Bay Water Transit Authority]]. The regional ferry hub is [[San Francisco Ferry Building]]. AC Transit and some other agencies provide an extensive network of express "transbay" commuter buses from the suburbs to the [[San Francisco Transbay Terminal]]. |
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Prior to the introduction of European agricultural methods, the shores of San Francisco Bay consisted mostly of tidal marshes.<ref name="marshes">{{citeweb|url=https://web.stanford.edu/~sophiarc/WetlandsHistory.html|title=A Brief History of the San Francisco Bay Tidal Marshes|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Today, the bay has been significantly altered heavily re-engineered to accommodate the needs of water delivery, shipping, agriculture, and urban development, with side effects including the loss of wetlands and the introduction of contaminants and [[invasive species]].<ref>Kimmerer, W. (2004). "Open water process of the San Francisco Estuary: from physical forcing to biological responses. " San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 2(1). pp. 1–13.</ref> Approximately 85% of those marshes have been lost or destroyed, but about 50 marshes and marsh fragments remain.<ref name="marshes"/> Huge tracts of the marshes were originally destroyed by farmers for agricultural purposes, then repurposed to serve as [[salt evaporation pond]]s to produce salt for food and other purposes.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/08/29/massive-new-wetlands-restoration-reshapes-san-francisco-bay/|title=Massive new wetlands restoration reshapes San Francisco Bay|publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''|date=August 12, 2016|author=Paul, Roger|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Today, regulations limit the destruction of tidal marshes, and large portions are currently being rehabilitated to its natural state.<ref name="marshes"/> |
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The freeway and highway system is very extensive; however, many freeways are [[traffic congestion|congested]] particularly during [[rush hour]], especially the two immediately adjacent trans-bay bridges ([[Golden Gate Bridge|Golden Gate]] and [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]]). Also, some city streets in San Francisco are the terminus where gaps occur in the system, partly the result of the [[Freeway and expressway revolts#San Francisco|Freeway Revolt]] ([[San Francisco Board of Supervisors|SF Board of Supervisors]] decisions made in 1959, 1964 and 1966), which prevented a freeway-only thoroughfare through San Francisco between the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] western terminus of ([[Interstate 80 in California|Interstate 80]]) with the southern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge, and [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. 101]]. Also, damages to the system in the 1989 [[Loma Prieta earthquake]] to several of the freeway structures that sparked the revolt were removed instead of being reinforced or rebuilt. |
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==Government and politics== |
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==Higher education== |
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{{Main|Politics in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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The region is home to many [[colleges]] and [[seminaries]], including [[University of California, Berkeley]], the [[University of California, San Francisco]] and [[Stanford University]]. The Bay Area is home to two of the twenty-eight [[Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities|Jesuit universities]] in the U.S.: [[Santa Clara University]] (founded in 1851), and [[University of San Francisco]] (1855); these are also two of the three oldest California colleges. The third, [[San Jose State University]], is the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) system, and is the oldest public institution of higher education on the [[West Coast of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libguides.sjsu.edu/content.php?pid=55118&sid=417049|title=University Archives – SJSU Special Collections & Archives – SJSU Subject Guides (LibGuides) at San Jose State University Library|publisher=Libguides.sjsu.edu|date=September 22, 2011|accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref> [[Saint Mary's College of California]] was founded in 1863 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco. In 2008, there were approximately 588,000 students enrolled in college or graduate school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S1401&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=33000US488&-format=&-_lang=en|accessdate=October 21, 2010|title=American Community Survey: 2006–2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates: S1401. School Enrollment: San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The San Francisco Bay Area population is near the top in the Nation for overall education level with approximately 41 percent of residents aged 25 years and over having a bachelor's degree or higher. The San Francisco and San Jose Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas rank third and fourth in college graduates, ahead of Boston and behind only [[Boulder Metropolitan Statistical Area|Boulder–Longmont, CO PMSA]] and [[Fairfield County, Connecticut|Stamford–Norwalk, CT PMSA]]. The Oakland PMSA ranks eleventh.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2003/metroareas.xls 2002 American Community Survey, SELECTED POPULATION CHARACTERISTICIS FOR LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS]. Retrieved November 5, 2007. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
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{| style="width:100%;" |
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|- valign=top |
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| style="width:50%;"| |
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Public |
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[[File:UCBerkeleyCampus.jpg|200px|thumb|University of California, Berkeley]] |
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[[File:San José State University - DSC03875.JPG|200px|thumb|San José State University]] |
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* [[Berkeley City College]] |
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* [[California Maritime Academy]] (Vallejo) |
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* [[California State University, East Bay]] (Hayward) |
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* [[Cañada College]] (Redwood City) |
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* [[Chabot College]] (Hayward) |
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* [[City College of San Francisco]] |
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* [[College of Alameda]] |
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* [[College of Marin]] (Kentfield) |
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* [[College of San Mateo]] |
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* [[Contra Costa College]] (San Pablo) |
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* [[De Anza College]], (Cupertino) |
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* [[Diablo Valley College]], (Pleasant Hill) |
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* [[Evergreen Valley College]] (San Jose) |
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* [[Foothill College]] (Los Altos Hills) |
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* [[Gavilan College]] (Gilroy) |
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* [[Laney College]] (Oakland) |
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* [[Las Positas College]] (Livermore) |
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* [[Los Medanos College]] (Pittsburg) |
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* [[Merritt College]] (Oakland) |
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* [[Mission College (Santa Clara, California)|Mission College]] (Santa Clara) |
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* [[Napa Valley College]] (Napa) |
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* [[Ohlone College]] (Fremont) |
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* [[San Francisco State University]] |
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* [[San Jose City College]] |
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* [[San Jose State University]] |
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* [[Santa Rosa Junior College]] |
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* [[Sonoma State University]] (Rohnert Park) |
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* [[Skyline College]] (San Bruno) |
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* [[Solano Community College]] (Fairfield) |
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* [[West Valley College]], Saratoga |
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* [[University of California, Berkeley]] |
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* [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law]] (San Francisco) |
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* [[University of California, San Francisco]] |
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* [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] |
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[[File:SFCityHall.png|thumb|The consolidated city-county government of [[San Francisco]] manages its many responsibilities inside the [[San Francisco City Hall|San Francisco City Hall building]]. In addition to city and county governments, a variety of agencies and districts are also involved in the governance of the Bay Area.|alt=An image of the San Francisco City Hall.]] |
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Seminaries |
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* [[American Baptist Seminary of the West]] |
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* [[The Church Divinity School of the Pacific]] ([[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]]) |
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* [[Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology]] |
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* [[Franciscan School of Theology]] |
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* [[Fuller Northern California]] |
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* [[Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary]] |
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* [[Graduate Theological Union]] |
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** [[Institute of Buddhist Studies]] |
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** [[Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences]] |
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* [[Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley]] |
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* [[Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary]] (ELCA, Berkeley) |
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* [[Pacific School of Religion]] ([[United Church of Christ|UCC]], [[Disciples of Christ|Disciples]] & [[United Methodist Church|Methodist]]) |
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* [[Saint Patrick Seminary, Menlo Park|Saint Patrick Seminary]] |
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* [[San Francisco Theological Seminary]] ([[Presbyterian Church (USA)|Presbyterian]]) |
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* [[Starr King School for the Ministry]] ([[Unitarian Universalist]]) |
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* [[Zaytuna College|Zaytuna Institute]] |
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| style="width:50%;"| |
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Government in the San Francisco Bay Area consists of multiple actors, including 101 city and nine county governments, a dozen regional agencies, and a large number of single-purpose [[Special district (United States)|special districts]] such as [[municipal utility district]]s and [[transit district]]s.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/publications_pdfs/Strengthening_Regional_Governance.pdf|title=Strengthening the Bay Area’s regional governance|publisher=SPUR|author=Terplan, Egon|date=February 20, 2013|accessdate=September 20, 2017|page=2}}</ref> Incorporated cities are responsible for providing police service, zoning, issuing building permits, and maintaining public streets among other duties.<ref>[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayexpandedbranch.xhtml?tocCode=GOV&division=&title=4.&part=&chapter=&article= California Government Code Title 4, Government of Cities]</ref> County governments are responsible for elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, agricultural regulations, and building inspections, among other duties.<ref>{{cite book|title=When Government Fails: The Orange County Bankruptcy|first=Mark|last=Baldassare|year=1998|pages=67–68|publisher=[[Public Policy Institute of California]]/[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-21486-2|lccn=97032806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDs4WZV0SRsC&pg=PA67|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Democracy in California: Politics and Government in the Golden State|first1=Brian P.|last1=Janiskee|first2=Ken|last2=Masugi|year=2011|edition=3rd|page=105|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0338-9|lccn=2011007585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23Y3Nxs0qWgC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Public education is provided by independent school districts, which may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts, and are managed by an elected school board.<ref name="publiceducation">{{citation|title=Individual State Descriptions: 2007|pages=25–26|series=2007 Census of Governments|date=November 2012|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/isd_book.pdf|ref={{harvid|Census|2007}}}}</ref> A variety of special districts also exist and provide a single purpose, such as delivering public transit in the case of the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit District]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.bart.gov/about/history|title=A History of BART: The Concept is Born|publisher=Bay Area Rapid Transit|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> or monitoring air quality levels in the case of the [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District]].<ref name="aboutbaaqmd"/> |
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Private |
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[[File:Stanford MainQuad.JPG|200px|thumb|Stanford University]] |
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[[File:Lone Mountain Campus.jpg|200px|thumb|University of San Francisco]] |
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[[File:Mission Gardens.jpg|200px|thumb|Santa Clara University]] |
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[[File:Moraga, CA USA - Saint Mary%27s College of California - St. Giles Episcopal Church - panoramio (2).jpg|200px|thumb|Saint Mary's College of California]] |
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* [[Academy of Art University]] |
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* [[The Art Institute of California – San Francisco]] |
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* [[California College of the Arts]] |
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* [[California Culinary Academy]] |
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* [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] |
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* [[Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley]] |
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* [[Cogswell Polytechnical College]] |
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* [[Culinary Institute of America at Greystone]] |
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* [[DeVry University]] |
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* [[Dominican University of California|Dominican University]] |
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* [[Ex'pression College for Digital Arts]] |
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* [[Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising]] |
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* [[Five Branches University]] |
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* [[Golden Gate University]] |
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* [[Holy Names University]] |
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* [[Herguan University]] |
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* [[Hult International Business School]] |
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* [[Institute of Transpersonal Psychology]] |
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* [[International Technological University]] |
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* [[John F. Kennedy University]] |
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* [[Lincoln Law School of San Jose]] |
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* [[Lincoln University (California)]] |
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* [[Menlo College]] |
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* [[Mills College]] |
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* [[Minerva Schools at KGI]] |
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* [[National Hispanic University]] |
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* [[New College of California]] |
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* [[Northwestern Polytechnic University]] |
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* [[Notre Dame de Namur University]] |
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* [[Palo Alto University]] (formerly known as the Pacific Graduate School of Psychology) |
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* [[Pacific Union College]] |
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* [[Palmer College of Chiropractic]] West |
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* [[Patten University]] |
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* [[Presidio School of Management]] |
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* [[Saint Mary's College of California]] |
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* [[San Francisco Art Institute]] |
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* [[San Francisco Conservatory of Music]] |
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* [[San Francisco Law School]] |
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* [[Santa Clara University]] |
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* [[Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center]] |
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* [[Silicon Valley University]] |
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* [[Stanford University]] |
