Willard Libby
Willard Frank Libby | |
|---|---|
| Born | December 17, 1908 |
| Died | September 8, 1980 (aged 71) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley Princeton University |
| Known for | Radiocarbon dating |
| Awards | Elliott Cresson Medal (1957) Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1960) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Radioactivity |
| Institutions | Columbia University University of Chicago University of California, Los Angeles |
Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist, famous for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology.
Libby was born in Grand Valley, Colorado. He received his B.S. in 1931 and Ph.D. in 1933 in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, where he then became a lecturer and later assistant professor. Libby spent the 1930s building sensitive geiger counters to measure weak natural and artificial radioactivity. In 1941 he joined Berkeley's chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma.
Awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, he spent most of 1941 at Princeton University. After the start of World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project at Columbia University with Nobel laureate chemist Harold Urey. Libby was responsible for the gaseous diffusion separation and enrichment of the Uranium-235 which was used in the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
In 1945 he became a professor at the University of Chicago. In 1954, he was appointed to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In 1959, he became Professor of Chemistry at University of California, Los Angeles, a position he held until his retirement in 1976. He taught honors freshman chemistry from 1959 to 1963 (in keeping with a University tradition that senior faculty teach this class). He was Director of the University of California statewide Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) for many years including the lunar landing time. In 1966 he married Leona Woods Marshall, an original experimentor on the world's first nuclear reactor and a UCLA professor of environmental engineering. He also started the first Environmental Engineering program at UCLA in 1972.
In 1960, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for leading the team (namely, post-doc James Arnold and graduate student Ernie Anderson, with a $5,000 grant) that developed Carbon-14 dating. He also discovered that tritium could be used for dating water, and therefore wine.
He attended Analy High School in Sebastopol, CA. The school library has a mural of Libby, and a nearby highway is named in his honor.
Works
- Arnold, J.R. and W. F. Libby. "Radiocarbon from Pile Graphite; Chemical Methods for Its Concentrations", Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 10, 1946).
- Libby, Willard F., Radiocarbon dating, 2d ed., University of Chicago Press, 1955.
- Libby, W. F. "Progress in the Use of Isotopes: The Atomic Triad - Reactors, Radioisotopes and Radiation", United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (August 4, 1958).
- Libby, W. F. "History of Radiocarbon Dating", Department of Chemistry and Institute of Geophysics, University of California-Los Angeles, International Atomic Energy Agency, (August 15, 1967).
- Libby, W. F. "Vulcanism and Radiocarbon Dates", University of California-Los Angeles, National Science Foundation, (October 1972).
- Libby, W. F. "Radiocarbon Dating, Memories, and Hopes", Department of Chemistry and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California-Los Angeles, National Science Foundation, (October 1972).
External links
- Annotated Bibliography for Willard Libby from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Picture, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960
- Biography of Willard Libby
- UCLA Biography
- A digitized collection of documents related to Libby's contacts with Linus Pauling
References
- W.F. Libby (1946). "Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation". Physical Review. 69 (11–12): 671–672. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.69.671.2.
- W.F.Libby: Radiocarbon dating. Chemistry in Britain, Dec. 1969; 5(12): 548-552.
- 1908 births
- 1980 deaths
- American chemists
- Guggenheim Fellows
- Nobel laureates in Chemistry
- American Nobel laureates
- University of California, Berkeley alumni
- University of California, Berkeley faculty
- People from Grand Junction, Colorado
- Princeton University alumni
- Columbia University
- University of Chicago faculty