List of longest-reigning monarchs
the longest-ruling sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date.
the longest-ruling living sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date.[a]
This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs of all time, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history, ranked by length of reign.
Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date
Twenty-five longest-reigning monarchs of states that were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign.
No. | Portrait | Name | State | Reign | Duration | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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From | To | (days) | (years, days) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | ![]() |
Louis XIV | ![]() |
14 May 1643 | 1 September 1715 | 26,407 | 72 years, 110 days | [1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | ![]() |
Elizabeth II | ![]() and the other Commonwealth realms
|
6 February 1952 | Incumbent | 26,506 | 72 years, 208 days | [2][3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | ![]() |
Rama IX | ![]() |
9 June 1946 | 13 October 2016 | 25,694 | 70 years, 126 days | [4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | ![]() |
Johann II | ![]() |
12 November 1858 | 11 February 1929 | 25,658 | 70 years, 91 days | [5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | ![]() |
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I | Palenque | 27 July 615[b] | 29 August 683 | 24,870 | 68 years, 33 days | [6][8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | ![]() |
Franz Joseph I |
|
2 December 1848 | 21 November 1916 | 24,825 | 67 years, 355 days | [9] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | ![]() |
Ferdinand III |
|
6 October 1759 | 4 January 1825 | 23,831 | 65 years, 90 days | [10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | ![]() |
Victoria | ![]() |
20 June 1837 | 22 January 1901 | 23,226 | 63 years, 216 days | [11] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | ![]() |
James I | ![]() |
12 September 1213 | 27 July 1276 | 22,964 | 62 years, 319 days | [12] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | ![]() |
Emperor Shōwa[d] |
|
25 December 1926 | 7 January 1989 | 22,659 | 62 years, 13 days | [14] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | ![]() |
Kangxi Emperor[e] | ![]() |
5 February 1661 | 20 December 1722 | 22,597 | 61 years, 318 days | [15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | ![]() |
Honoré III | ![]() |
29 December 1731 | 19 January 1793 | 22,302 | 61 years, 21 days | [16] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | ![]() |
Qianlong Emperor[f] | ![]() |
18 October 1735 | 9 February 1796 | 22,029 | 60 years, 114 days[g] | [17] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | ![]() |
Christian IV | ![]() |
4 April 1588 | 28 February 1648 | 21,879 | 59 years, 330 days | [18] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | ![]() |
George III |
|
25 October 1760 | 29 January 1820 | 21,644[19] | 59 years, 96 days | [20] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | ![]() |
Louis XV | ![]() |
1 September 1715 | 10 May 1774 | 21,436 | 58 years, 251 days | [21] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | ![]() |
Pedro II | ![]() |
7 April 1831 | 15 November 1889 | 21,407 | 58 years, 222 days | [22] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | ![]() |
Al-Mustansir Billah | ![]() |
13 June 1036 | 29 December 1094 | 21,383 | 58 years, 199 days | [j] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | ![]() |
Nicholas I |
|
13 August 1860 | 26 November 1918 | 21,288 | 58 years, 105 days | [27] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | ![]() |
Wilhelmina | ![]() |
23 November 1890 | 4 September 1948 | 21,104 | 57 years, 286 days | [28] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | ![]() |
James VI | ![]() |
24 July 1567 | 27 March 1625 | 21,066 | 57 years, 246 days | [29] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Conrad I | ![]() |
12 July 937[k] | 19 October 993 | 20,553 | 56 years, 99 days | [30] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | ![]() |
Alfonso VIII | ![]() |
31 August 1158 | 5 October 1214 | 20,489 | 56 years, 35 days | [32] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | ![]() |
Henry III | ![]() |
28 October 1216 | 16 November 1272 | 20,473 | 56 years, 19 days | [33] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | Lý Nhân Tông | Lý Dynasty (Vietnam) | 3 February 1072 | 15 January 1128 | 20,434 | 55 years, 346 days | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Updated daily according to UTC. |
Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/King_Sobhuza_II%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg/104px-King_Sobhuza_II%2C_1945_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The table below contains monarchs of states that were not internationally sovereign for most of their reign.