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* [[Touro University California]] |
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* [[University of Northern California (Santa Rosa)|University of Northern California]] |
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* [[University of Phoenix]] North Bay Fairfield Campus |
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* [[University of Phoenix]] San Jose Campus |
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* [[University of San Francisco]] |
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* [[Silicon Valley Technical Institute]] |
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* Wharton West—Executive MBA Program (University of Pennsylvania) |
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| |
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|} |
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Politics in the Bay Area is widely regarded as one of the most [[liberalism|liberal]] in [[California]] and in the [[United States]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-trump-california-supporters-2017-story.html|title=How Trump supporters survive in blue California: 'You kind of keep your head down'|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|author=Barabak, Mark Z.|date=March 31, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/us/california-far-north-identity-conservative.html?mcubz=1|title=California’s Far North Deplores ‘Tyranny’ of the Urban Majority|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|author=Fuller, Thomas|date=July 2, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Since the late 1960s, the Bay Area cemented its role as the most liberal region in California politics, supporting the [[center left]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s candidates for [[U.S. President]] and continued to support Democratic candidates more than other regions of the state, even as California trended towards the Democratic Party over time.<ref name="PPIC"/> According to research by the [[Public Policy Institute of California]], the Bay Area and the [[North Coast (California)|North Coast]] counties of [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]] and [[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]] were the most consistently and strongly liberal areas in California.<ref name="PPIC">{{citeweb|url=http://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-political-geography/|title=California's Political Geography|publisher=Public Policy Institute of California|date=February 2012|accessdate=September 18, 2017|author=McGhee, Eric and Daniel Krimm}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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The Bay Area is host to numerous cultural events, including [[List of San Francisco Bay Area festivals and fairs|annual festivals and fairs]]. [[List of San Francisco Bay Area writers|Many prominent writers]] make their homes there, and have developed a local literary culture, with a supportive network of booksellers, focused on the Northern California Independent Booksellers Association. |
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According to the [[California Secretary of State]], the Democratic Party holds a voter registration advantage in every [[California's congressional districts|congressional district]], [[California State Senate districts|state senate district]], [[California State Assembly districts|state assembly district]], [[State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)#Equalization_districts|State Board of Equalization district]], all nine counties, and all but three of the 101 incorporated municipalities in the Bay Area. On the other hand, the [[center right]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] holds a voter registration advantage in only one state assembly subdistrict (the portion of [[California's 4th State Assembly district]] in [[Solano County, California|Solano county]]) and three cities, [[Atherton, California|Atherton]], [[Hillsborough, California|Hillsborough]], and [[Danville, California|Danville]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/ror-pages/ror-odd-year-2017/politicalsub.pdf|title= Report of Registration|publisher=California Secretary of State|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> According to the [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] (CPVI), [[congressional districts]] the Bay Area tends to favor Democratic candidates by roughly 40 to 50 percentage points, considerably above the mean for California and the nation overall.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://cookpolitical.com/pvi-map-and-district-list|title=PVI Map and District List|publisher=The Cook Political Report|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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===Art=== |
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{{Main|Art in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="width: 100%;" |
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===Sports=== |
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{{Main|Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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[[File:Oakland Coliseum field from Mt. Davis.JPG|thumb|[[Oakland Coliseum]]]] |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="8" | Counties by population and voter registration |
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!Team!!Sport!!League!!Venue |
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|- |
|- |
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! County |
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|[[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref name="US-CB-B02001">U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B02001. [http://factfinder2.census.gov/ American FactFinder]. Retrieved October 26, 2013.</ref> |
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|[[Soccer]] |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Registered voters<ref name="CA-SS">California Secretary of State. Report of Registration as of February 10, 2017.</ref> |
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|[[Major League Soccer]] |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Democratic<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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|[[Avaya Stadium]] |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Republican<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | D–R spread<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | American<br />Independent<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Green<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Libertarian<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Peace and<br />Freedom<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Americans<br />Elect<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | Other<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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! data-sort-type="number" | No party preference<ref name="CA-SS" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Alameda County|Alameda]] || 1,494,876 || 54.6% || 56.4% || 14.1% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+42.3%'''</span> || 2.0% || 1.2% || 0.5% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 6.0% || 19.5% |
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|[[San Francisco 49ers]] |
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|[[American football|Football]] |
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|[[National Football League]] – [[National Football Conference|National Conference]] |
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|[[Levi's Stadium]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]] || 1,037,817 || 58.5% || 50.4% || 21.8% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+24.8%'''</span> || 2.6% || 0.5% || 0.6% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 23.7% |
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|[[Oakland Raiders]] |
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|Football |
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|[[National Football League]] – [[American Football Conference|American Conference]] |
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|[[O.co Coliseum]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Marin County, California|Marin]] || 250,666 || 61.5% || 54.4% || 18.2% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+36.2%'''</span> || 2.1% || 1.4% || 0.5% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 12.9% |
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|[[San Francisco Giants]] |
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|[[Baseball]] |
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|[[Major League Baseball]] – [[National League]] |
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|[[AT&T Park]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Napa County, California|Napa]] || 135,377 || 56.2% || 46.9% || 24.2% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+22.7%'''</span> || 3.0% || 0.8% || 0.8% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.5% || 23.4% |
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|[[Oakland Athletics]] |
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|Baseball |
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|[[Major League Baseball]] – [[American League]] |
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|[[O.co Coliseum]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[San Francisco]] || 870,887 || 62.4% || 55.6% || 8.6% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+47.0%'''</span> || 1.8% || 1.7% || 0.6% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 31.1% |
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|[[Golden State Warriors]] |
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|[[Basketball]] |
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|[[National Basketball Association]] |
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|[[Oracle Arena]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]] || 711,622 || 50.7% || 51.3% || 19.4% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+31.9%'''</span> || 2.1% || 0.7% || 0.5% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 25.5% |
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|[[San Jose Sharks]] |
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|[[Ice hockey]] |
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|[[National Hockey League]] |
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|[[SAP Center at San Jose]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] || 1,762,754 || 46.5% || 45.6% || 21.7% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+23.9%'''</span> || 2.1% || 0.5% || 0.6% || 0.2% || 0.0% || 0.2% || 29.0% |
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|[[San Francisco Nighthawks]] |
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|Soccer |
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|[[Women's Premier Soccer League]] |
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|[[Kezar Stadium]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Solano County, California|Solano]] || 411,620 || 51.1% || 48.6% || 25.0% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+23.6%'''</span> || 2.8% || 0.4% || 0.5% || 0.4% || 0.0% || 0.4% || 22.0% |
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|[[San Jose Giants]] |
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|- |
|||
|Baseball |
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| [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] || 478,551 || 54.7% || 51.5% || 21.6% || <span style="color: #2b00d6;">'''+29.9%'''</span> || 2.5% || 1.8% || 0.7% || 0.3% || 0.0% || 0.3% || 21.3% |
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|[[Minor League Baseball]] – [[California League]] |
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|[[San Jose Municipal Stadium]] |
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|} |
|} |
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In [[U.S. Presidential elections]], the nine-county Bay Area voted for [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates in the last four decades only twice, once in 1972 for [[Richard Nixon]] and again in [[:Category:1980 in politics|1980]] for [[Ronald Reagan]] and in 1984, both Californians. The last county to vote for a Republican Presidential candidate was [[Napa County, California|Napa county]] in 1988 for [[George H. W. Bush]]. Since then, all nine Bay Area counties have voted consistently for the Democratic candidate.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Election Results|publisher=Dave Leip's Atlas|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Currently, both of California's [[U.S. Senators]] and all twelve [[List of United States congressional districts|U.S. congressional districts]] located wholly or partially in the Bay Area is represented by a Democratic representative. Additionally, every Bay Area member of the [[California State Senate]] and the [[California State Assembly]] is a registered Democrat, except for [[Catherine Baker]], who represents [[California's 16th State Assembly district]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Catharine-Baker-Bay-Area-s-only-GOP-lawmaker-7421831.php|title=Catharine Baker, Bay Area’s only GOP lawmaker, tries to keep seat|publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''|author=Wildermuth, John|date=May 8, 2016|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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;[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] College Sports |
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* [[California Golden Bears]] (<small>[[Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]]</small>) |
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* [[Saint Mary's College Gaels]] |
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* [[San Francisco Dons]] |
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* [[San Jose State Spartans]] (<small>[[Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]]</small>) |
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* [[Santa Clara Broncos]] |
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* [[Stanford Cardinal]] (<small>[[Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]]</small>) |
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The association between the Bay Area and progressive politics has led the term "San Francisco values" being used by [[conservative]] commentators in a pejorative sense by to describe the secular progressive culture in the area.<ref name="threedirtywords">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/11/03/MNGCEM5H4N1.DTL|title=Three Dirty Words: San Francisco Values|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=November 3, 2006|accessdate=May 21, 2008|first=Joe|last=Garofoli}}</ref> |
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====Motorsports==== |
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* Also, [[Infineon Raceway]] (Sonoma, California) is a motorsport track which currently hosts [[NASCAR Sprint Cup Series]] and [[IndyCar Series]] races. |
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== |
==Transportation== |
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{{ |
{{Main|Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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[[File:SF Bay Rail Transit.svg|thumb|300px|The Bay Area is served by a variety of rail transit systems, with services provided by [[Altamont Commuter Express|ACE]], [[Amtrak]], [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]], [[Caltrain]], [[Muni Metro]], [[Sonoma Marin Area Rail Transit|SMART]], and [[Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]] displayed here.|alt=A transit map with lines depicting routes operated by various public rail agencies in the Bay Area.]] |
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Transportation in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] is reliant on a complex multimodal infrastructure consisting of roads, bridges, highways, rail, tunnels, airports, and bike and pedestrian paths. The development, maintenance, and operation of these different modes of transportation are overseen by various agencies, including the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), [[San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency]], and the [[Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)|Metropolitan Transportation Commission]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://mtc.ca.gov/about-mtc/what-mtc/partner-agencies/california-department-transportation|title=California Department of Transportation|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Commission|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> These and other organizations collectively manage several [[interstate highway]]s and [[State highways in California|state routes]], two [[Rapid transit|subway]] networks, two [[commuter rail]] agencies, eight trans-bay bridges, transbay ferry service, local [[transit bus|bus]] service,<ref name="seamlesstransit"/> three [[international airport]]s ([[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]], [[San Jose International Airport|San Jose]], and [[Oakland International Airport|Oakland]]),<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/14173660/1/all-three-bay-area-airports-grow-as-united-expands-frisco-hub-and-oakland-gets-two-spain-flights.html|title=All Three Bay Area Airports Grow as United Expands Frisco Hub and Oakland Gets Two Spain Flights|publisher=TheStreet|author=Reed, Ted|date=June 12, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> and an extensive network of roads, tunnels, and paths such as the [[San Francisco Bay Trail]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://baytrail.org/about-the-trail/|title=About the Trail|publisher=San Francisco Bay Trail|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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====Classic rock==== |
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{{See also|San Francisco Sound}} |
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San Francisco proper was headquarters for the [[hippie]] [[counterculture of the 1960s]] and the music scene that became associated with it. One of the area's most notable acts was [[The Grateful Dead]], formed in 1965, who played regularly at the legendary venue [[The Fillmore|''The Fillmore Auditorium'']]. Other local artists in that movement included [[Jefferson Airplane]] and [[Janis Joplin]]; all three would be closely associated with the [[Summer of Love|1967 Summer of Love]]. [[Jimi Hendrix]], although born in [[Seattle]] and later a resident of London, England, had strong connections to the movement and the metropolitan Bay area, as he lived in Berkeley for a brief time as a child and played many local venues in that decade. [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] (of [[El Cerrito, Contra Costa County, California|El Cerrito]]) would gain traction as an associated band of the [[Anti-war movement#The Anti-Vietnam War Movement: 1962–1975|anti-Vietnam war movement]]. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame legend [[Neil Young]] has lived in the Bay Area in [[La Honda, CA]] for more than 40 years. [[Carlos Santana]] from San Francisco became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his [[Santana band]] which pioneered a blend of rock, salsa, and jazz fusion. [[Journey (band)|Journey]] formed in 1973 in San Francisco, by former members of Santana. |
