User:Gdg111/sandbox
![]() | This article documents a current rocket launch. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. (February 2017) |
![]() Model of the standard PSLV rocket | |
Function | Medium lift launch system |
---|---|
Manufacturer | ISRO |
Country of origin | Indien |
Cost per launch | PSLV-CA ₹90 crore($15M)[1] |
Size | |
Height | 44 metres (144 ft) |
Diameter | 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) |
Mass | PSLV-G: 295,000 kg (650,000 lb) PSLV-CA: 230,000 kg (510,000 lb) PSLV-XL: 320,000 kg (710,000 lb)[2] |
Stages | 4 |
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO(620 km) | |
Mass | 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) |
Payload to SSO(620 km) | |
Mass | 1,750 kg (3,860 lb)[2] |
Payload to Sub-GTO/GTO | |
Mass | 1,425 kg (3,142 lb)[2] |
Launch history | |
Status | Active |
Launch sites | Sriharikota |
Total launches | 38 PSLV-G: 12 PSLV-CA: 11 PSLV-XL: 15 |
Success(es) | 36 PSLV-G: 10 PSLV-CA: 11 PSLV-XL: 15 |
Failure(s) | 1 (PSLV-D1) |
Partial failure(s) | 1 (PSLV-C1) |
First flight | PSLV: 20 September 1993 PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007 PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008 |
Type of passengers/cargo | Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission, Astrosat, SRE-1, NAVIC |
Boosters (PSLV-G) – S9 | |
No. boosters | 6 |
Powered by | off |
Maximum thrust | 510 kN (110,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 262 s (2.57 km/s) |
Burn time | 44 seconds |
Propellant | Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene |
Boosters (PSLV-XL) – S12 | |
No. boosters | 6 |
Powered by | off |
Maximum thrust | 719 kN (162,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 262 s (2.57 km/s) |
Burn time | 49 seconds |
Propellant | Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene |
First stage | |
Propellant mass | 138,000 kg (304,000 lb)[2] |
Powered by | S139 |
Maximum thrust | 4,800 kN (1,100,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 237 s (2.32 km/s) (sea level) 269 s (2.64 km/s) (vacuum) |
Burn time | 105 seconds |
Propellant | Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene |
Second stage | |
Powered by | 1 Vikas |
Maximum thrust | 799 kN (180,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 293 s (2.87 km/s) |
Burn time | 158 seconds |
Propellant | N2O4/UDMH |
Third stage | |
Powered by | HPS3 |
Maximum thrust | 240 kN (54,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 295 s (2.89 km/s) |
Burn time | 83 seconds |
Propellant | Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene |
Fourth stage | |
Powered by | 2 x L-2-5[3] |
Maximum thrust | 15.2 kN (3,400 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 308 s (3.02 km/s) |
Burn time | 425 seconds |
Propellant | MMH/MON |
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into Sun-synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially available only from Russia. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[4]
In 2015 India successfully launched 17 foreign satellites belonging to Canada, Indonesia, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, India's first interplanetary mission, Mangalyaan (Mars orbiter) and India's first space observatory, Astrosat.[2]
Development
[edit]PSLV was designed and developed in the early 1990s at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The inertial systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control systems are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) at Mahendragiri near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. The solid propellant motors are processed at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR)at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh which also carries out launch operations.
The PSLV was first launched on 20 September 1993. The first and second stages performed as expected, but an attitude control problem led to the collision of the second and third stages at separation, and the payload failed to reach orbit.[5] After this initial setback, the PSLV successfully completed its second mission in 1994.[6] The fourth launch of PSLV suffered a partial failure in 1997, leaving its payload in a lower than planned orbit. Since then, the PSLV has launched 34 times with no further failures.[7]
PSLV continues to support Indian and foreign satellite launches especially for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight. In November 2013, it was used to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission, India's first interplanetary probe.[8]
Vehicle description
[edit]The PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage, one of the largest solid rocket motors in the world, carries 138 tonnes of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene urethane-bound (HTPB) propellant and develops a maximum thrust of about 4,800 kN. The 2.8-m diameter motor case is made of maraging steel and has an empty mass of 30,200 kg.[3] Pitch and yaw control during first stage flight is provided by the Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control System (SITVC), which injects an aqueous solution of strontium perchlorate into the nozzle to produce asymmetric thrust. The solution is stored in two cylindrical aluminium tanks strapped to the solid rocket motor and pressurised with nitrogen. Roll control is provided by two small liquid engines on opposite sides of the stage, the Roll Control Thrusters (RCT).
