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''translation of [[:fr:Gouvernement Philippe Pétain]]''
''translation of [[:fr:Gouvernement Philippe Pétain]]''
Le '''gouvernement Philippe Pétain administration was the last one of the French Third Republic, succeeding on 16 June 1940 to Paul Reynaud's cabinet, it formed in the middle of the [[Battle of France]] debacle, when the [[Third Reich]] invaded France at the beginning of the Second World War. It was led until 10 July 1940 by [[Philippe Pétain]], and favored the [[armistice]], unlike General [[de Gaulle]], who favored fighting on in the [[Empire Defense Council]]<ref>The Empire Defense Council was the government in exile of [[Free France]], recognized by [[Winston Churchill]] after Pétain was given <! -- [[Vote des pleins pouvoirs constituants à Philippe Pétain le 10 juillet 1940|pleins pouvoirs constituants]] --> was given full constitutional power by the French National Assembly though the [[:fr:actes constitutionnels de Vichy|constitutional legislation]] of 11 July 1940 ([http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1940.htm Texte des actes constitutionnels de Vichy], on the web site of the law and economics faculty at Perpignan, mjp.univ-perp.fr, consulted 15 July 2006)</ref>. It was followed by the fifth administration of [[Pierre Laval]], <!--[[Gouvernement Pierre Laval (5)|gouvernement Pierre Laval V]] --> the first administration of the [[Vichy France]] regime.
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== Formation ==
[[Paul Reynaud]], [[Président du Conseil (France)|président du Conseil]] depuis le {{date|22 mars 1940}}, ayant démissionné le [[16 juin]] en début de soirée, le président de la République [[Albert Lebrun]] appelle aussitôt le maréchal Philippe Pétain à former le nouveau gouvernement.

Pétain sollicite [[Adrien Marquet|Marquet]] pour l'Intérieur et [[Pierre Laval|Laval]] à la Justice. Ce dernier exige les Affaires étrangères et refuse le portefeuille qui lui est proposé. Conseillé par [[François Charles-Roux]], alors [[Secrétaire général du ministère des Affaires étrangères|secrétaire général des Affaires étrangères]], soutenu par le [[Maxime Weygand|général Weygand]] et le président de la République Albert Lebrun, Pétain ne cède pas, entraînant le retrait de Laval, suivi de celui de Marquet par solidarité. Après la signature de l'[[Armistice du 22 juin 1940|armistice]], [[Raphaël Alibert|Alibert]] convaincra Pétain de la nécessité de s'appuyer sur Laval, et les deux hommes intègreront le gouvernement<ref>{{harvsp|Cointet|2011|p=38}}.</ref>.

Pétain obtient par ailleurs la participation de la SFIO en reconduisant [[Albert Rivière]] et [[André Février]] avec l'accord de [[Léon Blum]].