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The [[Doobie Brothers]], from San Jose, had a successful career with several albums earning [[RIAA]] gold certification. The early 1970s sounds of the [[Tower of Power]] from Oakland, [[Sly and the Family Stone]] and [[Pablo Cruise]] all came from the Bay Area. |
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The Bay Area hosts an extensive freeway and highway system that is particularly prone to [[traffic congestion]], with one study by [[Inrix]] concluding that the Bay Area's traffic was the fourth worst in the world.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/SF-traffic-ranks-as-4th-worst-in-world-10960858.php|title=SF traffic ranks as 4th worst in world|author=Cabanatuan, Michael|date=February 27, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017|publisher=[[''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'']]}}</ref> There are some city streets in San Francisco where gaps occur in the freeway system, partly the result of the [[Highway_revolts_in_the_United_States#San_Francisco|Freeway Revolt]], which prevented a freeway-only thoroughfare through San Francisco between the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]], the western terminus of [[Interstate 80 in California|Interstate 80]], and the southern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge ([[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]]).<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://urbanscars.com/san-francisco-freeway-revolt/|title=San Francisco's Freeway Revolt|author=Atkins, Martin|date=September 9, 2012|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Additional damage that occurred in the wake of the 1989 [[Loma Prieta earthquake]] resulted in freeway segments being removed instead of being reinforced or rebuilt, leading to the revitalization of neighborhoods such as San Francisco's [[Embarcadero (San Francisco)|Embarcadero]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://savingplaces.org/places/sf-embarcadero|title=11 Most Endangered: San Francisco Embarcadero {{!}} National Trust for Historic Preservation|website=savingplaces.org|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref> The greater Bay Area contains the three principal north-south highways in California: [[Interstate 5]], [[U.S. Route 101]], and [[California State Route 1]]. U.S. 101 and State Route 1 directly serve the traditional nine-county region, while Interstate 5 bypasses to the east in San Joaquin County to provide a more direct [[Los Angeles]]–[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] route. Additional local highways connect the various subregions of the Bay Area together.<ref name="catg">{{cite map |year= 2009 |title= California Road Atlas |publisher= Thomas Brothers}}</ref> |
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====Heavy metal==== |
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{{See also|Bay Area thrash metal|Avant-garde metal}} |
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There are over two dozen [[public transit]] agencies in the Bay Area with overlapping service areas that utilize different [[mode of transport|modes]], with designated connection points between the various operators. [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART), a [[heavy rail]]/[[Rapid transit|metro]] system, operates in four counties and connects San Francisco and Oakland via an underwater tube. Other [[commuter rail]] systems link San Francisco with the Peninsula and San Jose ([[Caltrain]]), San Jose with the [[Tri-Valley Area]] and San Joaquin county ([[Altamont Commuter Express|ACE]]), and Sonoma with Marin county ([[Sonoma Marin Area Rail Transit|SMART]]).<ref name="seamlesstransit"/> In addition, [[Amtrak]] provides frequent commuter service between and San Jose and the East Bay with [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], and long distance service to other parts of the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amtrakcalifornia.com/about/|title=About Amtrak California|publisher=[[Amtrak]]|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}</ref> [[Muni Metro]] operates a hybrid [[streetcar]]/[[Rapid transit|subway]] system within the city of San Francisco, and [[Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]] operates a [[light rail]] system in Santa Clara county. These rail systems are supplemented by numerous bus agencies and transbay [[ferries]] such as [[Golden Gate Ferry]] and the [[San Francisco Bay Water Transit Authority]]. Most of these agencies accept the [[Clipper Card]], a reloadable [[contactless smart card]], as a universal electronic payment system.<ref name="seamlesstransit">{{citeweb|url=http://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/publications_pdfs/SPUR_Seamless_Transit.pdf|title=Seamless Transit|publisher=[[San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association|SPUR]]|date=April 2015|author=Amin, Ratna and Sara Barz|accessdate=September 18, 2017|pages=4–9}}</ref> |
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During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Bay Area was home to one of the largest and most influential [[thrash metal]] scenes in the world, containing acts like [[Metallica]] (although Metallica had initially formed in Los Angeles, it was not until their relocation to El Cerrito in 1983 that [[Cliff Burton]] and [[Kirk Hammett]] joined as bassist and lead guitarist), [[Exodus (band)|Exodus]], [[Laaz Rockit]], [[Death Angel]], [[Vio-lence]], [[Forbidden (band)|Forbidden]], and [[Testament (band)|Testament]]. |
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Many [[death metal]] bands had also formed in the area, including [[Autopsy (band)|Autopsy]], [[Possessed (band)|Possessed]] (considered one of the first in the genre), and in the '90s, [[Impaled (band)|Impaled]], [[Exhumed (band)|Exhumed]] and [[Vile (band)|Vile]]. |
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Also, an [[avant-garde metal]] scene has emerged in the Bay Area with bands such as [[Giant Squid (band)|Giant Squid]], [[Grayceon]], and [[Ludicra]].<ref name=bayarea>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Chris|title=Rehab of a strung-out musical scene|url=http://www.sanfranmag.com/story/rehab-of-a-strung-out-musical-scene|publisher=San Francisco Magazine|accessdate=August 7, 2011|date=July 2011}}; {{cite web|last=Smith|first=Chris|title=Our avant-garde metal scene|url=http://www.ca-smith.net/blog/2011/07/our-avant-garde-metal-scene/|publisher=ca-smith.net|accessdate=August 7, 2011|date=July 6, 2011}}</ref> |
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[[sludge metal|Sludge]] band [[Neurosis (band)|Neurosis]] and [[groove metal]]/[[post-thrash]] bands [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]] and [[Skinlab]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Y&T]] are formed in Oakland. In the [[alternative metal]] and [[nu metal]] scenes worldwide, [[Faith No More]] (from San Francisco) and [[Primus (band)|Primus]] (from El Sobrante, and featuring former Possessed guitarist [[Larry LaLonde]]) have been considered progenitors to both subgenres.<ref>Essi Berelian (2005), ''The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal'', p. 259, "Faith No More must be counted among the pioneers [of nu metal]"</ref><ref>Joel McIver (2002), ''NU-METAL- The Next Generation Of Rock & Punk ''</ref> |
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Heavy metal/hard rock icon [[Joe Satriani]] also hails from the Bay Area ([[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]). |
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====Alternative rock==== |
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Many bands of the 1990s [[post-grunge]] era started and still reside in the Bay Area, including [[Third Eye Blind]] (of San Francisco), [[Counting Crows]] (of Berkeley) and [[Smash Mouth]] (of San Jose), all of whom have received extensive radio play across the world and released multi-platinum records during their career. |
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====Punk==== |
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{{See also|Punk rock in California}} |
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The Bay Area saw a large [[punk ideologies|punk]] movement from the 1970s to the present. Bands such as the [[Dead Kennedys]], [[The Avengers (band)|The Avengers]], [[Flipper (band)|Flipper]], [[Dirty Rotten Imbeciles|D.R.I.]], [[MDC (band)|M.D.C.]] and [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]] were popular in the '70s and '80s, with later bands such as [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]], [[Green Day]] and [[AFI (band)|AFI]] all coming out of [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]. [[The Dwarves]] are residents of San Francisco, and are considered to be pioneers of the punk and hardcore movement. |
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====Rap and hip hop==== |
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{{See also|Hyphy movement}} |
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The Bay Area is the home of the [[hyphy]] movement, which started in the early to mid-'90s. The genre which was pioneered by rappers [[Andre "Mac Dre" Hicks]], [[Too Short]], [[Keak Da Sneak]], [[Mistah Fab]], [[E-40]], [[DJ King Assassin]] and [[Yukmouth]], is now becoming more popular throughout the world. Hyphy themes such as ghost riding, thizzin' and going dumb are now common in other parts of the country. The Bay Area was also home to rap legend [[Tupac Shakur]] who lived in [[Marin City]], about {{convert|5|mi|km}} north of San Francisco. The rap group [[Digital Underground]] originally hailed from Oakland. [[MC Hammer]], and the [[Hieroglyphics (band)|Hieroglyphics]] hip hop crew, which is composed of local artists including the [[Souls of Mischief]] and [[Del tha Funkee Homosapien]]. [[Cindy Herron]] of En'Vogue attended Balboa High School in the late 1970s. |
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===Media=== |
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{{Main|Media in San Francisco}} |
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The Bay Area is one of the largest [[media market]]s in the United States. |
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According to [[Nielsen Media Research]], the Bay Area ranks (as of the 2005–2006 [[television season]]) as the nation's sixth-largest "Designated Market Area (DMA)", with 2,355,740 "TV Homes", representing 2.137% of the United States Total.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} |
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The major newspapers are the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] and the [[San Jose Mercury News]]. Local television channels include [[KTVU]] 2 (FOX), [[KRON-TV]] 4 (myNetworkTV), [[KPIX]] 5 (CBS), [[KGO-TV]] 7 (ABC), [[KQED-TV]] 9 (PBS), [[KNTV]] 11 (NBC), [[KBCW (TV)|KBCW]] 44/45 (CW), [[KQEH]] 54 (PBS), and [[KKPX]] 65 ([[Ion Television|Ion]]). Radio stations serving the area include: [[KQED-FM]], [[KMVQ]], [[KOSF]], and [[KGO-AM]]. |
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==Regional counties, cities, and suburbs== |
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[[File:SAN FRANCISCO UND UMGEBUNG.png|right|220px|thumb|A late 19th-century German map]] |
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===Counties=== |
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* [[Alameda County, California|Alameda County]] (737 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa County]] (720 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[Marin County, California|Marin County]] (520 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[Napa County, California|Napa County]] (754 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[San Francisco]] County (47 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo County]] (449 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] (1,291 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[Solano County, California|Solano County]] (829 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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* [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]] (1,576 sq. mi., excluding water) |
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===Cities and towns=== |
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* [[List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area]] |
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{{Clear}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}} |
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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* [[List of metropolitan areas of the United States]] |
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* [[Coastal California]] |
* [[Coastal California]] |
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* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]] |
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* [[Islands of San Francisco Bay]] |
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* [[List of companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]] |
* [[List of companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]] |
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* [[List of metropolitan areas of the United States]] |
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* [[Lists of San Francisco Bay Area topics]] |
* [[Lists of San Francisco Bay Area topics]] |
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*[[Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area]] |
* [[Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|San Francisco Bay Area}} |
{{Commons category|San Francisco Bay Area}} |
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* [http://www.sfbaywildlife.info/ sfbaywildlife.info] Guide to wildlife-watching in the San Francisco Bay Area |
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* [http://www.visitcalifornia.com/region/discover-san-francisco-bay-area Discover the Bay Area website] run by Discover California |
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;Travel |
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* [http://www.visitsfbayarea.com/ Bay Area Tourism Guide] by the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce |
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* {{Wikivoyage-inline}} |
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* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/ World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary] |
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{{SF Bay Area}} |
{{SF Bay Area}} |
Revision as of 14:22, 24 September 2017
San Francisco Bay Area | |
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![]() Clockwise from top: The Stanford University Oval, San Francisco Chinatown with the Bay Bridge in the background, Napa Valley vineyards, the Circle of Palms Plaza in San Jose, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve, Oakland's downtown skyline, and redwood trees in Muir Woods | |
![]() San Francisco Bay Area within California | |
Land | ![]() |
State | ![]() |
Subregions | |
Principal cities | |
Area | |
• Nine-county | 18,040 km2 (6,966 sq mi) |
• CSA | 26,390 km2 (10,191 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 1,330 m (4,360 ft) |
Lowest elevation | −4 m (−13 ft) |
Population (July 1, 2016) | |
• Nine-county | 7.68 million[4] |
• Nine-county density | 425.7/km2 (1,102.5/sq mi) |
• CSA | 8.75 million[5] |
• CSA density | 332/km2 (859/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC−8 (Pacific) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−7 (PDT) |
Area codes | 408, 415, 510, 650, 707, 925[6] |
The San Francisco Bay Area (referred to locally as the Bay Area) is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun estuaries in the U.S. state of California. Although the exact boundaries of the region vary depending on the source, the Bay Area is generally accepted to include the nine counties that border the aforementioned estuaries: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. Other sources may exclude parts of or even entire counties, or include neighboring counties such as Santa Cruz and San Joaquin.
Home to approximately 7.68 million people, the nine-county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a complex multimodal transportation network. The larger combined statistical area of the region, which includes twelve counties, is the second-largest in California (after the Greater Los Angeles area), the fifth-largest in the United States, and the 41st-largest urban area in the world with 8.75 million people.[7] The Bay Area's population is ethnically diverse: roughly half of the region's residents are White, with the rest comprising of Hispanic, Asian, African American, and Pacific Islander people, all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region.
The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlements in the Bay Area dates back to 3000 BC. In 1769, the Bay Area was inhabited by the Ohlone people when a Spanish exploration party led by Gaspar de Portolà entered the Bay – the first documented European visit to the Bay Area. After Mexico established independence from Spain in 1821, the region was briefly controlled by the Mexican government until the United States seized the territory in 1846 during the Mexican–American War. Soon after, discovery of gold in California attracted a flood of treasure seekers, many using ports in the Bay Area as an entry point. During the early years of California's statehood, state legislative business rotated between three locations in the Bay Area before a permanent state capital was established in Sacramento. A major earthquake leveled the city of San Francisco and environs in 1906, but the region quickly rebuilt in time to host the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. During World War II, the Bay Area played a major role in America's war effort in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater, with San Francisco's Fort Mason acting as a primary embarkation point for American forces. In 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco, establishing the United Nations, and in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco officially ended the U.S.'s war with Japan. Since then, the Bay Area has experienced numerous political, cultural and artistic movements, developing unique local genres in music and art and establishing itself as a hotbed of progressive politics. Economically, the post-war Bay Area saw huge growth in the financial and technology industries, creating a vibrant and diverse economy with a gross domestic product of over $700 billion, and home to the second highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the United States.