On the PSLV and PSLV-XL, first stage thrust is augmented by six strap-on solid boosters. Four boosters are ground-lit and the remaining two ignite 25 seconds after launch. In the standard PSLV, each booster carries nine tonnes of propellant and produces 510 kN thrust. The PSLV-XL uses larger boosters which carry 12 tonnes of propellant and produce 719 kN thrust. Two strap-on boosters are equipped with SITVC for additional attitude control.[3] The PSLV-CA uses no strap-on boosters.
The second stage employs the Vikas engine and carries 41.5 tonnes (40 tonnes till C-5 mission) of liquid propellant – unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidiser. It generates a maximum thrust of 800 kN (724 till C-5 mission). The engine is hydraulically gimbaled (±4°) to provide pitch and yaw control, while roll control is provided by two hot gas reaction control motors.
The third stage uses 7 tonnes of HTPB-based solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of 240 kN. It has a Kevlar-polyamide fibre case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle (±2°) thrust-vector engine for pitch & yaw control. Roll control is provided by the fourth stage reaction control system (RCS).[3]
The fourth stage is powered by twin engines burning monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON). Each engine generates 7.4 kN thrust and is gimbaled (±3°) to provide pitch, yaw & roll control during powered flight. Coast phase attitude control is provided by RCS. The stage carries 2,500 kg of propellant in the PSLV and PSLV-XL and 2,100 kg in the PSLV-CA.[9]
PSLV is developed with a group of wide-range control units.
Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pitch | SITVC | Engine Gimbal | Flex Nozzle | Engine Gimbal |
Yaw | SITVC | Engine Gimbal | Flex Nozzle | Engine Gimbal |
Roll | RCT and SITVC in 2 PSOMs | HRCM Hot Gas Reaction Control Motor | PS4 RCS | PS4 RCS |
Variants
[edit]ISRO has envisaged a number of variants of PSLV to cater to different mission requirements. There are currently three operational versions of the PSLV — the standard (PSLV), the core-alone (PSLV-CA) without the six strap-on booster motors, and the (PSLV-XL) version, which carries more solid fuel in its strap-on motors than the standard version.[10] These configurations provide wide variations in payload capabilities ranging from 3800 kg in LEO to 1800 kg in Sun-synchronous orbit.
- PSLV-G (Operational)
The standard version of the PSLV (PSLV-G) has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and six strap-on boosters. It currently has capability to launch 1,678 kg to 622 km into Sun-synchronous orbit.
- PSLV-CA (Operational)
The PSLV-CA, CA meaning "Core Alone", model premiered on 23 April 2007. The CA model does not include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant. Two small roll control modules and two first-stage motor control injection tanks were still attached to the side of the first stage.[9] The fourth stage of the CA variant has 400 kg less propellant when compared to its standard version.[9] It currently has capability to launch 1,100 kg to 622 km Sun synchronous orbit.[11]
- PSLV-XL (Operational)
PSLV-XL is the uprated version of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in its standard configuration boosted by more powerful, stretched strap-on boosters.[9] Weighing 320 tonnes at lift-off, the vehicle uses larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL) to achieve higher payload capability. PSOM-XL uses larger 1-metre diameter, 13.5m length motors, and carries 12 tonnes of solid propellants instead of 9 tonnes used in the earlier configuration of PSLV.[12] On 29 December 2005, ISRO successfully tested the improved version of strap-on booster for the PSLV. The first version of PSLV-XL was the launch of Chandrayaan-1 by PSLV C11. The payload capability for this variant is 1800 kg compared to 1600 kg for the other variants.[11] Other launches include the RISAT Radar Imaging Satellite and GSAT-12.[13]
Variant | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSLV (Standard) | 12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | |
PSLV-CA (Core Alone) | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL (Extended)[2] | 15 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
- PSLV-3S (Under development / Proposed)
ISRO is also considering the development of a three-stage version of the rocket without six strap-on boosters (with the second stage of the four-stage version removed) which will be capable of placing 500 kg to LEO.[11][14]
Launch history
[edit]As of 7 December 2016[update] the PSLV has made 39 launches, with 37 successfully reaching their planned orbits, one outright failure and one partial failure, yielding a success rate of 95% (or 97% including the partial failure). All launches have occurred from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), known before 2002 as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR).