No. | Portrait | Name | State | Reign | Duration | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From | To | (days) | (years, days) | ||||
1 | ![]() |
Sobhuza II[l] | Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968) | 10 December 1899 | 21 August 1982 | 30,204 | 82 years, 254 days |
2 | ![]() |
Bernhard VII[35] | Lippe (Holy Roman Empire) | 12 August 1429 | 2 April 1511 | 29,818 | 81 years, 234 days |
3 | Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo | Chotanagpur (British Raj) | 2 January 1872 | 21 September 1950 | 28,751 | 78 years, 262 days | |
4 | ![]() |
William IV[35] | Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire) | 26 May 1480 | 24 January 1559 | 28,731 | 78 years, 243 days |
5 | Karansinhji II Vajirajji[36] | Lakhtar State (part of British Raj from 1858) | 15 June 1846 | 8 August 1924 | 28,543 | 78 years, 54 days | |
6 | ![]() |
Heinrich XI[m][37][38][35] | Reuss-Obergreiz (Holy Roman Empire) | 17 March 1723 | 28 June 1800 | 28,227 | 77 years, 103 days |
7 | Idris ibni Muhammad al-Qadri,[35] Tunku Besar of Tampin | Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957) | 31 May 1929 | 26 December 2005 | 27,968 | 76 years, 209 days | |
8 | ![]() |
Christian August[35] | Palatinate-Sulzbach (Holy Roman Empire) | 14 August 1632 | 23 April 1708 | 27,645 | 75 years, 253 days |
9 | Bishan Chandra Jenamuni | Rairakhol (part of British Raj from 1858) | 13 March 1825 | 27 June 1900 | 27,499 | 75 years, 106 days | |
10 | Charles I | Eu (France) | 16 June 1397 | 25 July 1472 | 27,432 | 75 years, 39 days | |
11 | Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar[35] | Phaltan (part of British Raj from 1858) | 7 December 1841 | 17 October 1916 | 27,342 | 74 years, 315 days | |
12 | ![]() |
Bhagvatsingh Sahib[35] | Gondal State (British Raj) | 14 December 1869 | 10 March 1944 | 27,114 | 74 years, 87 days |
13 | ![]() |
George William[35] | Schaumburg-Lippe (Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation. Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter) | 13 February 1787 | 21 November 1860 | 26,944 | 73 years, 282 days |
14 | ![]() |
Charles Frederick[35] | Baden (Holy Roman Empire until 1806) | 12 May 1738 | 10 June 1811 | 26,691 | 73 years, 29 days |
15 | ![]() |
John III Louis | Nassau-Saarbrücken (Holy Roman Empire) | 19 October 1472 | 4 June 1545 | 26,525 | 72 years, 228 days[n] |
16 | Henry Frederick | Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 29 January 1628 | 5 August 1699 | 26,121 | 71 years, 188 days | |
17 | ![]() |
Jagatjit Singh | Kapurthala (British Raj) | 3 September 1877 | 20 August 1948 | 25,918 | 70 years, 352 days[o] |
18 | Parashuramrao Shrinivas | Aundh (British India) | 30 August 1777 | 11 June 1848 | 25,852 | 70 years, 286 days | |
19 | Franz Karl | Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen(Holy Roman Empire) | 15 November 1627 | 19 July 1698 | 25,814 | 70 years, 246 days | |
20 | Werner | Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (Holy Roman Empire) | 31 October 1559 | 26 December 1629 | 25,624 | 70 years, 56 days | |
21 | ![]() |
Carl I August | Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Holy Roman Empire until 1806,German Confederation from 1815) | 28 May 1758 | 14 June 1828 | 25,584 | 70 years, 17 days |
22 | Georg I | Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) | 19 January 1405 | 21 September 1474 | 25,447 | 69 years, 245 days | |
23 | ![]() |
Alberico I | Massa and Carrara (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 June 1553 | 18 January 1623 | 25,428 | 69 years, 226 days |
24 | Heinrich Joseph Johann | Auersperg (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 November 1713 | 9 February 1783 | 25,297 | 69 years, 95 days | |
25 | ![]() |
Frederick III | Inner Austria (Holy Roman Empire) | 10 June 1424 | 19 August 1493 | 25,272 | 69 years, 70 days |
26 | ![]() |
George William | Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Holy Roman Empire) | 16 December 1600 | 25 December 1669 | 25,211 | 69 years, 9 days |
27 | ![]() |
Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne | Bouillon (Holy Roman Empire) | 9 August 1652 | 26 July 1721 | 25,187 | 68 years, 351 days |