Despite its urban character, the San Francisco Bay is one of California's most ecologically important habitats, providing key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and sediments from the rivers, and supporting a number of endangered species. The region is also known for the complexity of its landforms, the result of millions of years of tectonic plate movements. Because the Bay Area is crossed by six major earthquake faults, the region is particularly exposed to hazards presented by large earthquakes. The climate is temperate and generally very mild, and is ideal for outdoor recreational and athletic activities such as hiking. The Bay Area is host to seven professional sports teams and is a cultural center for music, theater, and the arts. It is also host to several institutions of higher education, ranging from primary schools to major research universities. Home to 101 municipalities and nine counties, governance in the Bay Area is mutlifaceted and involves numerous local and regional actors, each with wide-ranging and overlapping responsibilities.
Boundaries
![A map demarcating the boundaries of the nine-county Bay Area and the five subregions within.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bayarea_map.png/220px-Bayarea_map.png)
The borders of the San Francisco Bay Area are not officially delineated, and the unique development patterns influenced by the region's topography, along with the presence of unusual commute patterns caused by the presence of three central cities and employment centers located in suburban cities, has led to considerable disagreement between local and federal definitions of the area.[8] Because of this, professor of geography at the University of California, Berkeley Richard Walker claimed that "no other U.S. city-region is as definitionally challenged [as the Bay Area]."[8]
Locally, many of the regional governmental agencies and districts recognize the nine counties that border the San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun estuaries as part of the Bay Area: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma counties. These agencies include the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board,[9] Bay Area Air Quality Management District,[10] the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority,[11] the Metropolitan Transportation Commission,[12] and the Association of Bay Area Governments,[13] the latter two of which partner to deliver a Bay Area Census using the nine-county definition.[14]
Various U.S. Federal government agencies use definitions that differ from their local counterparts' nine-county definition. For example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which regulates broadcast, cable, and satellite transmissions, includes nearby Colusa, Lake and Mendocino counties in their "San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose" media market, but excludes eastern Solano county.[15] On the other hand, the United States Office of Management and Budget, which designates Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and Combined Statistical Areas (CSA) for populated regions across the country, has five MSAs which include, wholly or partially, areas within the nine-county definition, and one CSA which includes all nine counties plus neighboring San Benito, Santa Cruz and San Joaquin counties.[16]
Subregions
Among locals, the nine-county Bay Area can be further divided into five sub-regions: the East Bay, North Bay, South Bay, Peninsula, and the city of San Francisco. Although geographically located on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, the city of San Francisco is not considered part of the "Peninsula" subregion, but as a separate entity.[17][18]
The "East Bay" is the densest region of the Bay Area outside of San Francisco and includes cities and towns in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, centered around Oakland. As one of the larger subregions, the East Bay includes a variety of enclaves, including the suburban Tri-Valley area and the highly urban western part of the subregion that runs alongside the bay.[19] The "Peninsula" subregion includes the cities and towns on the San Francisco Peninsula, excluding the titular city of San Francisco. Its eastern half, which runs alongside the Bay, is highly populated while its less populated western coast traces the coastline of the Pacific Ocean and is known for its open space and hiking trails. Roughly coinciding with the borders of San Mateo county, it also includes the northwestern Santa Clara county cities of Palo Alto, Mountain View, and Los Altos.[20] The "South Bay" includes all of the rest of the cities in Santa Clara county, centered around San Jose, and is roughly synonymous with Silicon Valley due to its high concentration of tech companies, although the industry also has a significant presence in the rest of the Bay Area.[21] The "North Bay" includes Marin, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano counties, and is the largest and least populated subregion. The western counties of Marin and Sonoma are encased by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the bay on the east, and are characterized by its mountainous and woody terrain. Sonoma and Napa counties are known internationally for their grape vineyards and wineries, and Solano county to the east, centered around Vallejo, is the fastest growing region in the Bay Area.[22]
History
![A sketch of the native Ohlone people performing a dance.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mission_San_Jose_natives.jpg/220px-Mission_San_Jose_natives.jpg)
Although the settlement of the Americas occurred some 20,000 years ago, when the first Asians crossed the Bering Strait into Alaska,[23] the earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation of the Bay Area dates to around 3,000 B.C. along the shores of the bay, with evidence pointing to even earlier settlement in Point Reyes in Marin County.[24] The Miwokan and Costanoan Ohlone people, who were living in the Bay Area at the time of first European contact, were possibly descended from Siberian tribes who arrived at around 1,000 BC by sailing over the Arctic Ocean and following the salmon migration.[23] The Ohlone lived in about forty or so tribes spread throughout the lands adjacent to the San Francisco Bay and as far south as Point Sur in near Monterey Bay.[25]
![An old image of Portsmouth Square from 1851.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SanFrancisco1851a.jpg/220px-SanFrancisco1851a.jpg)
In 1575, a Spanish exploration party led by Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno landed in Drakes Bay near Point Reyes and was the first European settler to claim land in the Bay Area. He was soon followed in 1579 by Sir Francis Drake, who also landed in Drakes Bay and claimed the land for England.[25] The San Francisco Bay itself remained undiscovered by Europeans until a Spanish expedition led by Gaspar de Portolà sailed through the Golden Gate Strait in 1769.[25] Further expeditions by Spanish explorers in the following years include those led by Juan Bautista de Anza who colonized the Presidio, and Gabriel Moraga who started at the Presidio and led expedition parties to San Jose and over the Pacheco Pass, as well as reaching the San Joaquin Valley.[26][25] In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain and the Bay Area became part of the Mexican province of Alta California, a period characterized by ranch life and visiting American trappers.[27] Mexico's control of the territory would be short-lived, however, and in 1846, a party of settlers occupied Sonoma Plaza and proclaimed the independence of the new Republic of California.[27] That same year, the Mexican-American War began, and American captain John Berrien Montgomery sailed the USS Portsmouth into the bay and seized San Francisco, which was then known as Yerba Buena, and raised the American flag for the first time over Portsmouth Square.[28]
![An image of Sutter's Mill, where the Gold Rush took place.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sutters_Mill.jpg/220px-Sutters_Mill.jpg)
In 1848, James W. Marshall's discovery of gold in the American River sparked the California Gold Rush, and within half a year, 4,000 men were panning for gold along the river and finding $50,000 per day.[29] The promise of fabulous riches quickly led to a stampede of wealth-seekers descending on Sutter's Mill. The Bay Area's population quickly emptied out as laborers, clerks, waiters, and servants joined the rush to find gold, and California's first newspaper, The Californian, was forced to announce a temporary freeze in new issues due to labor shortages.[29] By the end of 1849, news had spread across the world and newcomers flooded into the Bay Area at a rate of 1,000 per week on their way to California's interior.[29] The rush was so great that vessels were abandoned by the hundreds in San Francisco's ports as crews rushed to the gold fields.[30]
As the Gold Rush was happening, a constitutional convention was called to determine California's application for statehood into the United States. After statehood was granted, the capital city moved between three cites in the Bay Area: San Jose (1849–1851), Vallejo (1851–1852), and Benicia (1852–1853) before permanently settling in Sacramento in 1854.[31] As the Gold Rush wound down, wealth generated from the endeavor led to the establishment of Wells Fargo Bank and the Bank of California, and immigrant laborers attracted by the promise of wealth transformed the demographic makeup of the region. Construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad from the Oakland Long Wharf attracted so many laborers from China that by 1870, 8% of San Francisco's population was of Asian origin.[32] The completion of the railroad connected the Bay Area with the rest of the United States, established a truly national marketplace for the trade of goods, and accelerated the urbanization of the region.[33]
![A historical image of damaged and destroyed buildings after the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg/220px-Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg)
In the early morning of April 18, 1906, a large earthquake with an epicenter near the city of San Francisco hit the region.[34] Immediate casualty estimates by the U.S. Army's relief operations were 498 deaths in San Francisco, 64 deaths in Santa Rosa, and 102 in or near San Jose, for a total of about 700. More recent studies estimate the total death count to be over 3,000, with over 28,000 buildings destroyed.[35] Rebuilding efforts began immediately. Amadeo Peter Giannini, owner of the Bank of Italy (now known as the Bank of America), had managed to retrieve the money from his bank's vaults before fires broke out through the city and was the only bank with liquid funds readily available and was instrumental in loaning out funds for rebuilding efforts.[36] Congress immediately approved plans for a reservoir in Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park, a plan they had denied a few years earlier, which now provides drinking water for 2.4 million people in the Bay Area. By 1915, the city had been sufficiently rebuilt and advertised itself to the world during the Panama Pacific Exposition that year, although the effects of the quake hastened the loss of the region's dominant status in California to the Los Angeles metropolitan area.[36]
![An image of President Truman speaking at a podium, addressing the United Nations Convention.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UnitedNationsconference.jpg/220px-UnitedNationsconference.jpg)
During the 1929 stock market crash and subsequent economic depression, not a single San Francisco-based bank failed,[37] while the region attempted to spur job growth by simultaneously undertaking two large infrastructure projects: construction of the Golden Gate Bridge, which would connect San Francisco with Marin County,[38] and the Bay Bridge, which would connect San Francisco with Oakland and the East Bay.[39] After the United States joined World War II in 1941, the Bay Area became a major domestic military and naval hub, with large shipyards constructed in Sausalito and across the East Bay to build ships for the war effort, and Fort Mason acting the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations.[40] After the war, the United Nations was chartered in San Francisco to help prevent the kind of devastation that occurred over the past decade,[41] and on September 1951, Japan officially surrendered to the Allied forces in San Francisco, with the Treaty of San Francisco entering into force a year later.[42] In the years immediately following the war, the Bay Area saw a huge wave of immigration as populations increased across the region. Between 1950 to 1960, San Francisco welcomed over 100,000 new residents, inland suburbs in the East Bay saw their populations double, Daly City's population quadrupled, and Santa Clara's population quintupled.[40]
![A pair of policemen mounted on horses observe a protest march down a street in San Francisco.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mounted_policemen_watch_a_Vietnam_War_protest_march_in_San_Francisco%2C_April_1967.jpg/220px-Mounted_policemen_watch_a_Vietnam_War_protest_march_in_San_Francisco%2C_April_1967.jpg)
By the early 1960s, the Bay Area and the rest of Northern California became the center of the counterculture movement. Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley and the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood in San Francisco were seen as centers of activity,[43] with the hit American pop song San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair) further enticing like-minded individuals to join the movement in the Bay Area and leading to the Summer of Love.[44] In the proceeding decades, the Bay Area would cement itself as a hotbed of New Left activism, student activism, opposition to the Vietnam War and other anti-war movements, the black power movement, and the gay rights movement.[43] At the same time, San Jose and the rest of the South Bay began to rapidly develop as it began to transition from a largely agricultural-based economy into the hotbed of the high-tech industry.[45] Fred Terman, the director of a top-secret research project at Harvard University during World War II, joined the faculty at Stanford University in order to reshape the university's engineering department. His students, including David Packard and William Hewlett would later help usher in the region's high-tech revolution.[40] In 1955, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory opened for business near Stanford, and although the business venture was a financial failure, it was the first semiconductor company in the Bay Area, and the talent that it attracted to the region eventually led to a high-tech cluster of companies later known as Silicon Valley.[46]
As a result of the technology industry, growth in the South Bay accelerated and by 1990, the United States Census confirmed that San Jose had overtaken San Francisco in terms of population.[47] The commercialization of the Internet in the middle of the decade rapidly created a speculative bubble in the high-tech economy known as the Dot-com bubble. This bubble began collapsing in 1999 and the industry continued contracting for the next few years, nearly wiping out the market. Companies like Amazon.com and Google managed to weather the crash however, and following the industry's return to normalcy, their market value increased significantly.[48]