==Composition==

{| class="wikitable"
! Portefeuille
! colspan=2 | Titulaire
! Parti
|-
| bgcolor=#DDDDDD | '''[[Premier ministre français|Président du Conseil]]'''
|
| '''[[Philippe Pétain]]'''
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | Vice-présidents du Conseil
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|Rad}} |
| [[Camille Chautemps]]
| [[Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste|RAD]]
|-
|
| [[Pierre Laval]] (à partir du {{date-|23 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''[[Ministre d’État|Ministres d’État]]'''
|-
| rowspan=3 | Ministres d’État
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|Rad}} |
| [[Camille Chautemps]]
| [[Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste|RAD]]
|-
|
| [[Adrien Marquet]] (à partir du {{date-|23 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
|
| [[Pierre Laval]] (à partir du {{date-|23 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''[[Ministère (gouvernement)|Ministres]]'''
|-
| Ministre des Affaires étrangères
|
| [[Paul Baudoin]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre des Finances et du Commerce
|
| [[Yves Bouthillier]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre de la Guerre
|
| [[Louis Colson]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre de la Défense nationale
|
| [[Maxime Weygand]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice
|
| [[Charles Frémicourt]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre de l'Éducation nationale
|
| [[Albert Rivaud]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | Ministre de l'Intérieur
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|Socialiste}} |
| [[Charles Pomaret]]
| [[Union socialiste républicaine|USR]]
|-
|
| [[Adrien Marquet]] (à partir du {{date-|27 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre de la Marine marchande et militaire
|
| [[François Darlan]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre de l'Air
|
| [[Bertrand Pujo]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Ministre des Travaux publics et de l’Information
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|Socialiste}} |
| [[Ludovic-Oscar Frossard]]
| [[Union socialiste républicaine|USR]]
|-
| Ministre de l'Agriculture et du Ravitaillement
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|Rad}} |
| [[Albert Chichery]]
| [[Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste|RAD]]
|-
| Ministre des Transmissions
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|SFIO}} |
| [[André Février]] (à partir du {{date-|23 juin 1940}})
| [[Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière|SFIO]]
|-
| Ministre des Colonies
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|SFIO}} |
| [[Albert Rivière]]
| [[Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière|SFIO]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | Ministre du Travail et de la Santé publique
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|SFIO}} |
| [[André Février]]
| [[Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière|SFIO]]
|-
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|Socialiste}} |
| [[Charles Pomaret]] (à partir du {{date-|27 juin 1940}})
| [[Union socialiste républicaine|USR]]
|-
| Ministre des Anciens Combattants et de la Famille française
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|FR}} |
| [[Jean Ybarnegaray]]
| [[Parti social français|PSF]]
|-
| Haut-commissaire à la Propagande française
|
| [[Jean Prouvost]] (à partir du {{date-|19 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''[[Commissaire général|Commissaires généraux]]'''
|-
| Commissaire général au Ravitaillement
|
| [[Joseph Frédéric Bernard]] (à partir du {{date-|18 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Commissaire général à la Reconstitution nationale
|
| [[Aimé Doumenc]] (à partir du {{date-|26 juin 1940}})
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''[[Ministère (gouvernement)|Sous-secrétaires d’État]]'''
|-
| Sous-secrétaire d’État à la Présidence du Conseil
|
| [[Raphaël Alibert]]
| [[Sans étiquette|SE]]
|-
| Sous-secrétaire d’État aux Réfugiés
| {{Infobox Parti politique français/couleurs|PDP}} |
| [[Robert Schuman]]
| [[Parti démocrate populaire (France)|PDP]]
|-
|}

== Fin du gouvernement ==
Le [[Vote des pleins pouvoirs à Philippe Pétain le 10 juillet 1940|10 juillet 1940]], l'[[Assemblée nationale (IIIe République)|Assemblée nationale]] réunie à [[Vichy]] [[Loi constitutionnelle du 10 juillet 1940|vote les pleins pouvoirs]] au maréchal Pétain. Le [[Régime de Vichy]] commence alors.

{{Article détaillé|Loi constitutionnelle du 10 juillet 1940|Vote des pleins pouvoirs à Philippe Pétain le 10 juillet 1940}}

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

== Bibliographie ==
* {{Ouvrage|prénom1=Michèle |nom1= Cointet|lien auteur1=Michèle Cointet|titre=Nouvelle histoire de Vichy (1940-1945)|éditeur=Fayard|lieu= Paris|année=2011|pages totales=797|isbn=978-2-213-63553-8 |présentation en ligne=https://www.histoire-politique.fr/documents/comptesRendus/pdf/CR1_2012_SergeBersteinsurMicheleCointet_def.pdf}}.
* {{Ouvrage |prénom1=Bénédicte |nom1=Vergez-Chaignon|lien auteur1=Bénédicte Vergez-Chaignon|titre=Pétain|éditeur=Perrin |lieu=Paris |année=2014|pages totales=1039 |isbn= 978-2-262-03885-4 |présentation en ligne=https://www.cairn.info/revue-historique-2015-2-page-413.htm#s1n28}}. -->

===Petain and the French State===
===Petain and the French State===
<div style="color:gray">''{{blist|
<div style="color:gray">''{{blist|

Revision as of 04:31, 7 June 2020


See also: Collaboration with the Axis Powers
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:French_article_name]]; see its history for attribution.
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The Government of Vichy France was the ruling regime or government in Nazi-occupied France during the Second World War. Of contested legitimacy, it was headquartered in the town of Vichy in occupied France, but it initially took shape in Paris under Maréchal Philippe Petain as the successor to the French Third Republic in June 1940. Pétain spent four years in Vichy and with the rest of the French cabinet fled into exile in Germany in September 1944 following the Allied invasion of France. It operated as a government-in-exile until April 1945, when the city was taken by Free French forces. Pétain was brought back to France, now under control of the Provisional French Republic, and put on trial for treason.