28 | ![]() |
Frederick V | Hesse-Homburg (Holy Roman Empire until 1806,German Confederation from 1815) | 7 February 1751 | 20 January 1820 | 25,183 | 68 years, 347 days |
29 | ![]() |
Vikramatji Khimojiraj[citation needed] | Porbandar (British protectorate, then part of British Raj from 1858) | 20 June 1831 | 21 April 1900 | 25,142 | 68 years, 305 days |
30 | ![]() |
Krishnaraja Wadiyar III | Kingdom of Mysore
(Princely State of East India Company after 1831;[40] British Raj after 1857) |
30 June 1799 | 27 March 1868 | 25,107 | 68 years, 271 days |
31 | Chintaman Rao I Appa Sahib | Sangli (British India) | 6 November 1782 | 15 July 1851 | 25,087 | 68 years, 251 days | |
32 | ![]() |
Johann Friedrich | Castell-Rüdenhausen (Holy Roman Empire) | 10 January 1681 | 23 June 1749 | 25,000 | 68 years, 164 days |
33 | Otto VI the One-Eyed | Brunswick-Göttingen (Holy Roman Empire) | 13 November 1394 | 6 February 1463 | 24,921 | 68 years, 85 days | |
34 | Sawant Singh[citation needed] | Pratapgarh (British India) | 26 October 1775 | 5 January 1844 | 24,907 | 68 years, 71 days | |
35 | ![]() |
Christian Karl Reinhard | Leiningen-Dagsburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 3 November 1698 | 17 November 1766 | 24,850 | 68 years, 14 days |
36 | Ram Singh | Bundi State (British protectorate, then part of British Raj from 1858) | 14 May 1821 | 28 March 1889 | 24,790 | 67 years, 318 days | |
37 | Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji | Vallabhipura (British Raj) | 20 August 1875 | 5 June 1943 | 24,760 | 67 years, 289 days | |
38 | ![]() |
Malietoa Tanumafili II | Samoa | 7 January 1940 | 11 May 2007 | 24,596 | 67 years, 124 days |
39 | ![]() |
Philip I [p] | Lippe-Alverdissen (1613-1640
Schaumburg-Lippe (1640-1681) (Holy Roman Empire) |
7 December 1613 | 10 April 1681 | 24,596 | 67 years, 124 days |
40 | ![]() |
Henry III | Meissen (Holy Roman Empire) | 18 January 1221 | 15 February 1288 | 24,499 | 67 years, 28 days |
41 | Eberhard IV | Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire) | 15 November 1387 | 12 November 1454 | 24,468 | 66 years, 362 days | |
42 | Eleanor[q] | Aquitaine (France) | 9 April 1137 | 1 April 1204 | 24,464 | 66 years, 358 days | |
43 | Augustus | Anhalt-Plötzkau (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 December 1586 | 22 August 1653 | 24,366 | 66 years, 259 days | |
44 | Amarsinhji Banesinhji[r] | Wankaner (British Raj) | 12 June 1881 | 15 February 1948 | 24,353 | 66 years, 248 days | |
45 | ![]() |
Khengarji III | Cutch (British Raj) | 19 December 1875 | 15 January 1942 | 24,133 | 66 years, 27 days |
46 | ![]() |
Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah | Sultanate of Serdang (Indonesia) | 20 December 1879 | 4 December 1945 | 24,090 | 65 years, 349 days |
47 | ![]() |
Raja Raj Ram Singh I | Sitamau (British Raj from 1858) | 15 February 1802 | 28 November 1867 | 24,027 | 65 years, 286 days |
48 | ![]() |
William IV the Victorious | Brunswick-Luneburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 14 October 1416 | 25 July 1482 | 24,025 | 65 years, 284 days |
49 | Leopold III | Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) | 16 December 1751 | 9 August 1817 | 23,977 | 65 years, 236 days | |
50 | Obizzo I | Este and Ferrara (Holy Roman Empire) | 15 December 1128 | 25 December 1193 | 23,751 | 65 years, 10 days | |
51 | ![]() |
Jean I | Brittany (France) | 21 October 1221 | 8 October 1286 | 23,728 | 64 years, 352 days |
52 | ![]() |
Frederick William | Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Holy Roman Empire) | 13 January 1671 | 14 November 1735 | 23,680 | 64 years, 305 days |
53 | ![]() |
Johann Seyfried | Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire) | 19 February 1649 | 5 October 1713 | 23,603 | 64 years, 228 days |
54 | ![]() |
Gangadhar Rao II Bala Sahib Patwardhan | Miraj Senior (British Raj) | 6 June 1875 | 11 December 1939 | 23,563 | 64 years, 188 days |
55 | Marie II | Soissons (France) | 25 October 1482 | 1 April 1547 | 23,533 | 64 years, 158 days | |
56 | Vishwanath Singh Bahadur | Chhatarpur (British Raj) | 4 November 1867 | 4 April 1932 | 23,527 | 64 years, 152 days | |