Culture
Arts
Kunst
![An image of Pixar Animation Studio's headqarters.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pixaranimationstudios.jpg/220px-Pixaranimationstudios.jpg)
The Bay Area was, along with New York City, one of the two birthplaces of the Abstract Expressionism movement of painting. It is associated with the works of Clyfford Still, who began teaching at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute) in 1946, leaving a lasting impact on the artistic styles of Bay Area painters up to the present day.[49] A few years later, Abstract Expressionist painter David Park painted Kids on Bikes in 1950, which retained many aspects of abstract expressionism but with original distinguishing features that would later lead to the Bay Area Figurative Movement.[50] While both the Figurative Movement and the Abstract Expressionism movement arose from art schools, Funk art would later rise out of the region's underground and was characterized by informal sharing of technique among groups of friends and art showcases in "cooperative" galleries instead of formal museums. Later, the Bay Area art movement would be heavily influenced by the counterculture movement in the 1960s, and art produced during this time reflected the political environment.[51]
The Bay Area is presently home to a thriving computer animation industry[52] led by Pixar Animation Studios and Industrial Light & Magic. Pixar, based in Emeryville, produced the first fully computer animated feature film, Toy Story, with software it designed in-house and whose computer animation films have since garnered 26 Academy Awardss and critical acclaim.[53] Industrial Light & Magic, which is based in the Presidio in San Francisco, was created in 1975 to help create visual effects for the Star Wars series has since been involved with creating visual effects for over three hundred Hollywood films.[54]
Music
Throughout its recent history, the Bay Area has been home to several musical movements that left lasting influences on the genres they affected. San Francisco in particular was the center of the counterculture movement in the 1960s, which directly led to the rise of several notable musical acts: The Grateful Dead, which formed in 1965, and Jefferson Airplane and Janis Joplin; all three would be closely associated with the 1967 Summer of Love.[55] Jimi Hendrix also had strong connections to the movement and the Bay Area, as he lived in Berkeley for a brief time as a child and played in many local venues in that decade.[56][55] By the 1970s, San Francisco had developed a vibrant jazz scene, earning the moniker, "Harlem of the West".[57] The Vietnam War was being fought at the time, and Bay Area bands such as Creedence Clearwater Revival of El Cerrito became known for their political and socially-conscious lyrics against the conflict.[58] Carlos Santana rose to fame in the early 1970s with his Santana band and would later be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame,[59] and would later help lead the formation of the band Journey along with former members of Santana.[60]
During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Bay Area became home to one of the largest and most influential thrash metal scenes in the world, with contributions from acts like Metallica, and the emergence of the avant-garde metal with bands such as Giant Squid, Grayceon, and Ludicra.[61] The post-grunge era in the 1990s and featured prominent Bay Area bands Third Eye Blind of San Francisco, Counting Crows of Berkeley, and Smash Mouth of San Jose, and later punk rock bands like Green Day.[56] The 1990s also saw the emergence of the influential hyphy movement in hip hop, derived from the Oakland slang for "hyperactive", and pioneered by Bay Area rappers Andre "Mac Dre" Hicks, Mistah Fab, and E-40.[62] Other notable rappers from the Bay Area include Tupac Shakur and MC Hammer.[63] Today, much of the rap coming out of the Oakland and the East Bay is "conscious rap", which concerns itself with social issues and awareness.[63]
The Bay Area is also home to hundreds of classical music ensembles, from community choirs to professional orchestras, such as the San Francisco Symphony, California Symphony, Fremont Symphony Orchestra, Oakland Symphony and the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra.[64]
Theater
![A picture of the Berkeley Repertory Theatre's headquarters.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BerkeleyRep.jpg/220px-BerkeleyRep.jpg)
According to the regional theater service organization Theatre Bay Area, the San Francisco Bay Area is the third largest center of activity for theater companies and actors in the United States, after the New York City and Chicago metropolitan areas, with 400 companies spread throughout the region.[65] The organization was founded in 1976 by the Magic Theatre and American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco and the Berkeley Repertory Theatre in Berkeley.[66] The latter two, along with the San Francisco Mime Troupe, have since gone on to win one Regional Theatre Tony Award each.[67] Several famous actors have arisen from the Bay Area's theatre community, including Daveed Diggs from Hamilton and Darren Criss from Hedwig, A Very Potter Musical, and Glee.[68] Locally, well-regarded actors include James Carpenter, a stage actor who has performed at the ACT, Berkeley Repertory, and San Jose Repertory Theatre among others, Rod Gnapp of the Magic Theatre Company, Sean San Jose, one of the founders of the Campo Santo theater, and Campo Santo member Margo Hall.[69]
The Bay Area also has an active youth theater scene. ACT and the Berkeley Repertory both run classes and camps for young actors, as do the Peninsula Youth Theater and Willow Glen Children’s Theatre in the Peninsula and South Bay, Bay Area Children's Theater and Danville Children’s Musical Theater in the East Bay, and Marin Shakespeare in the North Bay, among many others.[70][71]
Media
![An image of the Old Chronicle Building.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chronicle_Building%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1901.jpg/220px-Chronicle_Building%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1901.jpg)
The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest television market[72] and the fourth-largest radio market[73] in the U.S. The Bay Aea's oldest radio station, KCBS (AM), began as an experimental station in San Jose in 1909, before the beginning of commercial broadcasting.[74] KALW was the Bay Area's first FM radio station, and first radio station to begin commercial broadcasting west of the Mississippi River when it signed on the air in 1941.[75] KPIX, which began broadcasting in 1948, was the first television station to air in the Bay Area and Northern California.[76]
All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region, including KTVU 2 (FOX), KRON-TV 4 (myNetworkTV), KPIX 5 (CBS), KGO-TV 7 (ABC), KQED-TV 9 (PBS), KNTV 11 (NBC), KBCW 44/45 (CW), KQEH 54 (PBS), and KKPX 65 (Ion). Bloomberg West, a show that focuses on topics pertaining to technology and business, was launched in 2011 from a studio in and continues to broadcast from San Francisco.[77]
Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station, both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to National Public Radio affiliate in the country.[78] Another local broadcaster, KPOO, is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.[79]
The largest newspapers in the Bay Area are the San Francisco Chronicle and San Jose Mercury News, the highest and second-highest most widely circulated newspaper in Northern California.[80] The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late Herb Caen, whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the "voice of San Francisco". The San Francisco Examiner, once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce, declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.[81][82] Most of the Bay Area's local regions and municipalities also have their own newspapers, such as the East Bay Times and San Mateo Daily Journal. The national newsmagazine Mother Jones is also based in San Francisco.[83] Non-English language newspapers include several Chinese-language papers such as Sing Tao Daily, the largest in the Bay Area by circulation,[84] and El Mundo, a free Spanish-language weekly distributed by the Mercury News.[85]
Sports and recreation
![An image of AT&T Park, a baseball field](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/AT%26T_Park_July_24%2C_2016.jpg/220px-AT%26T_Park_July_24%2C_2016.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Cyclists_Above_Grant_Ranch.jpg/220px-Cyclists_Above_Grant_Ranch.jpg)
The Bay Area is home to seven professional major league sports franchises: The San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) in American football, the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League, and the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer. In sailing, the Bay Area was host to the 2013 America's Cup.
In American football, the 49ers play in Levi's Stadium[86] and have won five Super Bowls (XVI,[87] XIX,[88] XXIII,[89] XXIV,[90] XXIX[91]) and lost one (XLVII[92]), and the Raiders play in Oakland Alameda Coliseum,[93] and have won three Super Bowls (XI,[94] XV,[95] XVIII[96]), and lost two (II,[97] XXXVII[98]) In baseball, the San Francisco Giants, who play at AT&T Park[99] and have won eight World Series titles,[100] and the Oakland Athletics who share the Oakland Coliseum with the Raiders,[93] and have won nine World Series titles.[100] In basketball, the Warriors play in Oracle Arena and have won three NBA Finals since their move to Oakland in 1971.[101] In hockey, the Sharks play at the SAP Center and have never won a Stanley Cup. In soccer, the Earthquakes play at Avaya Stadium.[102]
Outside of major league sports, the Bay Area is home to six minor league teams: one soccer team (San Francisco Deltas),[103] one hockey team (San Jose Barracuda),[104] and four baseball teams in the Pacific Association of Professional Baseball Clubs (San Rafael Pacifics, Sonoma Stompers, Pittsburg Diamonds, and the Vallejo Admirals).[105] In terms of collegiate sports, six Bay Area universities are members of NCAA Division I, the highest level of college sports in the country.[106] All three football-playing schools in the Bay Area are in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of NCAA college football. The California Golden Bears and Stanford Cardinal compete in the Pac-12 Conference, and the San Jose State Spartans compete in the Mountain West Conference.[107] The Cardinal and Golden Bears are intense rivals, with their football teams competing annually in the Big Game for the Stanford Axe.[108] One of the most famous games in the rivalry occurred in 1982, when the Golden Bears defeated the Cardinal on a last-second return kickoff known as "The Play".[109]
The Bay Area has an ideal climate for outdoor recreation, such that activities like hiking and cycling are popular among locals.[110][111] There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes just within San Francisco,[112] and the Embarcadero and Marina Green are favored sites for skateboarding. Extensive public tennis facilities are available in Golden Gate Park and Dolores Park, as well as at smaller neighborhood courts throughout the city. San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the U.S.[113] Boating, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District. The St. Francis Yacht Club and Golden Gate Yacht Club are located in the Marina Harbor,[114][115] while the South Beach Yacht Club is located next to AT&T Park.[116]
Demographics
![An image of members of of the Vietnamese community marching in San Jose](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/San_Jose_Tet_parade%2C_2009.jpg/220px-San_Jose_Tet_parade%2C_2009.jpg)
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 114,074 | — | |
1870 | 265,808 | 133.0% | |
1880 | 422,128 | 58.8% | |
1890 | 547,618 | 29.7% | |
1900 | 658,111 | 20.2% | |
1910 | 925,708 | 40.7% | |
1920 | 1,182,911 | 27.8% | |
1930 | 1,578,009 | 33.4% | |
1940 | 1,734,308 | 9.9% | |
1950 | 2,681,322 | 54.6% | |
1960 | 3,638,939 | 35.7% | |
1970 | 4,628,199 | 27.2% | |
1980 | 5,179,784 | 11.9% | |
1990 | 6,023,577 | 16.3% | |
2000 | 6,783,760 | 12.6% | |
2010 | 7,150,739 | 5.4% | |
2016 (est.) | 7,684,011 | [117] | 7.5% |
Note: 9 County Population Totals |
According to the 2010 United States Census, the population of the nine-county Bay Area was 7.15 million, with 49.6% male and 50.4% female.[118] Of these, approximately 2.3 million (32%) are foreign born.[119] In 2010 the racial makeup of the nine-county Bay Area was 52.5% White (both Non-Hispanic whites and Hispanic White Americans), 23.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race (17.9% Mexican, 1.3% Salvadoran, 0.6% Guatemalan, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Nicaraguan, 0.3% Peruvian, 0.2% Cuban), 23.3% Asian (7.9% Chinese, 5.1% Filipino, 3.3% Indian, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.0% Korean, 0.9% Japanese, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% Burmese), 6.7% non-Hispanic African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% Pacific Islander (0.1% Tongan, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Fijian, >0.1% Guamanian, >0.1% Native Hawaiian), 5.4% from two or more races and 10.8% from other races.[120] The Bay Area cities of Vallejo, Suisun City, Oakland, San Leandro, Fairfield, and Richmond are among the most ethnically diverse cities in the United States.[121]
Based on geographic location, non-Hispanic whites make up the majority in Marin, Napa, and Sonoma counties.[118] Whites also make up the majority in the eastern regions of the East Bay centered around Livermore and Walnut Creek areas.[118] San Francisco's North Beach district is considered the Little Italy of the city, and was once home to a significant Italian American community. San Francisco and Marin County both have substantial Jewish communities.[122] The Latino population is spread throughout the Bay Area, but among the nine counties, the greatest number of them live in Santa Clara County, while Contra Costa County sees the highest growth rate.[123] Mexican Americans make up the largest share of Hispanic residents in Napa county,[124] while Central Americans make up the largest share in San Francisco, many of whom live in the Mission District which is home to many residents of Salvadoran and Guatemalan descent.[125]
The Asian American population in the Bay Area is significant compared to other regions in the U.S., concentrated in the Bay Area city of Daly City. At 58.4%, Daly City's Asian American population is larger than anywhere else in the United States outside of Hawaii.[126] Asian Americans also constitute a majority in Fremont, with significant populations in Sunnyvale and Santa Clara. The cities of San Jose and San Francisco had the third and fourth largest total number of Asian Americans out of every American city.[127] In San Francisco, Chinese Americans comprise 21.4% of the population and constitute the single largest ethnic group in the city.[128] Santa Clara county, and increasingly the East Bay, house a significant Indian American community.[129] The Bay Area is home to over 382,950 Filipino Americans, one of the largest communities of Filipino people outside of the Philippines with the largest proportion of Filipino Americans concentrating themselves within American Canyon, Daly City, Fairfield, South San Francisco and Vallejo.[130] There are more than one hundred thousand people of Vietnamese ancestry residing within San Jose city limits, the largest Vietnamese population of any city in the world outside of Vietnam.[131] In addition, there is a sizable community of Korean Americans in Santa Clara county, where San Jose is located.[132] East Bay cities such as Richmond and Oakland, and the North Bay city of Santa Rosa, have plentiful populations of Laotian and Cambodians in certain neighborhoods.[133] Pacific Islanders such as Samoans and Tongans have the largest presence in East Palo Alto, where they constitute over 7% of the population.[134]