Flight | Variant | Launch date/time (UTC) | Launch Pad | Payload | Payload Mass | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | PSLV-G | 20 September 1993 05:12 |
First | ![]() |
846 kg | Failure |
Maiden flight; attitude control failure at second stage separation.[15] | ||||||
D2 | PSLV-G | 15 October 1994 05:05 |
First | ![]() |
804 kg | Success |
D3 | PSLV-G | 21 March 1996 04:53 |
First | ![]() |
920 kg | Success |
C1 | PSLV-G | 29 September 1997 04:47 |
First | ![]() |
1250 kg | Partial failure |
First operational flight; fourth stage under-performed resulting in lower than planned orbit. Satellite used own propulsion to move to correct orbit.[18] | ||||||
C2 | PSLV-G | 26 May 1999 06:22 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1050 kg 45 kg 107 kg |
Success |
First launch to have foreign satellites, and first to carry multiple satellites.[19][20] | ||||||
C3 | PSLV-G | 22 October 2001 04:53 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1108 kg 94 kg 92 kg |
Success |
First multi-orbit mission. TES and BIRD were injected into a nominal 568 km circular sun synchronous polar orbit, PROBA was injected into a 568 X 638 km elliptical orbit. Orbit was raised using RCS thrusters on fourth stage.[21][22] | ||||||
C4 | PSLV-G | 12 September 2002 10:23 |
First | ![]() |
1060 kg | Success |
India's first launch to GTO. GTO payload capability has reached 1200 kg from 2002 onward, compared to 1050 kg previously. First use of lightweight carbon composite payload adapter.[23][24][25] | ||||||
C5 | PSLV-G | 17 October 2003 04:52 |
First | ![]() |
1360 kg | Success |
Payload capability had been progressively increased by more than 600 kg since the first PSLV launch. Launch took place despite heavy rain.[26][27] | ||||||
C6 | PSLV-G | 5 May 2005 04:45 |
Second | ![]() ![]() |
1560 kg 42.5 kg |
Success |
C7 | PSLV-G | 10 January 2007 03:54 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
680 kg 500 kg 56 kg 6 kg |
Success |
First flight of hardware upgrade, first launch of reentry capsule (SRE).[29] | ||||||
C8 | PSLV-CA | 23 April 2007 10:00 |
Second | ![]() ![]() |
352 kg 185 kg |
Success |
First flight of the 'Core-Alone' configuration. ISRO's first commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload).[30][31] | ||||||
C10 | PSLV-CA | 21 January 2008 03:45 |
First | ![]() |
295 kg | Success |
ISRO's second commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload).[32][33] | ||||||
C9 | PSLV-CA | 28 April 2008 03:53 |
Second | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
690 kg 83 kg 8 kg 6.5 kg 3.5 kg 3 kg 2.2 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.75 kg |
Success |
C11 | PSLV-XL | 22 October 2008 00:52 |
Second | ![]() |
1380 kg | Success |
First flight of the PSLV-XL configuration, first Indian Lunar probe.[36][37] | ||||||
C12 | PSLV-CA | 20 April 2009 01:15 |
Second | ![]() ![]() |
300 kg 40 kg |
Success |
C14 | PSLV-CA | 23 September 2009 06:21 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
960 kg 8 kg 8 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg |
Success |
Rubin 9.1 and 9.2 intentionally remained attached to the fourth stage. SwissCube-1 was the first Swiss satellite, and ITUpSAT1 was the first satellite to be constructed in Turkey.[40][41][42][43][44][45] | ||||||
C15 | PSLV-CA | 12 July 2010 03:52 |
First | ![]() |
694 kg 117 kg 6.5 kg 1 kg 0.95 kg |
Success |
AISSat-1 and TIsat are part of NLS-6.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] | ||||||
C16 | PSLV-G | 20 April 2011 04:42 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1206 kg 106 kg 92 kg |
Success |
C17 | PSLV-XL | 15 July 2011 11:18 |
Second | ![]() |
1410 kg | Success |
C18 | PSLV-CA | 12 October 2011 05:31 |
First | ![]() ![]() |
1000 kg 10.9 kg 3 kg 28.7 kg |
Success |
C19 | PSLV-XL | 26 April 2012 00:17 |
First | ![]() |
1850 kg | Success |
C21 | PSLV-CA | 9 September 2012 04:23 |
First | ![]() ![]() |
720 kg 50 kg 15 kg |
Success |
mRESINS tested avionics for future PSLV launches. ISRO's third commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload). ISRO's 100th mission.[59][60] | ||||||
C20 | PSLV-CA | 25 February 2013 12:31 |
First | ![]() ![]() |
409 kg 148 kg 74 kg 14 kg 14 kg 6.5 kg 0.8 kg |
Success |
TUGSAT-1 and UniBRITE were the first Austrian satellites.[61][62][63] | ||||||
C22 | PSLV-XL | 1 July 2013 18:11 |
First | ![]() |
1425 kg | Success |
India's first regional navigation satellite.[64] | ||||||
C25 | PSLV-XL | 5 November 2013 09:08 |
First | ![]() |
1350 kg | Success |
C24 | PSLV-XL | 4 April 2014 11:44 |
First | ![]() |
1432 kg | Success |
