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I constructed the table below from the ground up, using a variety of sources to check what are well attested languages and peoples. The three which I relied upon the most are:

  • AIATSIS's AustLang.[[1]]
  • Bouckaert's & Bowern's 2018 paper.[1] See the paper's supplementary material for why they think their list of Wati dialects is reliable.
  • Dixon's 2005 book and his given list of the Western Desert language's dialects.[2]

Other sources were used, for example the Mobile Language Team's and various language centres' websites.

When I finished the table I checked what languages and peoples were included in the Western Desert language's list and what was missing from the new table. I then checked if any that I had missed were well supported or not. So I have done my best not to miss any but I wouldn't be surprised if some number slipped through.

Quite a few in the current list are poorly supported, or have been proved to be fictions. I've tried to provide reasoning for each rejection in the table here: [[2]]

Proposed Table for Western Desert Language Article

[edit]
The Language/Dialect The People Notes AIATSIS Reference
Antakarinya dialect Antakarinya people C5: Antikirinya[3]
Kartujarra dialect Kartujarra people A51: Kartujarra[4]
Kokatha dialect Kokatha people C3: Kokatha[5]
Two dialects of the Western Desert language have been named 'Kukatja'; Kukatja (A68) and Kukatja (C7) Kukatja (A68) and Kukatja (C7) A68 is in the north of Western Australia near Lake Gregory, and C7 is west of Haasts Bluff in central Australia.[6][7]
A68 is one of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong.[8]: iii 
C7 call themselves 'Luritja' now.[6]		 A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja[6][7]
Kuwarra dialect Kuwarra people There is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.[9][10] A16: Kuwarra[11]
Luritja dialect Luritja people The Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.[6]
Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.[12][13]		 A7.1: Luritja[12]
Manyjilyjarra dialect Manyjilyjarra people One of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong.[8]: iii  A51.1: Manyjilyjarra[14]
Mantjintjarra dialect Mantjintjarra people A33: Mantjintjarra[15]
Martu Wangka dialect Martu people Martu Wangka refers to either a dialect found at and around Jigalong, Western Australia[8]: iii [16] or many different dialect groups in the Gibson, Little Sandy and Great Sandy deserts.[16] A86: Martu Wangka[16]
Nakako dialect Nakako people Little is known of the people and their language[17] A32: Nakako[18]
Ngaanyatjarra dialect Ngaanyatjarra people A38:Ngaanyatjarra[19]
Ngaatjatjarra dialect Ngaatjatjarra people A43: Ngaatjatjarra[20]
Ngalia dialect Ngalia people C2: Ngalia[21]
Pindiini/Wangkatha/Wangkatja dialect Pindiini/Wangkatha/Wangkatja people These three dialects & people are hardly distinguishable.[22][23][24] A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja[22][23][24]
Pintupi dialect Pintupi people Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.[12][13] C10: Pintupi[13]
Pitjantjatjara dialect Pitjantjatjara people C6: Pitjantjatjara[25]
Putijarra dialect Putijarra people One of the dialects which make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong[8]: iii  A54: Putijarra[26]
Tjupan dialect Tjupan people A31: Tjupan[27]
Wangkajunga dialect Wangkajunga people A87: Wangkajunga[28]
Yankunytjatjara dialect Yankunytjatjara people C4: Yankunytjatjara[29]
Yulparija dialect Yulparija people A67: Yulparija[30]