The African American population of the Bay Area used to be significant in San Francisco, where one out of seven residents were black in 1970, which had a thriving jazz scene and was known as "Harlem of the West". Today, they have mostly moved to parts of the East Bay and North Bay, including the cities of Oakland and Antioch.[57] The South Park neighborhood of Santa Rosa was home to once a primarily black community until the 1980s, when many Latino immigrants settled in the area.[135] Other cities with large numbers of African Americans include Vallejo (28%), [136] Richmond (26%),[137] and East Palo Alto (17%).[134]
The Bay Area is one of the wealthiest regions in the United States, due, primarily, to the economic power engines of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland. The Bay Area city of Pleasanton has the second-highest household income in the country after New Canaan, Connecticut. However, discretionary income is very comparable with the rest of the country, primarily because the higher cost of living offsets the increased income.[138]
Forty-seven Bay Area residents made the Forbes magazine's 400 richest Americans list, published in 2007. Thirteen lived in San Francisco proper, placing it seventh among cities in the world. Among the forty-seven were several well-known names such as Steve Jobs, George Lucas, and Charles Schwab. The wealthiest resident was Larry Ellison of Oracle, worth $25 billion.[139] A study by Capgemini indicates that in 2009, 4.5% of all households within the San Francisco-Oakland and San Jose metropolitan areas held $1 million in investable assets, placing the region No. 1 in the United States (Metro New York City placed second at 4.3%).[140]
Counties by population and ethnicity | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | Typ | Population | White | Other | Asian | African | Native | Hispanic |
Alameda | County | 1,494,876 | 46.2% | 13.8% | 26.2% | 12.5% | 1.3% | 22.2% |
Contra Costa | County | 1,037,817 | 63.2% | 12.5% | 14.3% | 9.1% | 0.5% | 23.9% |
Marin | County | 250,666 | 79.9% | 11.0% | 5.6% | 3.0% | 0.2% | 14.0% |
Napa | County | 135,377 | 81.3% | 8.9% | 6.8% | 2.0% | 0.3% | 31.5% |
San Francisco | City and county | 870,887 | 48.5% | 11.3% | 33.3% | 6.1% | 0.9% | 15.1% |
San Mateo | County | 711,622 | 59.6% | 11.1% | 24.6% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 24.9% |
Santa Clara | County | 1,762,754 | 50.9% | 13.8% | 31.8% | 2.6% | 0.4% | 26.6% |
Solano | County | 411,620 | 52.1% | 17.6% | 14.4% | 14.6% | 1.4% | 23.6% |
Sonoma | County | 478,551 | 81.6% | 11.3% | 4.0% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 24.3% |
Counties by population and income | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | Typ | Population | Per capita income | Median household income | Median family income |
Alameda | County | 1,494,876 | $34,937 | $70,821 | $87,012 |
Contra Costa | County | 1,037,817 | $38,141 | $79,135 | $93,437 |
Marin | County | 250,666 | $54,605 | $89,605 | $113,826 |
Napa | County | 135,377 | $35,309 | $68,641 | $79,884 |
San Francisco | City and county | 870,887 | $46,777 | $72,947 | $87,329 |
San Mateo | County | 711,622 | $45,346 | $87,633 | 104,370 |
Santa Clara | County | 1,762,754 | $40,698 | $89,064 | $103,255 |
Solano | County | 411,620 | $29,367 | $69,914 | $79,316 |
Sonoma | County | 478,551 | $33,119 | $64,343 | $78,227 |
Crime
Statistics regarding crime rates in the Bay Area generally fall into two categories: violent crime and property crime. Historically, violent crime has been concentrated in a few cities in the East Bay, namely Oakland, San Pablo, and Antioch, but also East Palo Alto in the Peninsula, Vallejo in the North Bay, and San Francisco.[141] Nationally, Oakland's murder rate ranked 18th among cities with over 100,000 residents, and third for violent crimes per capita.[142] According to a 2015 Federal Bureau of Investigation report, Oakland was also the source of the most violent crime in the Bay Area, with 16.9 reported incidents per thousand people. Vallejo came in second, at 8.7 incidents per thousand people, while San Pablo, Antioch, and San Francisco rounded out the top five. East Palo Alto, which used to have the Bay Area's highest murder rate, saw violent crime incidents drop 65% between 2013 to 2014, while Oakland saw violent crime incidents drop 15%.[141] Meanwhile, San Jose, which was one of the safest large cities in the United States in the early 2000s, has saw its violent crime rates trend upwards.[143] Cities with the lowest rate of violent crime include the Peninsula cities of Los Altos and Foster City, East Bay cities of San Ramon and Danville, and South Bay cities of Saratoga and Cupertino. In 2015, 45 Bay Area cities counted zero homicides, the largest of which was Daly City.[141]
In 2015, Oakland also saw the highest rates of property crime in the Bay Area, at 59.4 incidents per thousand residents, with San Francisco following close behind at 53 incidents per thousand residents. The East Bay cities Pleasant Hill, Berkeley, and San Leandro rounded out the top five. The South Bay city of Saratoga and the North Bay city of Windsor saw the least rates of property crime.[141] Additionally, San Francisco saw the most reports of arson.[142]
Several street gangs operate in the Bay Area, including the Sureños and Norteños in San Francisco's Mission District.[144] African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the Crips, have struggled to establish footholds in the city,[145] although gangs with shotcallers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, have been reported active.[146] In 1977, an ongoing rivalry between two Chinese gangs led to a shooting attack at the Golden Dragon restaurant in Chinatown, which left 5 people dead and 11 wounded. Five members of the Joe Boys gang were arrested and convicted of the crime.[147] Oakland, which also sees organized gang violence, implemented Operation Ceasefire in 2012 in an effort to reduce the violence.[148]
Economy
![An image of Google's corporate headquarters.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Googleplex_%284842867784%29.jpg/220px-Googleplex_%284842867784%29.jpg)
The three principal cities of the Bay Area represent different employment clusters and are dominated by different, but commingled, industries. San Francisco is home to the region's financial and business industry, tourism, and is host to numerous conventions. The East Bay, centered around Oakland, is home to heavy industry, metalworking, oil, and shipping, while Silicon Valley is a major pole of economic activity around the technology industry. Furthermore, the North Bay is a major player in the country's agriculture and wine industry.[8] In all, the Bay Area is home to the second highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, second only to the New York metropolitan area, with thirty such companies based throughout the region.[149] In 2014, the greater twelve-county statistical area had a GDP of $758.5 billion, the third-highest among combined statistical areas.[150] The smaller nine-county Bay Area had a GDP of $721 billion, which nonetheless would rank it 6th among U.S. states and 16th among countries.[151]
Several major corporations are headquartered in the Bay Area. Among the Fortune 500 companies located in the region include technology companies Google, Apple Inc., Hewlett Packard, Intel, Applied Materials, eBay, Cisco Systems, Yahoo!, Symantec, and Oracle; energy companies Chevron, Calpine Corporation, and PG&E; financial service companies Charles Schwab Corporation, Visa Inc., and Wells Fargo; apparel retailers Gap Inc. and Levi Strauss & Co.; aerospace and defense contractor Lockheed Martin; local grocer Safeway; and biotechnology company Genentech.[152] Oakland is the site of the fifth-largest container shipping port in the United States and is also a major rail terminus.[153] In addition, NASA's Ames Research Center and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are based in Mountain View and Livermore respectively. In the North Bay, Napa and Sonoma counties are known for their famous wineries, including Fantesca Estate & Winery, Domaine Chandon California, and D'Agostini Winery.[154]
Despite the strong economy, the Bay Area's housing market and cost of living is becoming increasingly expensive. As of 2017, the average income needed in order to purchase a house in the region was $179,390, while the median price for a house was $895,000.[155] Because of the high cost of living, many workers in the Bay Area live far from their place of employment, contributing to one of the highest percentages of extreme commuters in the United States, or commutes that take over ninety minutes in one direction. For example, about 50,000 people commute from neighboring San Joaquin county into the nine-county Bay Area daily.[156]
Bildung
Colleges and universities
![An image of UC Berkeley's campus.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UCBerkeleyCampus.jpg/220px-UCBerkeleyCampus.jpg)
The Bay Area is home to a large number of colleges and universities. The first institution of higher education in the Bay Area, Santa Clara University, was founded by Jesuits in 1851, whom also founded the University of San Francisco in 1855.[157] San Jose State University was founded in 1857 and is the oldest public college on the West Coast of the United States.[158] According to the Brookings Institution, 45% of residents of the two-county San Jose metro area have a college degree and 43% of residents in the five-county San Francisco metro area have a college degree, the second and fourth highest ranked metro areas in the country for higher educational attainment.[159]
Rankings compiled by U.S. News & World Report feature several Bay Area universities in prominent spots. Stanford University is the highest ranked university in the Bay Area, and fifth overall in the United States. The University of California, Berkeley is ranked twentieth overall, but for the past nineteen years has been highest-ranked public university in the country. Additionally, San Jose State University and Sonoma State University were respectively ranked sixth and tenth among public colleges in the West Coast.[160]
The city of San Francisco is host to two additional University of California schools, neither of which confer undergraduate degrees. The University of California, San Francisco is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States[161] and operates the UCSF Medical Center, which is the highest-ranked hopsital in California.[162] The University of California, Hastings College of the Law, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.[163] The city is also host to a California State University school, San Francisco State University.[164]
California Community Colleges System also operates a number of community colleges in the Bay Area. According to CNNMoney, the Bay Area community college with the highest "success" rate is De Anza College in Cupertino, which is also the tenth-highest ranked in the nation. Other relatively well-ranked Bay Area community colleges include Foothill College, City College of San Francisco, West Valley College, Diablo Valley College, and Las Positas College.[165]
Primary and secondary schools
Public primary and secondary education in the Bay Area is provided through school districts organized through three structures: elementary school districts, high school districts, or unified school districts, and are governed by an elected board. In addition, many Bay Area counties and the city of San Francisco operate "special service schools" that are geared towards providing education to students with handicaps or special needs.[166] An alternative public educational setting is offered by charter schools, which may be established with a renewable charter of up to five years by third parties. The mechanism for charter schools in the Bay Area is governed by the California Charter Schools Act of 1992.[167]
According to rankings compiled by U.S. News & World Report, the highest-ranked high school in California is the Pacific Collegiate School, located in Santa Cruz and part of the greater Bay Area. Within the traditional nine-county boundaries, the highest ranked high school is KIPP San Jose Collegiate in San Jose. Among the top twenty high schools in California include Lowell High School in San Francisco, the University Preparatory Academy in San Jose, Mission San Jose High School in Fremont, Oakland Charter High School in Oakland, Henry M. Gunn High School in Palo Alto, and Saratoga High School in Saratoga.[168]
Geography
Climate
The Bay Area is located in the relatively rare warm-summer Mediterranean climate zone (Köppen Csb) that is a characteristic of California's coast, with moist mild winters and dry summers.[169] It is largely influenced by the cold California Current, which penetrates the natural mountainous barrier along the coast by traveling through various gaps.[170] In terms of precipitation, this means that the Bay Area has pronounced wet and dry seasons. The wet season, which roughly runs between November and March, is the source of about 82% of annual precipitation in the area. In the South Bay and further inland, while the wet season is cool and mild, the summer dry season is characterized by warm sunny days,[170] while in San Francisco and areas closer to the Golden Gate strait, the dry season is periodically affected by fog.[171]
Due to the Bay Area's diverse topography, the result of the clashing tectonic plates, the region is home to numerous microclimates that lead to pronounced differences in climate and temperature over short distances.[169][172] Within the city of San Francisco, natural and artificial topographical features direct the movement of wind and fog, resulting in startlingly varied climates between city blocks. Along the Golden Gate Strait, oceanic wind and fog from the Pacific Ocean are able to penetrate the mountain barriers inland into the Bay Area.[172] During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog.[171] The microclimate phenomenon is most pronounced during this time, when fog penetration is at its maximum in areas near the Golden Gate strait,[172] while the South Bay and areas further inland are sunny and dry.[170]