C23 | PSLV-CA | 30 June 2014 04:22 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
714 kg 15 kg 15 kg 14 kg 7 kg |
Success |
ISRO's fourth commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload).[69] | ||||||
C26 | PSLV-XL | 16 October 2014 20:02 |
First | ![]() |
1425.4 kg | Success |
Seventh PSLV-XL and third Navigation Satellite launch.[70][71] | ||||||
C27 | PSLV-XL | 28 March 2015 11:49 |
Second | ![]() |
1425 kg | Success |
Eighth PSLV-XL and fourth Navigation Satellite launch.[72] | ||||||
C28 | PSLV-XL | 10 July 2015 16:28 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
447 kg 447 kg 447 kg 91 kg 7 kg |
Success |
At the time it was the heaviest commercial mission (1439 kg) successfully accomplished using a launch vehicle assembled by ISRO.[73][74] | ||||||
C30 | PSLV-XL | 28 September 2015 04:30 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
1650 kg 68 kg 5.5 kg 4 kg 4 kg 4 kg 4 kg |
Success |
Launch of India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory and ISRO's first launch of US satellites.[75] | ||||||
C29 | PSLV-CA | 16 December 2015 12:30 |
First | ![]() ![]() |
400 kg 123 kg 13 kg 78 kg 3.4 kg - |
Success |
Commercial launch of 6 Singaporean satellites. Fourth stage re-ignition demonstrated successfully after payload deployment.[77][78][79] | ||||||
C31 | PSLV-XL | 20 January 2016 04:01 |
Second | ![]() |
1425 kg | Success |
IRNSS-1E, fifth navigation satellite of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment launched. It carries two types of payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload. This is the eleventh time ‘XL’ configuration is being flown.[80][81][82] | ||||||
C32 | PSLV-XL | 10 March 2016 10:31 |
Second | ![]() |
1425 kg |
Success |
IRNSS-1F, sixth navigation satellite of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment launched. It carries two types of payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload. This is the twelfth time ‘XL’ configuration is being flown. IRNSS-1F carries Corner Cube Retro Reflectors for laser ranging.[83] Launch initially scheduled for 10:30 was delayed by one minute to avoid space debris.[84] | ||||||
C33 | PSLV-XL | 28 April 2016 07:20 |
First | ![]() |
1425 kg |
Success |
IRNSS-1G, last navigation satellite of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment launched. India's own navigational system, the set-up for which was completed will be called NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)[85][86][87][88][89] | ||||||
C34 | PSLV-XL | 22 June 2016 03:55 |
Second |
|
|
Success |
ISRO's Cartosat-2C and 19 other satellites launched.[90][91][92][93][94][95] | ||||||
C35 | PSLV-G | 26 September 2016 03:42 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
371 kg 117 kg 103 kg 44 kg 10 kg 8 kg 7 kg 5.25 kg |
Success |
ISRO's longest PSLV satellite launch mission. First mission of PSLV in which it launched its payloads into two different orbits.[96][97][98][99][100][101] | ||||||
C36 | PSLV-XL | 7 December 2016 04:55 |
First | ![]() |
1235 kg | Success |
Planned launches
[edit]Flight | Variant | Launch date/time (UTC) | Launch Pad | Payload | Payload Mass | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C37 | PSLV-XL | 15 February 2017
03:58 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
730 kg 10 kg 10 kg 1 kg 500 kg |
Scheduled |
C38 | PSLV-XL | April 2017 |
First | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() 9 others |
15 kg 18 kg |
Planned |
C39 | PSLV-CA | 2017 |
First | ![]() |
Planned | |
C40 | PSLV-XL | 2017 |
First | ![]() |
Planned | |
C41 | PSLV-XL | 28 Dec 2017 |
First | ![]()
|
Planned | |
Launch Frequency
[edit]
- PSLV-G
- PSLV-CA
- PSLV-XL
- Planned
Notable flights
[edit]PSLV flight D1
[edit]This was the first developmental flight of the PSLV-D1.[15] The IRS-1E satellite which was proposed to be launched was derived from the engineering model of IRS-1A incorporating a similar camera and an additional German-built monocular electro-optical stereo scanner. Even though the mission was a failure, the launch team and an expert committee appointed thereafter noted that the mission had validated many technologies and that most sub-systems had performed optimally.[119][120]
PSLV flight D2
[edit]This was the second flight of PSLV program which was also its first successful flight. The vehicle carried IRS-P2 satellite which was deployed in the Sun-synchronous Low Earth orbit.
PSLV flight D3
[edit]This was the third launch of PSLV program which was also its second successful launch. The vehicle carried IRS-P3 satellite which was deployed in the Sun-synchronous Low Earth orbit.
PSLV flight C1
[edit]The launch was witnessed by the former Prime Minister I.K. Gujral and also marked India's first launch vehicle built without Russian assistance.[121][122]
PSLV flight C2
[edit]In the flight sequence, IRS-P4 was injected first, followed by KITSAT-3 and DLR-Tubsat in that order.[19] The mission was supported by ISTRAC network of ground stations located at Bangalore, Sriharikota, Lucknow, Mauritius, Bearslake, Russia and Biak, Indonesia. During the initial phase of the mission the ground station at Wilhem in Germany also provided network support. Upon injection of the satellites, data from the IRS-P4 was received at Hyderabad while KITSAT-3 data was received at the ground station in South Korea and the data from the DLR-Tubsat was received at the university ground station in Berlin.[20][123]
PSLV flight C3
[edit]PSLV-C3 was the third operational launch and overall sixth mission of the PSLV program. This launch was also the forty-sixth launch by Indian Space Research Organisation since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried three satellites which were deployed in the Sun-synchronous Low Earth orbit.[124][125]
PSLV flight C4
[edit]PSLV-C4 was the fourth operational launch and overall seventh mission of the PSLV program. This launch was also the forty-eight launch by Indian Space Research Organisation since its first mission on 1 January 1962. The vehicle carried and injected India's first dedicated Meteorological satellite, Kalpana-1 (originally called METSAT) into the Geosynchronous transfer orbit. PSLV-C4 was launched at 15:53 hours IST on 12 September 2002 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range").[126][127]
PSLV flight C5
[edit]PSLV-C5 was the fifth operational launch and overall eighth mission of the PSLV program. This launch was also the fifty-second launch by Indian Space Research Organisation since its first mission. The vehicle carried and injected India's remote sensing satellite, Resourcesat-1 (a.k.a. IRS-P6) into the Sun-synchronous orbit. PSLV-C5 was launched at 04:52 hours Coordinated Universal Time (10:22 Indian Standard Time) on 17 October 2003 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[128]
PSLV flight C6
[edit]The former President, Dr. Abdul Kalam, witnessed the launch from the Mission Control Centre.[129] It was the first PSLV launch from second pad, using integrate-transfer-and-launch technology. After its integration in the Vehicle Assembly Building, the PSLV-C6 was transported on rails to the Umbilical Tower (UT) located one km away using the Mobile Launch Pedestal where the final operations were carried out.[129]
PSLV flight C7
[edit]The following hardware changes[130][131] were made since PSLV-C6:
- first use of DLA (Dual Launch Adapter) to launch 2 primary satellites in time
- reduction of propellant from 2.5 tonne to 2 tonne in the fourth liquid propellant stage
- incorporation of a video imaging system to capture payload and DLA separation events
- altitude based day of launch wind-biased steering programme during Open Loop Guidance
- removal of Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) system for one of the strapons ignited in the air.
PSLV flight C9
[edit]The fourth stage first fired Cartosat-2A into orbit at an altitude of 637 km about 885 seconds after lift-off. About 45 seconds later, it propelled IMS-1 into the orbit. Then the six nano satellites belonging to a cluster called NLS-4 were injected into orbit at intervals of 20 seconds each. NLS-5, a single satellite, flew out and finally the tenth satellite Rubin-8 went along with the fourth stage into orbit. Two satellites belonged to India and the remaining were nanosatellites built by universities in different countries.[132] This was the maximum number of satellites placed in orbit, in a single PSLV launch.[133][134][135]
PSLV flight C21
[edit]Launch attended by the former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[136] mRESINS (mini Redundant Strapdown Inertial Navigation System) bolted to the vehicle's fourth stage, have tested avionics for future PSLV missions.[137] With this launch Indian Space Research Organisation marked its 100 space missions, with 62 satellites, 37 launch vehicles and 1 Space Capsule Recovery Experiment.
PSLV flight C22
[edit]Earlier launch date for PSLV C22 was fixed as 12 June 2013 (1.01AM) but the launch had been postponed because of a technical snag in the 2nd stage.[138]
The launch of the first satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), scheduled for 12 June 2013 from Sriharikota, has been postponed by 14 days after an anomaly was discovered just 11 days before launch. The satellite IRNSS-1A, which would be the first in a series of seven navigation satellites was scheduled to be launched on board the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C22 at 1.01 am on 12 June. The satellite has undergone its pre-launch checks successfully. However, ISRO said the launch vehicle had an anomaly in one electro-hydraulic control actuators. "During the electrical checks of the launch vehicle, an anomaly was observed in one of the electro-hydraulic control actuators in the second stage. It has been decided to replace this actuator," a statement by ISRO said. Officials added that the replacement of the actuator would take two weeks and it would be carried out at the launch pad and vehicle assembly area.