History

Background

France under German occupation
Further information: Vichy France and Phony war
|Situating Vichy in the context of the invasion and the end of the 3rd Republic, transfer of powers to Petain, flight of the govt, establishments of Occupied zone and Zone libre.

After President Albert Lebrun appointed Pétain prime minister on 16 June, the government signed an armistice with Germany on 22 June 1940.

With France fallen to the Germans, the British judged the risk was too high of the French Navy falling into German hands, and in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July 1940 sank one battleship and damaged five others, also killing 1,297 French servicemen. Pétain severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 July.

The next day the National Assembly voted to revise the constitution, and the following day, 10 July, the National Assembly granted absolute power to Pétain, thus ending the French Third Republic.[1]

Pétain established an authoritarian government at Vichy,[2] with central planning a key feature, as well as tight government control. In retaliation for the attack at Mers el Kébir, French aircraft raided Gibraltar on 18 July but did little damage.

Third Republic

Main article: French Third Republic
See also: Appeal of 18 June
Léon Gambetta proclaiming the Republic of France, 4 September 1870.
  • German invasion
  • Open city Paris; government flees
  • section or perhaps summary on last cabinet under Albert Lebrun?

Until the invasion by Nazi Germany in the Second World War, the French Third Republic had been the government of France since the defeat of Napoleon III and the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. It was dissolved by the French Constitutional Law of 1940 which gave Pétain the power to write a new constitution. He interpreted this to mean that the previous constitution, outlined in the French Constitutional Laws of 1875, no longer constrained him.

In the wake of the Battle of France that culminated in the disaster at Dunkirk, the French government relocated to Bordeaux on 10 June 1940 in order to avoid capture. They declared Paris an open city on that day also. On 22 June, France and Germany signed the Second Armistice at Compiègne. The Vichy government led by Pétain replaced the Third Republic and administered the zone libre in the south of France until November 1942, when Germans and Italians occupied the zone under Case Anton following the Allied landings in North Africa under Operation Torch. Germany occupied northern France and the Atlantic coast, and the Italians, a small territory in the southeast.

Transition to the French State

The Hôtel du Parc, home and office of Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval from 1940 to 1944.
See also: German military administration in occupied France during World War II and Armistice Army

At the time of the armistice the French and the Germans both thought Britain would come to terms any day, so only temporary arragements were made. France agreed to its soldiers remaining prisoners of war until hostilities ceased. The terms of the armistice sketch out a "French State" (État français), whose sovereignty and authority in practice were limited to the zone libre, although in theory it administered all of France. The military administration of the occupied zone was in fact a Nazi dictatorship, which annexed the free zone after Case Anton, Germany's respose 11 November 1942 to Operation Torch, the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942.

Third Republic Pétain administration

Philippe Pétain, official photo, 1941.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Philippe Pétain

translation of fr:Gouvernement Philippe Pétain Le gouvernement Philippe Pétain administration was the last one of the French Third Republic, succeeding on 16 June 1940 to Paul Reynaud's cabinet, it formed in the middle of the Battle of France debacle, when the Third Reich invaded France at the beginning of the Second World War. It was led until 10 July 1940 by Philippe Pétain, and favored the armistice, unlike General de Gaulle, who favored fighting on in the Empire Defense Council[3]. It was followed by the fifth administration of Pierre Laval, the first administration of the Vichy France regime.

Petain and the French State

Phasellus non lacus porttitor lacus vulputate cursus vestibulum ut enim. Aenean varius tristique sapien, ac tempus purus consectetur convallis. Morbi consectetur tortor purus, at vestibulum nisi convallis eu. Sed ut dolor lobortis, gravida velit non, tempor justo. Nunc id dolor feugiat, tristique neque non, mattis turpis. Curabitur et sodales elit. Ut iaculis elit tellus, eu venenatis enim lobortis ut. Nunc eget dictum justo, ac dictum sem. Curabitur in pretium arcu. Vestibulum in convallis nunc, nec dapibus turpis. Suspendisse hendrerit lorem dui, non iaculis risus mollis ac. Integer vehicula urna ac est iaculis, ullamcorper fermentum quam convallis.