Along the San Francisco peninsula, gaps in the Santa Cruz Mountains, one south of San Bruno Mountain and another in Crystal Springs, allow oceanic weather into the interior and causing a cooling effect for cities along the Peninsula and even as far south as San Jose. This weather pattern is also the source for delays at San Francisco International Airport. In Marin county north of the Golden Gate strait, two gaps north of Muir Woods bring cold air across the Marin Headlands, with the cooling affect reaching as far north as Santa Rosa.[172] Further inland, the East Bay receives oceanic weather that travels through the Golden Gate strait, and further diffuses that air through the Berkeley Hills, Niles Canyon and the Hayward Pass into the Livermore Valley and Altamont Pass. Here, the resulting breeze is so strong that it is home to one of the world's largest array of wind turbines. Further north, the Carquinez Strait funnels the ocean weather into the San Joaquin River Delta, causing a cooling effect in Stockton and Sacramento, so that these cities are also cooler than their Central Valley counterparts in the south.[172]
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fairfield[173] | 55 / 39 (13 / 4) |
61 / 42 (16 / 6) |
66 / 45 (19 / 7) |
71 / 47 (22 / 8) |
78 / 52 (26 / 11) |
85 / 56 (29 / 13) |
90 / 58 (32 / 14) |
89 / 57 (32 / 14) |
86 / 56 (30 / 13) |
78 / 51 (26 / 11) |
65 / 44 (18 / 7) |
55 / 39 (13 / 4) |
Oakland[174] | 58 / 44 (14 / 7) |
67 / 47 (19 / 8) |
64 / 49 (18 / 9) |
66 / 50 (19 / 10) |
69 / 53 (21 / 12) |
72 / 55 (22 / 13) |
72 / 56 (22 / 13) |
73 / 58 (23 / 14) |
74 / 57 (23 / 14) |
72 / 54 (22 / 12) |
65 / 49 (18 / 9) |
58 / 45 (14 / 7) |
San Francisco[175] | 57 / 46 (14 / 8) |
60 / 48 (16 / 9) |
62 / 49 (17 / 9) |
63 / 49 (17 / 9) |
64 / 51 (18 / 11) |
66 / 53 (19 / 12) |
66 / 54 (19 / 12) |
68 / 55 (20 / 13) |
70 / 55 (21 / 13) |
69 / 54 (21 / 12) |
63 / 50 (17 / 10) |
57 / 46 (14 / 8) |
San Jose[176] | 58 / 42 (14 / 6) |
62 / 45 (17 / 7) |
66 / 47 (19 / 8) |
69 / 49 (21 / 9) |
74 / 52 (23 / 11) |
79 / 56 (26 / 13) |
82 / 58 (28 / 14) |
82 / 58 (28 / 14) |
80 / 57 (27 / 14) |
74 / 53 (23 / 12) |
64 / 46 (18 / 8) |
58 / 42 (14 / 6) |
Santa Rosa[177] | 59 / 39 (15 / 4) |
63 / 41 (17 / 5) |
67 / 43 (19 / 6) |
70 / 45 (21 / 7) |
75 / 48 (24 / 9) |
80 / 52 (27 / 11) |
82 / 52 (28 / 11) |
83 / 53 (28 / 12) |
83 / 52 (28 / 11) |
78 / 48 (26 / 9) |
67 / 43 (19 / 6) |
59 / 39 (15 / 4) |
Ecology
Marine wildlife
![An image of river otter sunning on rocks.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/River_otter_Richmond_Marina_Scott_Campbell_July_29%2C_2010.jpg/250px-River_otter_Richmond_Marina_Scott_Campbell_July_29%2C_2010.jpg)
![An image of a California golden beaver.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Beaver_Yearling_Grooming_Alhambra_Creek_2008.jpg/250px-Beaver_Yearling_Grooming_Alhambra_Creek_2008.jpg)
The Bay Area is home to a diverse array of wildlife and, along with the connected San Joaquin River Delta represents one of California's most important ecological habitats.[178] California's Dungeness crab, Pacific halibut, and the California scorpionfish are all significant components of the bay's fisheries.[179] The bay's salt marshes now represent most of California's remaining salt marsh and support a number of endangered species and provide key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and sediments from the rivers.[180] Most famously, the bay is a key link in the Pacific Flyway and with millions of shorebirds annually visiting the bay shallows as a refuge, is the most important component of the flyway south of Alaska.[181] Many endangered species of birds are also found here: the California least tern, the California clapper rail, the snowy egret, and the black crowned night heron.[182]
There is also a significant diversity of salmonids present in the bay. Steelhead populations in California have dramatically declined due to human and natural causes; in the Bay Area, all naturally spawned anadromous steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in California streams from the Russian River to Aptos Creek, and the drainages of San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun Bays are listed as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act.[183] The Central California Coast coho salmon population is the most endangered of the many troubled salmon populations on the west coast of the United States, including populations residing in tributaries to the San Francisco Bay.[184] Industrial, mining, and other uses of mercury have resulted in a widespread distribution of that poisonous metal in the bay, with uptake in the bay's phytoplankton and contamination of its sportfish.[185]
Aquatic mammals are also present in the bay. Before 1825, Spanish, French, English, Russians and Americans were drawn to the Bay Area to harvest prodigious quantities of beaver, river otter, marten, fisher, mink, fox, weasel, harbor and fur seals and sea otter. This early fur trade, known as the California Fur Rush, was more than any other single factor, responsible for opening up the West and the San Francisco Bay Area, in particular, to world trade.[186] By 1817 sea otter in the area were practically eliminated.[187] Since then, the California golden beaver has re-established a presence in the Alhambra Creek.[188] The North American river otter which was first reported in Redwood Creek at Muir Beach in 1996,[189] has since been spotted in the North Bay's Corte Madera Creek, the South Bay's Coyote Creek,[190] as well as in 2010 in San Francisco Bay itself at the Richmond Marina. Other mammals include the internationally famous sea lions who began inhabiting San Francisco's Pier 39 after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake[191] and the locally famous Humphrey the Whale, a humpback whale who entered San Francisco Bay twice on errant migrations in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[192] Bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises have recently returned to the bay, having been absent for many decades. Historically, this was the northern extent of their warm-water species range.[193]
Birds
![An image of a family of burrowing owls inside their holes.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Burrowing_Owl_Family_in_Antioch.jpg/250px-Burrowing_Owl_Family_in_Antioch.jpg)
In addition to the many species of marine birds that can be seen in the Bay Area, many other species of birds make the Bay Area their home, making the region a popular destination for birdwatching.[194] Many birds, including many described in the following paragraphs, are listed as endangered species despite once being common in the region, due to human and other impacts.
Western burrowing owls were originally listed as a species of special concern by the California Department of Fish and Game in 1979. California's population declined 60% from the 1980s to the early 1990s, and continues to decline at roughly 8% per year.[195] A 1992–93 survey reported no breeding burrowing owls in Napa, Marin, and San Francisco counties, and only a few in San Mateo and Sonoma. The Santa Clara county population is also declining and restricted to a few breeding locations, leaving only Alameda, Contra Costa, and Solano counties as the remnant breeding range.[196] In 1989, a bald eagle nest was reported in Napa county's Lake Berryessa, and was the first bald eagle breeding pair in the Bay Area since 1915, and were once common in the Bay Area. Habitat destruction and thinning of eggs from DDT poisoning reduced the California state population to 35 nesting pairs at their lowest point.[197] In the 1980s an effort to re-introduce the species to the area began with the Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group and the San Francisco Zoo importing birds and eggs from Vancouver Island and northeastern California,[198] and there are now nineteen nesting couples in eight of the Bay Area's nine counties.[197] Other once absent species that have returned to the Bay Area include Swainson’s hawk, white tailed kite, and the osprey.[197]
In 1927, zoologist Joseph Grinnell wrote that osprey were only rare visitors to the San Francisco Bay Area, although he noted records of one or two used nests in the broken tops of redwood trees along the Russian River.[199] In 1989, the southern breeding range of the osprey in the Bay Area was Kent Lake, although osprey were noted to be extending their range further south in the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada.[200] In 2014, a Bay Area-wide survey found osprey had extended their breeding range southward with nesting sites as far south as Hunters Point in San Francisco on the west side and Hayward on the east side, while further studies have found nesting sites as far south as the Los Gatos Creek watershed, indicating that the nesting range now includes the entire length of San Francisco Bay.[201] Most nests were built on man-made structures close to areas of human disturbance, likely due to lack of mature trees near the Bay.[202] The wild turkey population was introduced in the 1960s by state game officials, and by 2015 have become a common sight in East Bay communities.[203]
Geology and landforms
![A satellite image of the Bay Area, depicting features visible from space.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BayareaUSGS.jpg/220px-BayareaUSGS.jpg)
The Bay Area is well known for the complexity of its landforms that are the result of millions of years by the forces of plate tectonics, since the region is located in the middle of a meeting point between two plates.[204] Nine out of eleven distinct assemblages have been identified in a single county, Alameda.[205] Diverse assemblages adjoin in complex arrangements due to offsets along the many faults (both active and stable) in the area. As a consequence, many types of rock and soil are found in the region. The oldest rocks are metamorphic rocks that are associated with granite in the Salinian Block west of the San Andreas fault. These were formed from sedimentary rocks of sandstone, limestone, and shale in uplifted seabeds.[206] Volcanic deposits also exist in the Bay Area, left behind by the movement of the San Andreas fault, whose movement sliced a subduction plate and allowed magma to briefly flow to the surface.[207]
![A map tracing all the fault lines in the Bay Area, and listing probabilities of earthquakes occurring on them.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eq-prob.jpg/220px-Eq-prob.jpg)
The region has considerable vertical relief in its landscapes that are not in the alluvial plains leading to the bay or in inland valleys. The topography, and geologic history, of the Bay Area can largely be attributed to the compressive forces between the Pacific Plate and the North American plate.[208] The three major ridge structures in the Bay Area, part of the Pacific Coast Range, are all roughly parallel to the major faults. The Santa Cruz Mountains along the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Hills in Marin County follow the San Andreas fault, The Berkeley Hills, San Leandro Hills and their southern ridgeline extension through Mission Peak roughly follow the Hayward fault, and the Diablo Range, which includes Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton and runs along the Calaveras fault.[209]
In total, the Bay Area is traversed by seven major fault systems with hundreds of related faults, all of which are stressed by the relative motion between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate or by compressive stresses between these plates. The fault systems include the Hayward Fault Zone, Concord-Green Valley Fault, Calaveras Fault, Clayton-Marsh Creek-Greenville Fault, Rodgers Creek Fault, and the San Gregorio Fault.[210] Significant blind thrust faults (faults with near vertical motion and no surface ruptures) are associated with portions of the Santa Cruz Mountains and the northern reaches of the Diablo Range and Mount Diablo. These "hidden" faults, which are not as well known, pose a significant earthquake hazard.[211] Among the more well-understood faults, scientists estimate a 63% probability of a magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurring along either the Hayward, Rogers Creek, or San Andreas fault, with an earthquake more likely to occur in the East Bay.[212] Two of the largest earthquakes in recent history were the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Hydrography
The Bay Area is home to a complex network of watersheds, marshes, rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and bays that predominantly drain into the San Francisco Bay and Pacific Ocean. The largest bodies of water in the Bay Area are the San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun estuaries. Major rivers of the North Bay include the Napa River, the Petaluma River, the Gualala River, and the Russian River; the former two drain into San Pablo Bay, the latter two into the Pacific Ocean. In the South Bay, the Guadalupe River drains into San Francisco Bay near Alviso.[213] There are also several lakes present in the Bay Area, including man-made lakes like Lake Berryessa[214] and natural albeit heavily modified lakes like Lake Merritt.[215]
Prior to the introduction of European agricultural methods, the shores of San Francisco Bay consisted mostly of tidal marshes.[216] Today, the bay has been significantly altered heavily re-engineered to accommodate the needs of water delivery, shipping, agriculture, and urban development, with side effects including the loss of wetlands and the introduction of contaminants and invasive species.[217] Approximately 85% of those marshes have been lost or destroyed, but about 50 marshes and marsh fragments remain.[216] Huge tracts of the marshes were originally destroyed by farmers for agricultural purposes, then repurposed to serve as salt evaporation ponds to produce salt for food and other purposes.[218] Today, regulations limit the destruction of tidal marshes, and large portions are currently being rehabilitated to its natural state.[216]
Government and politics
![An image of the San Francisco City Hall.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SFCityHall.png/220px-SFCityHall.png)
Government in the San Francisco Bay Area consists of multiple actors, including 101 city and nine county governments, a dozen regional agencies, and a large number of single-purpose special districts such as municipal utility districts and transit districts.[219] Incorporated cities are responsible for providing police service, zoning, issuing building permits, and maintaining public streets among other duties.[220] County governments are responsible for elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, agricultural regulations, and building inspections, among other duties.[221][222] Public education is provided by independent school districts, which may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts, and are managed by an elected school board.[166] A variety of special districts also exist and provide a single purpose, such as delivering public transit in the case of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District,[223] or monitoring air quality levels in the case of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.[10]
Politics in the Bay Area is widely regarded as one of the most liberal in California and in the United States.[224][225] Since the late 1960s, the Bay Area cemented its role as the most liberal region in California politics, supporting the center left Democratic Party's candidates for U.S. President and continued to support Democratic candidates more than other regions of the state, even as California trended towards the Democratic Party over time.[226] According to research by the Public Policy Institute of California, the Bay Area and the North Coast counties of Humboldt and Mendocino were the most consistently and strongly liberal areas in California.[226]