ISRO then replaced a faulty component in the PSLV C22 rocket and rescheduled the flight of the IRNSS-1A satellite on it for 11:41 p.m. on 1 July 2013.[139] PSLV C22, successfully launched IRNSS-1A, the first satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
At the completion of the countdown, PSLV C22 lifted off from the First Launch Pad at 23:41 hrs (IST) on 1 July 2013 with the ignition of the first stage and four strap-on motors of the launch vehicle.[64]
PSLV flight C25
[edit]The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan is a Mars orbiter that was successfully injected into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 at 2:38 PM IST (9:08 UTC) atop a PSLV-XL launch vehicle from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SHAR).
PSLV flight C29
[edit]PSLV C29 lifted off from the First Launch Pad (FLP) of SDSC SHAR at 18:00 hrs [IST] on 16 December 2015. It successfully deployed six satellites it carried with gross weight of 624 kg. After fourth stage engines were cut off primary payload TeLEOS-1 was injected in orbit at about 18 min 12 seconds after lift-off. This was followed by the deployment of other five satellites, namely Kent Ridge-1, VELOX-C1, VELOX-II, Galassia and Athenoxat-1 in quick succession in the subsequent three minutes.[140] 67 minutes into flight fourth stage re-ignition capability was demonstrated successfully by firing its engines for duration of nearly five seconds. This capability would enable multiple satellite deployment in varying orbits on same flight.[79]
PSLV flight C34
[edit]PSLV-C34 was launched on 22 June 2016 and successfully deployed 20 satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit. A Dual Launch Adapter with new design[141] compared to its previous version[142] was used to integrate all ride-sharing payloads with PS4. After completion of mission a pair of PS4 re-ignition tests were performed to reaffirm multi-orbit deployment capability of PS4.[143] A new Inertial navigation system 'Mk IV A' employing next generation Accelerometer was introduced on this mission.[144][145]
PSLV flight C36
[edit]Remote umbilical fill and drain system was used on fourth stage for the first time reducing the countdown time by one day. Experimental avionics packages were flown bolted to fourth stage including 'miniaturized advanced inertial navigation system' miniAINS, NavIC based positioning system, Vikram processor and new lithium-ion based power system. A video imaging system was also on-board, consisting of five cameras which captured and live streamed various staging events.[146][147]
Launch failures
[edit]On 20 September 1993 a PSLV D1, the first developmental flight rocket, failed during launch. A significant attitude disturbance occurred during second to third-stage separation, causing the attitude control command to exceed its maximum value. Because of the programming error in the pitch control loop of the digital autopilot software in the guidance and control processor, the required reversal of command polarity did not take place, causing the pitch loop to become unstable, resulted in loss of attitude control and failure to achieve orbit. The attitude control disturbance was traced to failure of one of the retro rockets designed to pull the burnt second stage away from the third stage. The vehicle crashed into the Bay of Bengal 700 seconds after take off.[120]
On 29 September 1997 a PSLV C1 rocket failed during launch. Anomalous interaction between the primary and secondary pressure regulators of the fourth stage caused a reduction in propellant flow and thrust after 250 seconds of burn time. As a result, the fourth stage was shut down by a software override timer after burning 435 seconds, before reaching the target orbit or depleting propellant. The injection velocity was 140 m/s low, resulting in an orbit of 301 x 823 km instead of the planned 817 km circular SSO.[148] Initially, a leak of helium gas from one of the components in the fourth stage was suspected,[121][149] similar to recent Long March 3 launch failure, but later ruled out. Resulting orbit was partially corrected using satellite's on-board thrusters, thereby raising the perigee to 737 km, while the apogee remained at 821 km.[120]
See also
[edit]- Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
- Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III/ LVM 3
- Comparison of orbital launchers families
References
[edit]- ^ "PSLV-C21 sends French SPOT 6, Japanese satellite into orbit". Business Line. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle". Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d "PSLV Launch Vehicle Information". Spaceflight 101. Retrieved February 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles". Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ "India (Launchers)". Spacecraft Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "PSLV (1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "PSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Mars Orbiter Mission". Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d "PSLV Datasheet".
- ^ Subramanian, T.S. (15 July 2011). "The PSLV is a proud symbol of ISRO's self-reliance". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ a b c "India's PSLV" (PDF).
- ^ PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1
- ^ "New Solid Propellant Motor to Increase PSLV Capability". ISRO.
- ^ "Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies" (PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ a b IRS-1E
- ^ IRS-P2
- ^ IRS-P3
- ^ IRS-1D
- ^ a b PSLV-C2
- ^ a b "Current Science".
- ^ Ramakrishnan, S.; Somanath, S.; Balakrishnan, S. S. (1 January 2002). "Multi-Orbit Mission by PSLV-C3 and Future Launch Opportunities". Iaf Abstracts: 936. Bibcode:2002iaf..confE.936R.
- ^ PSLV-C3
- ^ PSLV-C4
- ^ International reference guide to space launch systems, Fourth Edition, p. 330, ISBN 1-56347-591-X
- ^ "PSLV-C4/METSAT Mission". ISRO.gov.in. Retrieved February 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ PSLV-C5
- ^ "Frontline: A remote-sensing success". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ PSLV-C6
- ^ PSLV-C7
- ^ "PSLV-C8 blasts off with Italian payload". Rediff.com.
- ^ First commercial launch of PSLV-C8 successful-India-The Times of India
- ^ PSLV-C10
- ^ NDTV - ISRO Launches Israeli Satellite
- ^ Delfi-C3 Mission status page
- ^ PSLV Rocket Launches 10 Satellites
- ^ PSLV C11
- ^ T.S. Subramanian (23 October 2008). "Chandrayaan-1 bound for Moon". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ PSLV C12
- ^ "India launches spy satellite RISAT-2". IBNLive.
- ^ ":: Bharat-Rakshak.com - Indian Military News Headlines ::".
- ^ ISRO - CUBESATS
- ^ "News Archives: The Hindu". The Hindu.
- ^ "Oceansat 2, 6 nanosats launched in 20 mins by ISRO". The Indian Express.
- ^ "Satnews Publishers: Daily Satellite News".
- ^ First Turkish-Made Satellite Launched From India
- ^ Nanosatellite Launch Service 6. "UTIAS Space Flight Laboratory".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ More info
- ^ PSLV CA-C15 Countdown
- ^ eZ Systems. "Home - Norwegian Space Centre".
- ^ "NSSDC Master Catalog (Entry-ID: 2010-035E)". NASA. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ "SUPSI Space Lab".
- ^ "ISRO to launch five satellites on July 12". 3 July 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|websiter=
ignored (help) - ^ T.S., Subramanian (19 April 2011). "PSLV-C16 launch today". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "PSLV-C17".
- ^ T.S. Subramanian. "ISRO-developed computer helped PSLV-C17 put satellite in orbit". The Hindu.
- ^ Megha-Tropiques / PSLV-C18 scheduled for take off on 12 October 2011 at 11:00:00 IST
- ^ "VesselSat 1, 2, 3". Gunter's Space. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ M. Dinesh Varma. "PSLV-C19 puts RISAT-1 in orbit". The Hindu.
- ^ "Isro prepares for historic 100th mission". The Times Of India. 22 August 2012.
- ^ "100 missions of ISRO" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ "Indian rocket launches asteroid hunter, 6 other satellites". NBC. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ "India to launch seven satellites on February 25". DNA India. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Smartphone nanosatellite Space researchers at the University of Surrey's Surrey Space Centre (SSC) and SSTL have developed STRaND-1 "SSTL.co.uk" retrieved 14 Feb 2012
- ^ a b "PSLV-C22 Successfully Launches IRNSS-1A, India's First Navigation Satellite" (Press release). ISRO. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ "The Indian Herald".
- ^ "India to launch Mars mission on Nov 5". Hindustan Times. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "PSLV". Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "Navigational satellite IRNSS 1-B launch set for March 31". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- ^ "PSLV C23 to lift-off on June 30 with five foreign satellites". Retrieved 26 June 2014.
- ^ "Indian PSLV lofts IRNSS-1C satellite". Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ "PSLV-C26/IRNSS-1C" (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ "India's Fourth Navigational Satellite IRNSS-1D Launched From Sriharikota". Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Manish Raj (10 July 2015). "Isro successfully launches PSLV-C28 carrying 5 UK satellites". Times of India. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ Dennis S. Jesudasan (10 July 2015). "PSLV C-28 launches five UK satellites". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
- ^ "ASTROSAT, India's first astronomical mission, set for September 28 launch". PTI. Economic Times. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c29brochure.pdf
- ^ Patil, Vijaykumar (14 November 2015). "ISRO to launch five satellites in December".
- ^ "SaRC fact sheet" (PDF).
- ^ a b "ISRO Successfully Tests Multiple Burn Fuel Engine During Launch of Six Singaporean Satellites".
- ^ "SHAR set to launch 2 satellites in March 2016".
- ^ "ISRO's RLV-TD Project Likely to be Delayed". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- ^ "PSLV-C31/IRNSS-1E - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ^ http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c32-irnss-1f
- ^ "PSLV C32/ IRNSS 1F UPDATE: The launch time is revised to 16:01 hr (IST) for collision avoidance as per the space debris studies. Countdown status normal. - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1748605
- ^ "ISRO scientists in Ahmedabad uses 'spares' for weather satellite to save cost and time". The Indian Express. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ "నేడు పిఎస్ఎల్వి-సి32 కౌంట్డౌన్ | Prajasakti::Telugu Daily". www.prajasakti.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ "IRNSS full fleet could be a month late". The Hindu. 17 March 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
- ^ "PSLV-C33/IRNSS-1G - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/brochure-pslv_c34.pdf
- ^ http://www.andhrajyothy.com/Artical?SID=200026
- ^ "ISRO to launch record 22 satellites in single mission in June".