Confirmed Dialects

[edit]
Language / Dialect Name Wikipedia Links Not Supported? Notes Purported in ‘The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across Australia’ (2018) Purported in ‘Australian Languages - Their Nature and Development’ (2004) Confirmed by AIATSIS?
Antakarinya Antakarinya language (aka. Antakarinja or Antikirinya) Purported by the Mobile Language Team[31] C5: Antikirinya[3]
Kartujarra Kartujarra language Kartujarra language redirects to Kartutjarra language. Kartujarra redirects to Kartudjara, an article on a people. Kartudjara language redirects to Martu Wangka. Dixon gives it as 'Kartutjarra'[2] Y Y A51: Kartujarra[4]
Kokatha Kokatha language Dixon gives it as 'Kukarta'.[2] Purported by the mobile language team[32] Y C3: Kokatha[5]
Kukatja Kukatja As of 2024, AIATSIS distinguishes two Western Desert dialects with the same name; A68: Kukatja[7] and C7: Kukatja.[6] The former is located in the north of Western Australia[7] near Lake Gregory, and the latter is west of Haasts Bluff in Central Australia.[6] According to AIATSIS, the Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.[6] Y Y A68: Kukatja[7] and C7: Kukatja.[6]
Kuwarra Kuwarra Wikipedia does not have a page for this language/dialect, only the people. Kuwarra redirects to Koara. Potential data; there is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.[11]
Luritja Luritja, Luritja dialect According to AIATSIS and Anna Kenny, the Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.[6][33]: 20  Gives 'Pintupi-Luritja' Y A7.1: Luritja[12]
Manjiljarra Manjiljarra Manjiljarra redirects to Mandjildjara. Mandjildjara says "See also: Mandjildjara language" which redirects to Manyjilyjarra dialect. Manyjilyjarra dialect only has 'Manyjilyjarra' in its title; it uses 'Manjiljarra' throughout the article. James Marsh says that Manyjilyjarra is one of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka[8]: iii  Y A51.1: Manyjilyjarra[14]
Mantjintjarra Mantjintjarra language; Mantjintjarra Wikipedia does not have a page for this language/dialect, only the people; Mantjintjarra language redirects to Western Desert Language. AIATSIS says "it is unclear whether these names [Mantjintjarra (A33) and Manyjilyjarra (A51.1)] refer to the same variety or not."[15] A33: Mantjintjarra[15]
Martu Wangka Martu Wangka Marsh says that "...the two main dialects distinguished are Manyjilyjarra and Kartujarra. (Warnman and Putijarra are also languages represented at Jigalong, but require separate treatment)."[8]: iii  Y Gives "Manjtjiltjara (or Martu Wangka)" A86: Martu Wangka[16]
Nakako Nakako language; Nakako Little is known of the language.[34] Nakako language redirects to Western Desert Language. Potential data[18]
Ngaanyatjarra Ngaanyatjarra; Ngaanyatjarra dialect Y Gives 'Ngaanjatjarra' A38:Ngaanyatjarra[19]
Ngaatjatjarra Ngaatjatjarra; Ngaatjatjarra dialect Gives 'Ngaatjatjarr' A43: Ngaatjatjarra[20]
Ngalia Ngalia language; Ngalia (Western Desert) Wikipedia does not have a page for this language/dialect, only the people; Ngalia language directs to Western Desert Language. C2: Ngalia[21]
Pintupi Pintupi; Pintupi dialect AIATSIS says "Pintupi and Luritja C7.1 are two similar but overlapping dialects of the Western Desert language group"[13][12] Gives 'Pintupi-Luritja' Y C10: Pintupi[13]
Pitjantjatjara Pitjantjatjara; Pitjantjatjara dialect Y Y C6: Pitjantjatjara[25]
Wangkajunga Wangkajunga Wangkajunga redirects to Martu Wangka. Wangkajunga and Martu Wangka are generally treated seperately, awaiting response from other editors before splitting Martu Wangka. Y A87: Wangkajunga[28]
Wangkatha Wangkatha; Wangkatha dialect AIATSIS says: "Wangkatha, Wangkatja A103 and Pindiini A102... appear to be very close to each other and hardly distinguishable."[23] Wangkatha language redirects to Western Desert languages. Gives 'Wangkatja' Gives 'Wangkatha' and 'Wangatja' A12: Wangkatha[23] & A103: Wangkatja[24]
Yankunytjatjara Yankunytjatjara; Yankunytjatjara dialect Purported by the Mobile Language Team [35] Gives 'Yankuntjatjarra' C4: Yankunytjatjara[29]
Yulparija Yulparija Yulparitja redirects to Nangatara which is a less common alternative name. Nangatara is an article on the people and contains no reference to their language. Y Gives 'Yulparitja' A67: Yulparija[36]

Not Supported

[edit]
Language / Dialect Name Wikipedia Links Not Supported? Notes Purported in ‘The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across Australia’ (2018) Purported in ‘Australian Languages - Their Nature and Development’ (2004) Confirmed by AIATSIS?
Ngarlawangka Ngarlawangka Not considered a member of the Western Desert Language block Now known as Ngarla. Laurent (2011) gives AIATSIS code of A48. AIATSIS notes that "...Ngarla A48, previously known as Ngarlawangka."[37]
Manjtjiltjara (or Martu Wangka) Manjtjiltjara Due to the few sources purporting it and Wikipedia not making a single reference to it, I am not including it. 'Manjtjiltjara' is a spelling I can only find Dixon to have used. AIATIS gives it as a synonym for 'Maduwongga' but AIATSIS also says that [Maduwongga] "has been confused with Martu Wangka A86" and that "they appear to be distinct language varieties."[38] Y
Nana Nana N Wikipedia gives it as an alternate name for the Ngaanyatjarra and the Pini people. The Pini language redirects to Spurious languages#Retired 2022, giving [[3]] as a source. Alternate name for Birniridjara "Unconfirmed"[39]
Ngaliya Ngaliya N Ngaliya redirects to Ngalia, a disambiguation page. Ngalia (Northern Territory) should be renamed to 'Ngaliya', the more common spelling. Y A dialect of Warlpiri, not Wati[40]
Pintupi-Luritja Pintupi-Luritja Pintupi and Luritja are often treated separately, even though they overlap. A disambiguation page should be made for Pintupi-Luritja which links Pintupi and Luritja, and which explains their overlapping but separate classifications. Pintupi-Luritja redirects to Pintupi dialect. AIATSIS says "Pintupi and Luritja C7.1 are two similar but overlapping dialects of the Western Desert language group"[13][12] Y
Spinifex People Spinifex People N Laurent (2011) gives their language as 'Ngalea Wirangu' which AITSIS categorises as two different languages. AITSIS gives Ngalia as a Western Desert language but not Wirangu. *Ngalia has been added to the list of dialects. *The Mobile Language Team states that Wirangu is not a Western Desert Language[41]
Nyanganyatjara Nyanganyatjara N Little to no information. Potential data[42]
Tjalkanti Tjalkanti N Little to no information. Potential data[42]
Warnman Warnman N Classified as a dialect of Wati by Bouckaert et al.[1] Y Y A62: Warnman[43]
Wawula Wawula Little to no information Potential data[44]
Yumu Yumu people N Unconfirmed[45]