According to the California Secretary of State, the Democratic Party holds a voter registration advantage in every congressional district, state senate district, state assembly district, State Board of Equalization district, all nine counties, and all but three of the 101 incorporated municipalities in the Bay Area. On the other hand, the center right Republican Party holds a voter registration advantage in only one state assembly subdistrict (the portion of California's 4th State Assembly district in Solano county) and three cities, Atherton, Hillsborough, and Danville.[227] According to the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI), congressional districts the Bay Area tends to favor Democratic candidates by roughly 40 to 50 percentage points, considerably above the mean for California and the nation overall.[228]
Counties by population and voter registration | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | Population[229] | Registered voters[230] | Democratic[230] | Republican[230] | D–R spread[230] | American Independent[230] |
Green[230] | Libertarian[230] | Peace and Freedom[230] |
Americans Elect[230] |
Other[230] | No party preference[230] |
Alameda | 1,494,876 | 54.6% | 56.4% | 14.1% | +42.3% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 6.0% | 19.5% |
Contra Costa | 1,037,817 | 58.5% | 50.4% | 21.8% | +24.8% | 2.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 23.7% |
Marin | 250,666 | 61.5% | 54.4% | 18.2% | +36.2% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 12.9% |
Napa | 135,377 | 56.2% | 46.9% | 24.2% | +22.7% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 23.4% |
San Francisco | 870,887 | 62.4% | 55.6% | 8.6% | +47.0% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 31.1% |
San Mateo | 711,622 | 50.7% | 51.3% | 19.4% | +31.9% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 25.5% |
Santa Clara | 1,762,754 | 46.5% | 45.6% | 21.7% | +23.9% | 2.1% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 29.0% |
Solano | 411,620 | 51.1% | 48.6% | 25.0% | +23.6% | 2.8% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 22.0% |
Sonoma | 478,551 | 54.7% | 51.5% | 21.6% | +29.9% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 21.3% |
In U.S. Presidential elections, the nine-county Bay Area voted for Republican candidates in the last four decades only twice, once in 1972 for Richard Nixon and again in 1980 for Ronald Reagan and in 1984, both Californians. The last county to vote for a Republican Presidential candidate was Napa county in 1988 for George H. W. Bush. Since then, all nine Bay Area counties have voted consistently for the Democratic candidate.[231] Currently, both of California's U.S. Senators and all twelve U.S. congressional districts located wholly or partially in the Bay Area is represented by a Democratic representative. Additionally, every Bay Area member of the California State Senate and the California State Assembly is a registered Democrat, except for Catherine Baker, who represents California's 16th State Assembly district.[232]
The association between the Bay Area and progressive politics has led the term "San Francisco values" being used by conservative commentators in a pejorative sense by to describe the secular progressive culture in the area.[233]
Transport
![A transit map with lines depicting routes operated by various public rail agencies in the Bay Area.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/SF_Bay_Rail_Transit.svg/300px-SF_Bay_Rail_Transit.svg.png)
Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area is reliant on a complex multimodal infrastructure consisting of roads, bridges, highways, rail, tunnels, airports, and bike and pedestrian paths. The development, maintenance, and operation of these different modes of transportation are overseen by various agencies, including the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission.[234] These and other organizations collectively manage several interstate highways and state routes, two subway networks, two commuter rail agencies, eight trans-bay bridges, transbay ferry service, local bus service,[235] three international airports (San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland),[236] and an extensive network of roads, tunnels, and paths such as the San Francisco Bay Trail.[237]
The Bay Area hosts an extensive freeway and highway system that is particularly prone to traffic congestion, with one study by Inrix concluding that the Bay Area's traffic was the fourth worst in the world.[238] There are some city streets in San Francisco where gaps occur in the freeway system, partly the result of the Freeway Revolt, which prevented a freeway-only thoroughfare through San Francisco between the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, the western terminus of Interstate 80, and the southern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge (U.S. Route 101).[239] Additional damage that occurred in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake resulted in freeway segments being removed instead of being reinforced or rebuilt, leading to the revitalization of neighborhoods such as San Francisco's Embarcadero.[240] The greater Bay Area contains the three principal north-south highways in California: Interstate 5, U.S. Route 101, and California State Route 1. U.S. 101 and State Route 1 directly serve the traditional nine-county region, while Interstate 5 bypasses to the east in San Joaquin County to provide a more direct Los Angeles–Sacramento route. Additional local highways connect the various subregions of the Bay Area together.[241]
There are over two dozen public transit agencies in the Bay Area with overlapping service areas that utilize different modes, with designated connection points between the various operators. Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), a heavy rail/metro system, operates in four counties and connects San Francisco and Oakland via an underwater tube. Other commuter rail systems link San Francisco with the Peninsula and San Jose (Caltrain), San Jose with the Tri-Valley Area and San Joaquin county (ACE), and Sonoma with Marin county (SMART).[235] In addition, Amtrak provides frequent commuter service between and San Jose and the East Bay with Sacramento, and long distance service to other parts of the United States.[242] Muni Metro operates a hybrid streetcar/subway system within the city of San Francisco, and VTA operates a light rail system in Santa Clara county. These rail systems are supplemented by numerous bus agencies and transbay ferries such as Golden Gate Ferry and the San Francisco Bay Water Transit Authority. Most of these agencies accept the Clipper Card, a reloadable contactless smart card, as a universal electronic payment system.[235]
See also
- List of metropolitan areas of the United States
- Coastal California
- List of companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
- Lists of San Francisco Bay Area topics
- Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area
References
- ^ "Square Mileage by County". California States Association of Counties. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ^ Hinrichs, Scott (September 28, 2006). "Mt. Hamilton Lick Observatory". Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ^ Kurhi, Eric (December 11, 2014). "San Jose: Overwhelmed pumps led to Alviso flooding; residents say it's a 'wake-up call'". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Counties Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016". 2016 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Population Totals Tables: 2010–2016". 2016 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
- ^ "Area Code Map for Northern California/Bay Area". White Pages. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ^ Demographia (April 2016). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (12th ed.). Retrieved November 17, 2016.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=
(help) - ^ a b c Walker, Richard and Alex Schafran (2015). "The strange case of the Bay Area" (PDF). Environment and Planing. 47: 11–13.
- ^ "The Nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards in California" (PDF). California Water Boards. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ a b "About the Air District". Bay Area Air Quality Management District. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "Welcome page". San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "Nine Bay Area counties". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "ABAG Members". Association of Bay Area Governments. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "Bay Area Census – Counties". Bay Area Census. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "San Francisco-San Jose-Oakland Designated Media Market Data". Truck Ads. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). United States Office of Management and Budget. February 28, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Crawford, Sabrina (January 31, 2006). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto. First Books. pp. 9–182. ISBN 978-0-912301-63-1. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ Nolte, Carl (November 7, 2015). "Peninsula a surprise find south of S.F." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Crawford, Sabrina (January 31, 2006). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto. First Books. pp. 99–129. ISBN 978-0-912301-63-1. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ Crawford, Sabrina (January 31, 2006). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto. First Books. pp. 130–156. ISBN 978-0-912301-63-1. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ Crawford, Sabrina (January 31, 2006). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto. First Books. pp. 157–182. ISBN 978-0-912301-63-1. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ Crawford, Sabrina (January 31, 2006). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to And Living in the San Francisco Bay Area: Including San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley, And Palo Alto. First Books. pp. 78–98. ISBN 978-0-912301-63-1. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ a b Billiter, Bill (January 1, 1985). "3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed : Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
{{cite news}}
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- ^ Sloan, Doris (October 1, 2001). "What, and where, are the oldest rocks in the Bay Area?". Bay Nature Magazine. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Alden, Andrew (April 11, 2011). "Bay Area Volcanoes". KQED. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
- ^ Anderson, David W; et al. "San Andreas Fault and Coastal Geology from Half Moon Bay to Fort Funston: Crustal Motion, Climate Change, and Human Activity" (PDF). United States Geologic Survey. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Fault Activity Map of California (Map). California Geological Survey. 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ "The San Andreas and Other Bay Area Faults". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ Perlman, David (December 25, 2003). "Bay Area home to thrust faults / Some are hidden from scientists' view". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
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(help) - ^ "Earthquake Hazards of The Bay Area Today". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ "San Francisco Bay Delta Watershed Map". ArcGIS. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ "Lake Berryessa". U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ "About Lake Merritt". The Lake Merritt Institute. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ a b c "A Brief History of the San Francisco Bay Tidal Marshes". Stanford University. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ Kimmerer, W. (2004). "Open water process of the San Francisco Estuary: from physical forcing to biological responses. " San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science 2(1). pp. 1–13.
- ^ Paul, Roger (August 12, 2016). "Massive new wetlands restoration reshapes San Francisco Bay". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Terplan, Egon (February 20, 2013). "Strengthening the Bay Area's regional governance" (PDF). SPUR. p. 2. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
- ^ California Government Code Title 4, Government of Cities
- ^ Baldassare, Mark (1998). When Government Fails: The Orange County Bankruptcy. Public Policy Institute of California/University of California Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-520-21486-2. LCCN 97032806.
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(help) - ^ Janiskee, Brian P.; Masugi, Ken (2011). Democracy in California: Politics and Government in the Golden State (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4422-0338-9. LCCN 2011007585.
- ^ "A History of BART: The Concept is Born". Bay Area Rapid Transit. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Barabak, Mark Z. (March 31, 2017). "How Trump supporters survive in blue California: 'You kind of keep your head down'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Fuller, Thomas (July 2, 2017). "California's Far North Deplores 'Tyranny' of the Urban Majority". New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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(help) - ^ a b McGhee, Eric and Daniel Krimm (February 2012). "California's Political Geography". Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "Report of Registration" (PDF). California Secretary of State. February 10, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "PVI Map and District List". The Cook Political Report. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B02001. American FactFinder. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k California Secretary of State. Report of Registration as of February 10, 2017.
- ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Wildermuth, John (May 8, 2016). "Catharine Baker, Bay Area's only GOP lawmaker, tries to keep seat". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Garofoli, Joe (November 3, 2006). "Three Dirty Words: San Francisco Values". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ "California Department of Transportation". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ a b c Amin, Ratna and Sara Barz (April 2015). "Seamless Transit" (PDF). SPUR. pp. 4–9. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Reed, Ted (June 12, 2017). "All Three Bay Area Airports Grow as United Expands Frisco Hub and Oakland Gets Two Spain Flights". TheStreet. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "About the Trail". San Francisco Bay Trail. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (February 27, 2017). "SF traffic ranks as 4th worst in world". [[San Francisco Chronicle]]. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
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(help) - ^ Atkins, Martin (September 9, 2012). "San Francisco's Freeway Revolt". Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ "11 Most Endangered: San Francisco Embarcadero | National Trust for Historic Preservation". savingplaces.org. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
- ^ California Road Atlas (Map). Thomas Brothers. 2009.
- ^ "About Amtrak California". Amtrak. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Discover the Bay Area website run by Discover California
- Bay Area Tourism Guide by the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce