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The flower blooms early in [[spring (season)|spring]], which leads to the common name Pasque flower, since Pasque refers to [[Easter]] ([[Passover]]). In [[South Dakota]] in the center of North America, the flower sprouts from late March through early June.<ref>{{cite web | website = [[South Dakota Magazine]] | url = http://www.southdakotamagazine.com/prairie-pasque | title = Prairie Pasque | date = April 6, 2016 | accessdate = April 7, 2016 }}</ref>
The flower blooms early in [[spring (season)|spring]], which leads to the common name Pasque flower, since Pasque refers to [[Easter]] ([[Passover]]). In [[South Dakota]] in the center of North America, the flower sprouts from late March through early June.<ref>{{cite web | website = [[South Dakota Magazine]] | url = http://www.southdakotamagazine.com/prairie-pasque | title = Prairie Pasque | date = April 6, 2016 | accessdate = April 7, 2016 }}</ref>


''Pulsatilla patens'' is the provincial flower of [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]]<ref name=MB>{{cite web | url= http://www.travelmanitoba.com/quickfacts/emblems.html | title= Symbols of Manitoba| author= Government of Manitoba| accessdate=2011-04-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051210182734/http://www.travelmanitoba.com/quickfacts/emblems.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2005-12-10}}</ref> and (as the [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''P. hirsutissima'') is the state flower of the US state of South Dakota.<ref>[http://www.sdsos.gov/adminservices/bluebookpdfs/2005bluebook/2005_blue_book_chapter_1.pdf Chapter 1 2005 South Dakota Legislative Manual The Mount Rushmore State]</ref> ''Pulsatilla vulgaris'' is the [[County flowers of the United Kingdom|County flower]] for both [[Hertfordshire]] and [[Cambridgeshire]] in [[England]].<ref>Plantlife website [http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ ''County Flowers page'']</ref> ''Pulsatilla vernalis'' is the county flower of [[Oppland]], [[Norway]].
''Pulsatilla patens'' is the provincial flower of [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]]<ref name=MB>{{cite web | url= http://www.travelmanitoba.com/quickfacts/emblems.html | title= Symbols of Manitoba| author= Government of Manitoba| accessdate=2011-04-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051210182734/http://www.travelmanitoba.com/quickfacts/emblems.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2005-12-10}}</ref> and (as the [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''P. hirsutissima'') is the state flower of the US state of South Dakota.<ref>[http://www.sdsos.gov/adminservices/bluebookpdfs/2005bluebook/2005_blue_book_chapter_1.pdf Chapter 1 2005 South Dakota Legislative Manual The Mount Rushmore State]</ref> ''Pulsatilla vulgaris'' is the [[County flowers of the United Kingdom|County flower]] for both [[Hertfordshire]] and [[Cambridgeshire]] in [[England]].<ref>Plantlife website [http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ ''County Flowers page''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430170312/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> ''Pulsatilla vernalis'' is the county flower of [[Oppland]], [[Norway]].


== Use and toxicity ==
== Use and toxicity ==
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* [http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/wildflowers/anemone_pulsatilla.html ''Anemone pulsatilla''], Wildflowers index, Department of Horticultural Science of NC State University
* [http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/wildflowers/anemone_pulsatilla.html ''Anemone pulsatilla''], Wildflowers index, Department of Horticultural Science of NC State University
* Gregory L. Tilford 1997. ''Edible and Medicinal plants of the West'', Mountain Press Publishing {{ISBN|0-87842-359-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=P_s7sD11RM8C&dq=%22Edible+and+Medicinal+plants+of+the+West%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s preview]
* Gregory L. Tilford 1997. ''Edible and Medicinal plants of the West'', Mountain Press Publishing {{ISBN|0-87842-359-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=P_s7sD11RM8C&dq=%22Edible+and+Medicinal+plants+of+the+West%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s preview]
* [http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/09AE8029-A000-48F8-B79F-521B7EA87E61/0/pasque.pdf] - "Pasqueflower (''Pulsatilla vulgaris'') Local species action plan for Cambridgeshire, 1999"
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609183252/http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/09AE8029-A000-48F8-B79F-521B7EA87E61/0/pasque.pdf] - "Pasqueflower (''Pulsatilla vulgaris'') Local species action plan for Cambridgeshire, 1999"
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Revision as of 02:06, 23 January 2018

Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla vulgaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
Order:
Ranunculales
Family:
Ranunculaceae
Genus:
Pulsatilla

Species

See text.

The genus Pulsatilla contains about 33 species of herbaceous perennials native to meadows and prairies of North America, Europe, and Asia. Common names include pasque flower (or pasqueflower), wind flower, prairie crocus, Easter flower, and meadow anemone. Several species are valued ornamentals because of their finely-dissected leaves, solitary bell-shaped flowers, and plumed seed heads. The showy part of the flower consists of sepals, not petals.

The genus Pulsatilla is sometimes considered a subgenus under the genus Anemone or as an informally named "group" within Anemone subgenus Anemone section Pulsatilloides.[1]

The flower blooms early in spring, which leads to the common name Pasque flower, since Pasque refers to Easter (Passover). In South Dakota in the center of North America, the flower sprouts from late March through early June.[2]

Pulsatilla patens is the provincial flower of Manitoba, Canada[3] and (as the synonym P. hirsutissima) is the state flower of the US state of South Dakota.[4] Pulsatilla vulgaris is the County flower for both Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire in England.[5] Pulsatilla vernalis is the county flower of Oppland, Norway.

Use and toxicity

Pulsatilla is highly toxic, and produces cardiogenic toxins and oxytoxins which slow the heart in humans. Excess use can lead to diarrhea, vomiting and convulsions,[6] hypotension and coma.[7] It has been used as a medicine by Native Americans for centuries. Blackfoot Indians used it to induce abortions and childbirth.[6] Pulsatilla should not be taken during pregnancy nor during lactation.[8]

Extracts of Pulsatilla have been used to treat reproductive problems such as premenstrual syndrome and epididymitis.[8] Additional applications of plant extracts include uses as a sedative and for treating coughs.[8] It is also used as an initial ingredient in homeopathic remedies.[8]

The Pasque flower: Fred Rumsey, Botanist, The Natural History Museum.
Pulsatilla patens
Pulsatilla vulgaris fruit
Pulsatilla

Species

There are about 33 species, including:

Landmarks

Pulsatilla Pass in Banff National Park is named after this species.[9]


References

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulsatilla.
  1. ^ Hoot, S. B., J. D. Palmer, and A. A. Reznicek. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in Anemone based on morphology and chloroplast DNA variation. Systematic Botany 19: 169-200. hdl:2027.42/105541
  2. ^ "Prairie Pasque". South Dakota Magazine. April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  3. ^ Government of Manitoba. "Symbols of Manitoba". Archived from the original on 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  4. ^ Chapter 1 2005 South Dakota Legislative Manual The Mount Rushmore State
  5. ^ Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b Edible and Medicinal plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
  7. ^ Yarnell, E. and Abascal, K. (2001) Botanical Treatments for Depression: Part 2 - Herbal Corrections for Mood Imbalances
  8. ^ a b c d Vaughan, John Griffith; Patricia Ann Judd; David Bellamy (2003). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
  9. ^ http://www.peakfinder.com/passes.asp?passname=Pulsatilla+Pass

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulsatilla&oldid=821865566"