57 | ![]() |
Friedrich II Magnus | Salm-Neuweiler (Holy Roman Empire) | 26 October 1608 | 25 January 1673 | 23,467 | 64 years, 91 days} |
58 | Albert V | Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) | 19 January 1405 | 19 January 1469 | 23,376 | 64 years, 0 days | |
59 | ![]() |
Ibrahim | Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957) | 4 June 1895 | 8 May 1959 | 23,348 | 63 years, 338 days |
60 | ![]() |
Sayajirao Gaekwad III | Baroda State (British Raj) | 27 May 1875 | 6 February 1939 | 23,265 | 63 years, 256 days |
61 | Ranjore Singh | Ajaygarh [s] | 12 September 1855 | 7 June 1919 | 23,278 | 63 years, 268 days | |
62 | Albert Anton | Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Holy Roman Empire) | 4 November 1646 | 24 June 1710 | 23,242 | 63 years, 232 days | |
63 | ![]() |
Anthony Günther | Oldenburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 12 November 1603 | 19 June 1667 | 23,230 | 63 years, 219 days |
64 | ![]() |
Frederick Augustus I[t] | Saxony (Holy Roman Empire until 1806,German Confederation from 1815) | 17 December 1763 | 5 May 1827 | 23,149 | 63 years, 139 days |
65 | ![]() |
Ludwig I [u] | Anhalt (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 December 1586 | 7 January 1650 | 23,043 | 63 years, 32 days |
66 | ![]() |
Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa | Bahrain (British protectorate from 1880) | 1 December 1869 | 9 December 1932 | 23,018 | 63 years, 8 days |
67 | ![]() |
Charles III | Upper Lorraine (Holy Roman Empire) | 12 June 1545 | 14 May 1608 | 22,982 | 62 years, 337 days |
68 | Johann Friedrich II | Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire) | 17 October 1702 | 24 August 1765 | 22,957 | 62 years, 311 days | |
69 | Philipp Ernst | Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire) | 21 February 1697 | 29 November 1759 | 22,925 | 62 years, 281 days | |
70 | ![]() |
Bernhard II | Saxe-Meiningen (Holy Roman Empire until 1806, German Confederation from 1815 to 1866) | 24 December 1803 | 20 September 1866 | 22,916 | 62 years, 270 days |
71 | Philip II | Nassau-Weilburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 2 July 1429 | 19 March 1492 | 22,906 | 62 years, 261 days[v] | |
72 | ![]() |
Nicolas Leopold I [de] | Salm-Hoogstraat (Holy Roman Empire) | 6 June 1707 | 4 February 1770 | 22,889 | 62 years, 243 days |
73 | ![]() |
Christian II [w] | Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (Holy Roman Empire) | 16 September 1654 | 25 April 1717 | 22,866 | 62 years, 221 days |
74 | ![]() |
Léopold Philippe | Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire) | 19 August 1691 | 4 March 1754 | 22,842 | 62 years, 197 days |
75 | ![]() |
Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan | Tonk (British Raj) | 20 December 1867 | 23 June 1930 | 22,830 | 62 years, 185 days |
76 | ![]() |
Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi | Ras Al Khaimah (part of the British Protectorate of Trucial states until 1971, then the United Arab Emirates) | 17 July 1948 | 27 October 2010 | 22,747 | 62 years, 102 days |
77 | Nahar Singh | Shahpura (British Raj) | 21 April 1870 | 24 June 1932 | 22,709 | 62 years, 64 days[citation needed] | |
78 | ![]() |
Johann Christian I | Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire) | 19 February 1649 | 14 December 1710 | 22,577 | 61 years, 298 days |
79 | ![]() |
Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah | Kedah Sultanate (British Malaya) | 22 September 1881 | 13 May 1943 | 22,512 | 61 years, 233 days |
80 | Philip IV | Waldeck-Wildungen (Holy Roman Empire) | 28 May 1513 | 30 November 1574 | 22,466 | 61 years, 186 days | |
81 | Gopal Lal | Kamta-Rajaula (British Raj from 1858) | 5 January 1813 | 23 October 1874 | 22,459 | 61 years, 179 days | |
82 | Wakhat Singh Dalil Singh | Lunavada (British Raj) | 31 October 1867 | 27 April 1929 | 22,458 | 61 years, 178 days | |
83 | ![]() |
Paku Alam VIII | Pakualaman (Indonesia) | 12 April 1937 | 11 September 1998 | 22,432 | 61 years, 152 days |
84 | Viktor Amadeus | Anhalt-Bernburg (Holy Roman Empire) | 22 September 1656 | 14 February 1718 | 22,424 | 61 years, 145 days | |