Of additional interest

[edit]

Paper on Western Desert sign language: https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/ielapa.807502779767538

Paper that compares Manyjilyjarra and Manytjilytjarra.[46]

Collection of Dialects

[edit]

Luritja Dialect & Kukatja (C7)

[edit]

Note: Copy and pasted from Luritja:

According to Kenny (2013), "The people living to the immediate west of the Western Aranda called themselves Kukatja or Loritja at the turn of the twentieth century. Today they call themselves Luritja or Kukatja-Luritja when referring to their ancestry and history.[33]

Martu Wangka

[edit]

Included under Martu Wangka are: Manyjilyjarra, Kartujarra, Warnman, Putijarra, and Kiyajarra.[47]

Included under Martu Wangka are: Manyjilyjarra and Kartujarra. (Warnman and Putijarra are also languages represented at Jigalong, but require separate treatment).[8]: iii 

Note: Laurent (2011) gives Mardu. The AIATSIS code of A86: Martu Wangka notes that this is another name for the Martu people of the Western Desert.

Potential Dialect Groupings

[edit]

Individual Dialects

[edit]

Antakarinya language (aka. Antakarinja or Antikirinya)

Kokatha language

Kuwarra; Kuwarra people

  • Wikipedia does not have a page for this language/dialect, only the people.

Mantjintjarra language; Mantjintjarra

  • Laurent (2011) gives Manytjilytjara which is a very rarely used spelling. It gives the AIATSIS code of A33, which identifies it as Mantjintjarra.
  • Wikipedia does not have a page for this language/dialect, only the people; Mantjintjarra language redirects to Western Desert Language.

Nakako language; Nakako

  • Laurent (2011) gives Wanudjara. It gives the AIATSIS code of A32, which identifies it as Nakako.
  • Wikipedia does not have a page for this language/dialect, only the people; Nakako language redirects to Western Desert Language.

Ngaatjatjarra dialect

  • AIATSIS code A43.

Ngalia language; Ngalia (Western Desert)

Yankunytjatjara

  • Purported by the Mobile Language Team[48]

Ngarlawangka NOTE: Is it considered a member of the Western Desert Language block?

  • Now known as Ngarla.
  • Laurent (2011) gives AIATSIS code of A48.
  • AIATSIS notes that "...Ngarla A48, previously known as Ngarlawangka."[37]



Not Supported

[edit]
  • Spinifex People
    • Laurent (2011) gives their language as 'Ngalea Wirangu' which AITSIS categorises as two different languages. AITSIS gives Ngalia as a Western Desert language but not Wirangu.
      • Ngalia has been added to the list of dialects.
      • The Mobile Language Team states that Wirangu is not a Western Desert Language[49]

AIATSIS List

[edit]

Antikirinya / Antakirinja C5; Birniridjara A25; Bunggura A28; Dargudi A56; Djalgandi A26; Gula A21; Kartujarra A51; Kiyajarra A52; Kokatha C3; Kukatja A68; Kukatja C7; Kurajarra A85; Kuwarra A16; Luritja C7.1; Maduwongga A6; Mandjindja A33; Mangu A34; Manyjilyjarra A51.1; Marawa A22; Martu Wangka A86; Mudalga A27; Murunitja A8; Nakako A32; Nanadjara A37; Nangadadjara A17; Ngaanyatjarra A38; Ngaatjatjarra A43; Ngadawanga A30; Ngalia C2; Njangadjadjara A83; Pindiini A102; Pintupi C10; Pitjantjatjara C6; Putijarra A54; Tjeraridjal A7; Tjupan A31; Waljen A11; Wangkajunga A87; Wangkatha A12; Wangkatja A103; Warnman A62; Wawula A29; Wilyara A20; Wirdinya A49; Wirdjaragandja A82; Yankunytjatjara C4; Yulparija A67.