- ^ "Satmaxvalier".
- ^ "PSLV-C34". Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ "Mission Readiness Review (MRR) committee and Launch Authorisation Board (LAB) have cleared the 48 hr countdown starting at 09:26hr IST on Monday, June 20, 2016 and the launch of PSLV-C34/Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission for Wednesday, June 22, 2016 at 09:26hr IST".
- ^ "రెండు ప్రయోగాలకు సిద్ధమవుతోన్న ఇస్రో".
- ^ "సెప్టెంబర్లో షార్ నుండి రెండు ప్రయోగాలు".
- ^ "ISRO to launch 5 satellites in Septemeber [sic]".
- ^ http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/scatsat-1.htm
- ^ "IIT-B's feat: Mumbai's first satellite to lift off on September 26".
- ^ "PSLV-C35 Successfully Launches Eight Satellites into Two Different Orbits in a Single Flight".
- ^ "Noorul Islam University bets big on NIUSAT".
- ^ "Resourcesat-2A launch on November 28".
- ^ "డిసెంబర్ 7న పీఎస్ఎల్వీ ప్రయోగం".
- ^ "డిసెంబర్ 7న మరో ఉపగ్రహ ప్రయోగం".
- ^ "PSLV C36/ Resourcesat-2A".
- ^ "PSLV C36 / Resourcesat-2A Brochure".
- ^ "ISRO to launch record 103 satellites in one go in February".
- ^ "ISRO centres set for the record launch of 104 satellites at one go by February 15".
- ^ "పీఎస్ఎల్వీ సీ–37 ప్రయోగ సమయం మార్పు".
- ^ "పీఎస్ఎల్వీ సి-37 ప్రయోగ సమయం మార్పు".
- ^ "ISRO to launch record 83 satellites in one go in January". Indian Express. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ http://www.thenational.ae/uae/science/uae-nanosatellite-to-launch-this-month
- ^ "PSLV - Gunter's Space Page".
- ^ "Max Valier Satellite".
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "PSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ "Q.no.1112 Ans:08.02.2017" (PDF). LokSabha Questions. Govt. of India. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ "GOOGLE LUNAR XPRIZE TEAM HAKUTO ANNOUNCES RIDESHARE AGREEMENT WITH TEAMINDUS FOR A 2017 LUNAR MISSION".
- ^ "Space Yuga".
- ^ a b c "Space Craft Encyclopedia".
- ^ a b "Front Line".
- ^ "Imperfect Ending". Digital Today.
- ^ "The Indian Express".
- ^ "PSLV-C3". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- ^ "PSLV-C3 brochure" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- ^ "PSLV-C4". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "PSLV-C4 METSAT mission". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ "PSLV-C5". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ a b "Spaceref Asia: India's PSLV-C6 Successfully Launches Two Satellites".
- ^ "ISRO: PSLV C7".
- ^ "The Hindu: PSLV-C7 launch a success". Chennai, India. 11 January 2007.
- ^ "PSLV puts 10 satellites in orbit". The Hindu. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ "PSLV-C9". ISRO official website. Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ Bagla, Pallava (30 April 2008). "India's growing strides in space". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ Atkinson, Nancy (28 April 2008). "10 Satellites Launched in Record Setting Mission for India (Video)". Universe Today. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ "Isro's 100th mission: PSLV-C21 puts 2 foreign satellites in orbit". Time of India. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
- ^ Indian PSLV successfully launches SPOT-6 for France NASA Spaceflight.com retrieved 12 Sep 2012
- ^ "Technical snag puts off satellite launch". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
- ^ "It is the Indian equivalent of the GPS satellite". Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ "PSLV Successfully Launches Six Satellites from Singapore".
- ^ "PSLV-C34 / Cartosat 2 Series Mission Integration Video".
- ^ "PSLV C20/SARAL Gallery".
- ^ "PSLV Upper Stage Engines (PS4) successfully restarted in space".
- ^ "The Launch of PSLV-C34/Cartosat- 2 Series Satellite Mission". YouTube.
- ^ "IISU new director MV Dhekane to hold review meet for Navigation system updation".
- ^ "ISRO end year on high note, Resourcesat-2A put into orbit".
- ^ "Isro for 100 per cent indigenous rocket technology soon, says chief".
- ^ International reference guide to space launch systems, Fourth Edition, p. 334, ISBN 1-56347-591-X
- ^ Kyle, Ed. "India (SLV/ASLV/PSLV/GSLV) Flight History by Variant/Year (1979-2010)". Space Launch Report.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)