85 | Wilhelm Moritz II | Isenburg-Philippseich (Holy Roman Empire) | 8 March 1711 | 8 June 1772 | 22,373 | 61 years, 92 days |
Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown
These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear in historical order. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 55 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths.
See also
- List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign
- List of shortest-reigning monarchs
- List of oldest living state leaders
- Lists of state leaders by age
- Lists of state leaders
- Records of heads of state
- List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)
Notes
- ^ Elizabeth II is also the longest-reigning verifiable monarch whose reign does not include a period where there was a regent.
- ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson (GMT) correlation and the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar.[6] His enthronement and death are sometimes dated to 26 July 615 and 28 August 683.[7]
- ^ Was intermittently King of Naples during the same time period
- ^ Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession. Status as head of state not formally defined in the 1947 constitution of Japan, but the emperor of Japan can act as a head of state, whenever needed.[13]
- ^ Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
- ^ Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
- ^ Abdicated, still in power 4 years later
- ^ Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom in 1801.
- ^ Elector of Hanover (intermittently) from 1760. Proclaimed King of Hanover in 1814.
- ^ In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.[23] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,[23] but most sources give 29 December 1096.[24][25][26]
- ^ The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July.[30][31]
- ^ He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II.[34] Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
- ^ Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
- ^ Count John Louis was born posthumously, after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
- ^ Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.[39] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
- ^ From 1640 he also ruled Schaumburg-Lippe
- ^ Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
- ^ Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
- ^ a b c d e f British India until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
- ^ Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
- ^ after 1603 he also ruled Anhalt-Köthen after that line went extinct.
- ^ Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
- ^ After 1671 Christian also ruled Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld after that line went extinct.
- ^ Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
- ^ A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. Lower estimates suggest 121–145 and higher ones up to 167 but the most widely believed one is 146 since Korean historians claim that he died in that year.
- ^ 121 CE is another possible accepted date of Taejo's end reign
- ^ While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by historians.
- ^ Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign
- ^ During his lifetime, Otto I had many co-monarchs, including his father Rudolph IV, who made him ruler in 1308; he also ruled with his brother Henry IV until he died in 1318, as well as his brother Rudolph VI, who died in 1352.
- ^ Possibly 243
- ^ In Co-Reign with his Mother until 1128
- ^ Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
- ^ Dominated by Nepal until 1816 AD and then by the British.
- ^ Robert I was in co-rule with his step-brother Edward II until 1352
- ^ Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))
- ^ In Co-Reign with his father until 1704
- ^ Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years
- ^ Disputed name or ruler has two names.
- ^ He had Regents until 1921
- ^ Part of German East Africa from 1890.
- ^ He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.
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