In 'Australian Languages - Their Nature and Development'

[edit]

Reference[2]

Warnman

Yulparitja

Manjtjiltjara (or Martu Wangka)

Kartutjarra

Kukatja

Pintupi

Luritja

Ngaatjatjarr[a][note 1]

Ngaanjatjarra

Wangkatha

Wangatja

Ngaliya

Pitjantjatjarra

Yankuntjatjarra

Kukarta

In 'The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across Australia'

[edit]

Reference[1]

Kartujarra

Kukatja

Manjiljarra

Martu Wangka

Ngaanyatjarra

Pintupi-Luritja

Pitjantjatjara

Wangkajunga

Wangkatja

Warnman

Yulparija

Bad source, initially used but contains many problems

[edit]

One of many sources[50]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Gives 'Ngaatjatjarr' but 'Ngaatjatjarra' is used far more often. AIATSIS give 'Ngaatjatjarr' as a synonym.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Bouckaert, Remco R.; Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin D. (12 March 2018). "The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across Australia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. p. 743. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0489-3.
  2. ^ a b c d DIXON, Robert (2004). AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGES Their Nature and Development. p. xxxvii. ISBN 051103783X.
  3. ^ a b C5 Antakarinya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  4. ^ a b A51 Kartujarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  5. ^ a b C3 Kokatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i C7 Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  7. ^ a b c d e A68 Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Burgman, Albert; Marsh, James; Hansen, Ken; Booth, Joshua (2005). Martu Wangka Dictionary and Topical Finderlist 2005 Draft. South Hedland, Western Australia: WANGKA MAYA Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. ISBN 1875946152.
  9. ^ "Kuwarra". Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  10. ^ Liberman, Kenneth (1980). "The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination". Ethnohistory. 27 (2): 119–133. doi:10.2307/481223. ISSN 0014-1801. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  11. ^ a b A16 Kuwarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  12. ^ a b c d e f C7.1 Luritja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  13. ^ a b c d e f C10 Pintupi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  14. ^ a b A51.1 Manyjilyjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  15. ^ a b c A33 Mantjintjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  16. ^ a b c d A86 Martu Wangka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  17. ^ "Nakako". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  18. ^ a b A32 Nakako at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  19. ^ a b A38 Ngaanyatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  20. ^ a b A43 Ngaatjatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  21. ^ a b C2 Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  22. ^ a b A102 Pindiini at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  23. ^ a b c d A12 Wangkatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  24. ^ a b c A103 Wangkatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  25. ^ a b C6 Pitjantjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  26. ^ A54 Putijarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  27. ^ A31 Tjupan at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  28. ^ a b A87 Wangkajunga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  29. ^ a b C4 Yankunytjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  30. ^ A67 Yulparija at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  31. ^ "Antikirinya". mobile language team. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  32. ^ "Kokatha". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  33. ^ a b Kenny, Anna (2013). The Aranda's Pepa: An introduction to Carl Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920) (PDF). Australian National University. ISBN 978-1-921-53677-9. JSTOR j.ctt5hgz6k.10.
  34. ^ "Nakako". mobile language team. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Yankunytjatjara Online Language Learning". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference AIATSIS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ a b "A39: Wajarri". AIATSIS Collection. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  38. ^ A6 Maduwongga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  39. ^ "A25: Birniridjara". collection.aiatsis.gov.au. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  40. ^ C43 Ngaliya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  41. ^ "WIRANGU". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  42. ^ a b A17 Nangadadjara / Nyanganyatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  43. ^ A62 Warnman at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  44. ^ A29 Wawula at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  45. ^ C11 Yumu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  46. ^ Milonas, Gizem; Hanson, Sue (October 2022). "A Comparison Between Manyjilyjarra and Manytjilytjarra". Academia.edu. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  47. ^ Codding, Brian; Bird, Rebecca; Bird, Douglas; Zeanah, David (2016). "Alternative Aboriginal Economies Martu Livelihoods in the Twenty-First Century". Why forage? hunters and gatherers in the twenty-first century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico press. ISBN 9780826356970.
  48. ^ "Yankunytjatjara Online Language Learning". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  49. ^ "WIRANGU". Mobile Language Team. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  50. ^ Dousset, Laurent (2011). Australian Aboriginal Kinship An introductory handbook with particular emphasis on the Western Desert. Marseille: pacific-credo Publications. ISBN 978-2-9563981-1-0. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
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