Nullam sed efficitur diam, efficitur interdum est. Nullam feugiat at nibh id vulputate. Etiam consectetur nisi vel nisi vulputate sollicitudin. Vestibulum eu eros turpis. Nam a lorem placerat, dapibus augue non, varius turpis. Morbi cursus, sem in lobortis vestibulum, est nunc rutrum turpis, et auctor massa diam vitae elit. Praesent eget orci augue. Donec tristique commodo ligula, non ultrices massa imperdiet at. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Aliquam erat volutpat. Suspendisse egestas sagittis ultricies.

First Laval administration (1940)

First Vichy government in July 1940.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Pierre Laval (5)

The fifth government formed by Pierre Laval was the first administration formed by Pétain under the Vichy regime after the vote of 10 July 1940 ceded full constituent[clarification needed] powers to Pétain. The government ended on 13 December 1940 with Laval's dismissal. This administration was not recognized as legitimate by the Empire Defense Council of the government of Free France, which the British Government recognized as the legitimate government of France.

Formation

The government of Philippe Pétain signed the armistice with Germany on 22 June 1940, put an end to the Third Republic on 10 July 1940 by a vote conveying full powers to Pétain and followed up with three Vichy Constitutional Acts [fr] on 11 July. Meanwhile, on 11 July General de Gaulle created the Empire Defense Council, which was recognized by the British Government as the legitimate successor of the Third Republic, which had allied itself with Great Britain in the war against the Nazis.

On 12 July 1940 Pétain named Pierre Laval, second Minister of State of the last government of the Third Republic under Philippe Pétain[4] as vice-president of the Council.[5], while Pétain remained simultaneously head of state and head of government. Constitutional Act #4 made Laval next in the line of succession should something happen to Pétain.[6] On 16 July, Pétain formed the first government of the Vichy régime and kept Pierre Laval on as vice-president of the Council.

Initial composition

  • Head of the French State, President of the Council[7], Philippe Pétain.
  • Vice president of the Council in charge of Information (18 July 1940)[8] and secretary of state for foreign afairs from 28 octobre 1940 (dismissed 13 décembre 1940) : Pierre Laval
  • Keeper of the Seals (Garde des Sceaux) and Minister Secretary of State for Justice (until January 1941): Raphaël Alibert
  • Minister Secretary of State for Finance (until April 1942): Yves Bouthillier
  • Minister Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (until 28 October 1940), then Minister Secretary of State for the President of the Council (28 October 1940–2 January 1941)[9]: Paul Baudouin
  • Secretary of State for Food and Agriculture, then Minister of Agriculture (December 1940-April 1942): Pierre Caziot
  • Minister Secretary of State for Industrial Production and Labour (until February 1941), then Minister of Labour (until April 1942): René Belin
  • Minister Secretary of State for National Defence (dismissed from the Government as of September 1940): General Maxime Weygand (then Delegate General in North Africa and Commander-in-Chief of the French forces in North Africa until November 1941)
  • Secretary of State for War (Army) (discharged from the government as of September 1940: General Louis Colson [fr]
  • Secretary of State for Aviation (dismissed from the government as of September 1940: General Bertrand Pujo [fr]
  • Secretary of State, then Minister of the Navy: Admiral François Darlan
  • Minister Secretary of State for the Interior (dismissed from the government as of September 1940 as a former parliamentarian): Adrien Marquet
  • Minister Secretary of State for Public Education and Fine Arts (dismissed from the government as of September 1940 because he was a former parliamentarian): Émile Mireaux
  • Minister Secretary of State for Family and Youth (dismissed from the government as of September 1940 as a former parliamentarian): Jean Ybarnegaray
  • Minister Secretary of State for Communications (dismissed from the government as of September 1940 as a former parliamentarian): François Piétri
  • Minister Secretary of State for the Colonies (dismissed from the government as of September 1940 as a former parliamentarian): Henry Lémery

Reshuffles

16 July 1940

The following joined on 16 July 1940:

September 1940

The following joined in September 1940, replacing eight dismissed ministers:

18 November 1940

The following were appointed on 18 November 1940:

Flandin regime

Pierre Flandin on the cover of Time (magazine) on 4 February 1935.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Pierre-Étienne Flandin (2)

The second government of Pierre-Étienne Flandin was the second government of the Vichy regime in France, formed by Philippe Pétain. It succeeded the first Pierre Laval government on 14 December 1940 and ended on 9 February 1941.

Carryovers from Laval

The majority of ministers, secretaries, and delegates were carried over from the Laval government that ended 13 December 1940.

  • Head of the French State, Council President: Philippe Pétain.
  • Guardian of the Seals and Minister-Secretary of the State for Justice (until January 1941): Raphaël Alibert
  • Minister of Finance (until April 1942): Yves Bouthillier
  • Minister-Secretary of the State to the Council President's Office (28 October 1940 to 2 January 1941) and Minister of Information (December 1940 to 2 January 1941): Paul Baudouin
  • Minister of Agriculture (December 1940 to April 1942): Pierre Caziot
  • Minister of Industrial Production and Labour (until February 1941): René Belin
  • Delegate General to North Africa and commander in chef of Vichy forces in North Africa (until November 1941): General Maxime Weygand
  • Minister of the Marine: Admiral François Darlan
  • Minister of the Interior: Marcel Peyrouton
  • Minister of War (September 1940) and Commander in chief of ground forces (until November 1941): General Charles Huntziger
  • Secretary of the State for Aviation: General Jean Bergeret
  • Secretary of the State for Communications (until April 1942): Jean Berthelot [fr]
  • Secretary of the State for the Colonies (until April 1942): Admiral Charles Platon
  • Secretary General for Justice: Georges Dayras [fr]
  • Secretary General for Public Finance: Henri Deroy [fr]
  • Secretary General to the Office of Council President: Jean Fernet [fr]
  • Secretary General for Youth: Georges Lamirand [fr]
  • Secretary General of the Head of State: Auguste Laure [fr]
  • Secretary General for Economic Questions: Olivier Moreau-Néret [fr]
  • Secretary General for Transport and Public Works: Maurice Schwarz
Named 13 December 1940
Named 27 January 1941
  • Keeper of the Seals and Minister Secretary of State for Justice (January 1941 - resigned March 1943): Joseph Barthélemy
Named 30 January 1941

Darlan regime

Admiral François Darlan, in an undated image.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement François Darlan

After two years at the head of the Vichy government, Admiral Darlan was unpopular and had strengthened ties with Vichy forces, in an expanded collaboration with Germany which seemed to him the least bad solution, and had conceded a great deal, turning over the naval bases at Bizerte and Dakar, an air base in Aleppo in Syria, as well as vehicles, artillery and ammunition in North Africa and Tunisia, in addition to arming the Iraqis. In exchange Darlan wanted the Germans to reduce the constraints under the armistice, free French prisoners, and eliminate the ligne de démarcation. This irritated the Germans. On 9 March 1942, Hitler signed a decree giving France a chief of the SS and police leader (HSSPF) tasked with organizing the "Final Solution", following the Wannsee Conference with the French police. The Germans demanded the return of Laval to power, and broke off contact. The Americans intervened on March 30 to prevent another Laval administration.

2nd Laval regime (1942–1944)

Pierre Laval in 1931.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Pierre Laval (6)
See also: Service d'ordre légionnaire

The sixth administration of Pierre Laval was the fourth and final government formed by the Vichy régime in France by Pétain. It succeeded the administration of François Darlan on 18 April 1942 and ended on 19 August 1944, when Pétain agreed to leave Vichy for Belfort, ending the Vichy régime, although it persisted a few more months in Germany as the Sigmaringen commission.

In July 1942, the French head of the Vichy police René Bousquet reached an agreement with SS general Carl Oberg, Polizeiführer, on Avenue Foch in Paris. Bousquet saw it as maintaining the "independance" of the French police and argued in favor of répression à la française. Indeed, the civilian population, particularly foreign Jews, first to be victimized by repression, distrusted the French authorities somewhat less than the Gestapo. But this independence remained elusive, as it relied on incresed collaboration between the two police forces. Bousquet was in the end removed and replaced by Joseph Darnand, head of the Milice, who completed the Vichy police state.

Dissolution and transition to Fourth Republic

Paul Ramadier as a deputy from Averyron in 1929.
Main articles: French Fourth Republic, Liberation of Paris, Tripartisme, and Third Force (France)

On 17 August 1944, Pierre Laval, head of government and minister of foreign affairs, held his last council of government with five ministers.[10] With permission from the Germans, he attempted to call back the prior National Assembly with the goal of giving it power[11] and thus impeding the communists and de Gaulle.[12] So he obtained the agreement of German ambassador Otto Abetz to bring Édouard Herriot, (President of the Chamber of Deputies) back to Paris.[12] But ultra-collaborationists Marcel Déat and Fernand de Brinon protested this to the Germans, who changed their minds[13] and took Laval to Belfort[14] along with the remains of his government, "to assure its legitimate security", and arrested Herriot.[15]

The liberation of France in 1944 dissolved the Vichy government. The Provisional Consultative Assembly requested representation, leading to the Provisional Government of the French Republic (French: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, GPRF), also known as the French Committee of National Liberation. Past collaborators were discredited and Gaullism and communism became political forces.

De Gaulle led the GPRF 1944-1946 while negotiations took place for a new constitution, to be put to a referendum. De Gaulle advocated a presidential system of government, and criticized the reinstatement of what he pejoratively called "the parties system".[citation needed] He resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Felix Gouin of the French Section of the Workers' International (Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière, SFIO). Only the French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) and the socialist SFIO supported the draft constitution, which envisaged a form of unicameralism. This constitution was rejected in the 5 May 1946 referendum.

French voters adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946.

Other

See also: Overseas France, North African Campaign, Tunisian campaign, Italian occupation of Corsica, Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation, and French colonial empire
  • Scope of control: Maghreb, DOM/TOM
  • Name change of 'Zone libre' to 'south'; Italian piece
  • Collaborationism as separate subsection?
  • Deportations, antisemitic propaganda, ...?

After the fall of France on 25 June 1940 many French colonies were initially loyal to Vichy. But eventually the overseas empire helped liberate France; 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French.[16] French Somaliland, an exception, got a governor loyal to Vichy on 25 July. It surrendered to Free French forces on 26 December 1942. Te length and extent of each colony's collaboration with Vichy ran a gamut however; anti-semitic meansures met an enthusiastic reception in Algeria, for example.[17]

Operation Torch on 8 November landed Allied troops at Oran and Algiers (Operation Terminal) as well as at Casablanca in Morocco, to attack Vichy territories in North Africa -- Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia -- then take Axis forces in the Western Desert in their rear from the east.[18] Allied shipping had needed to supply troops in Africa via the Cape of Good Hope, so the Mediterranean ports were strategically valuable.

After the fall of France (25 June 1940) the colony was briefly in limbo until a governor loyal to the Vichy government was installed on 25 July. It was the last French possession in Africa to remain loyal to Vichy, surrendering to Free French forces only on 26 December 1942.

Jurisdiction and effectiveness

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Vichy France
See also: Free France, Free French Forces, Battle of Madagascar, and Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre

The French State was quickly recognized by the Allies, as well as by the Soviet Union, until 30 June 1941 and Operation Barbarossa. However France broke with the United Kingdom after the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir. The United States took the position that Vichy should do nothing adverse to US interests that was not specifically required by the terms of the armistice. Canada maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy until the occupation of southern France in Case Anton by Germany and Italy in November 1942.[19]

French India under Louis Bonvin announced after the fall of France that they would join the British and the French under Charles de Gaulle.[citation needed]

Legitimacy

  • initial power transfer, 20 missing delegates during voting, etc., law of 10 July 1940
  • recognition by other states: US:yes UK:no, etc.
  • 1944 loi not annulled, but 'void ab initio'

Pétain never did promulgate a new constitution. The laws that laid the constitutional framework for his regime were declared nuls through the ordonnance of 9 August 1944 that re-established republican legality.

The United States gave Vichy full diplomatic recognition, and sent Admiral William D. Leahy as ambassador. President Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull hoped to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. The Americans also wanted Vichy to resist German demands for its naval fleet or air bases in French-mandated Syria or to move war supplies through French territories in North Africa. Americans held that France should take no action not explicitly required by the armistice terms that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war. The Americans ended relations with Vichy when Germany occupied all of France in late 1942.

The USSR maintained relations with Vichy until 30 June 1941, after the Nazis invaded Russia in Operation Barbarossa.

France for a long time took the position that the republic had been disbanded when power was turned over to Pétain, but officially admitted in 1995 complicity deporting of 76,000 Jews during WW II, when President Jacques Chirac, at the site of the Vélodrome d'Hiver, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942, said: "France, on that day [16 July 1942], committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "4500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state".[20][21][22]

The police under Bousquet collaborated to the point where they themselves compiled the lists of Jewish residents, handed out yellow stars, and even requisitioned buses and SNCF trains to transport them to camps such as Drancy.

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Loi constitutionnelle du 10 juillet 1940 (Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940). "...Fait à Vichy, le 10 juillet 1940 Par le président de la République, Albert Lebrun..."
  2. ^ Brian Jenkins; Chris Millington (2015). France and Fascism: February 1934 and the Dynamics of Political Crisis. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 1317507258. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ The Empire Defense Council was the government in exile of Free France, recognized by Winston Churchill after Pétain was given <! -- pleins pouvoirs constituants --> was given full constitutional power by the French National Assembly though the constitutional legislation of 11 July 1940 (Texte des actes constitutionnels de Vichy, on the web site of the law and economics faculty at Perpignan, mjp.univ-perp.fr, consulted 15 July 2006)
  4. ^ Cointet 2011, p. 38.
  5. ^ Cointet 1993, p. 228-249.
  6. ^ Kupferman 2006, p. 269.
  7. ^ Cotillon 2009, p. 2, 16.
  8. ^ Devers 2007.
  9. ^ "Ministres de Vichy issus de l'Ecole Polytechnique" [Vichy Ministers who are alumni of the Ecole Polytechnique]. Association X-Resistance. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  10. ^ André Brissaud (preface Robert Aron), La Dernière année de Vichy (1943-1944) (The Last Year of Vichy), Paris, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1965, 587 p. (ASIN B0014YAW8Q), p. 504-505. The ministers were Jean Bichelonne, Abel Bonnard, Maurice Gabolde, Raymond Grasset et Paul Marion.
  11. ^ Robert O. Paxton (trans. Claude Bertrand, preface. Stanley Hoffmann), La France de Vichy – 1940-1944, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points-Histoire, 1997 (reprint November 1999) (1st ed. 1973), 475 p. (ISBN 978-2-02-039210-5), p. 382-383
  12. ^ a b Fred Kupferman (pref. Henry Rousso), Laval, Paris, Tallandier, 2006, 2nd ed. (1st ed. Balland, 1987), 654 p. (ISBN 978-2-84734-254-3), p. 520-525.
  13. ^ André Brissaud, La Dernière année de Vichy (1943-1944), op. cit., p. 491-492
  14. ^ Eberhard Jäckel (trad. fr German by Denise Meunier, pref. Alfred Grosser), La France dans l'Europe de Hitler ([« Frankreich in Hitlers Europa – Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg »] France in Hitler's Europe), Paris, Fayard, collec. "Les grandes études contemporaines", 1968 (1st ed. Deutsche Verlag-Anstalg GmbH, Stuttgart, 1966), 554 p. (ASIN B0045C48VG), p. 495.
  15. ^ Fred Kupferman, Laval, op. cit., p. 527-529.
  16. ^ Robert Gildea, France since 1945 (1996) p 17
  17. ^ Michael Robert Marrus; Robert O. Paxton (1995). Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford University Press. p. 191 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0804724997" ignored (help)
  18. ^ Playfair, I. S. O.; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-068-8.
  19. ^ Jackson & Kitson 2020, p. 82.
  20. ^ "France opens WW2 Vichy regime files". BBC News. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  21. ^ Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris) Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Président de la république
  22. ^ "Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)" (PDF). www.jacqueschirac-asso (in French). 16 July 1995. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
Sources

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