敦

敦 U+6566, 敦 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6566 ← 敥 [U+6565] CJK Unified Ideographs 敧 → [U+6567]

Translingual

Han character

敦 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜木人大 (YDOK), four-corner 0844₀, composition ⿰享攵)

Derived characters

• 噋 墩 憞 撴 暾 橔 潡 燉 犜 獤 㻻 礅 㬿 譈(𬤣) 蹾 鐓(镦) 䪃 驐(𮪥) 鷻 䔻 墪 憝 撉 䃦 鐜 𠎄 𡡬 𥋆 𫄃 𬚧 𦪔 𧑒 𧝋 𠓎 𪆝 𡼖 𥂦 𮕁 𧝗 𩞤 𪆃(𬸫) 𣦤

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 473, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13276
• Dae Jaweon: page 826, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1468, character 1
• Unihan data for U+6566

Chinese

simp. and trad.		敦
alternative forms		㪟 𦎫 𦎧 𣀦 𢼪 㪟 𦎫 𦎧 𣀦 𢼪 𠧈 𠧉

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 敦
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (敦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
弴	*tjuː, *tuːn
敦	*tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns
錞	*duːlʔ, *duːls, *djun
憝	*duːls
憞	*duːls
譈	*duːls
鐓	*duːls
鷻	*doːn
鶉	*doːn, *djun
惇	*tuːn, *tjun
墩	*tuːn
驐	*tuːn
燉	*tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn
焞	*tʰuːn, *djun
啍	*tʰuːn, *duːn
暾	*tʰuːn
噋	*tʰuːn, *kʰʷaːɡ
諄	*tjun, *tjuns
埻	*tjunʔ, *kʷaːɡ, *kʷreːɡ
稕	*tjuns
醇	*djun
淳	*djun
犉	*njun

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). Original meaning uncertain.

Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns) : phonetic 𦎫 () + semantic 攴 (“hand”).

Etymology 1

“thick; earnest; plentiful; large”

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)ow-n (“thick”).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dūn (dun¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deon¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tûn
• Eastern Min (BUC): dŭng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tun

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dung¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ten

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dūn
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dun
    • Wade–Giles: tun¹
    • Yale: dwūn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duen
    • Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯ən⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: deon¹
    • Yale: dēun
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doen¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dên¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûn
    • Hakka Romanization System: dun^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: dun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /tun²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tun
    • Tâi-lô: tun
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dwn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tun³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dung¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹ten
    • MiniDict: ten^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ten
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tən⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: twon

Rime
Character	敦
Reading #	2/4
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都昆切
Baxter	twon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuən/
Pan Wuyun	/tuon/
Shao Rongfen	/tuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twən/
Li Rong	/tuən/
Wang Li	/tuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dūn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deon1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	敦	敦
Reading #	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dūn	dūn
Middle Chinese	‹ twon ›	‹ twon ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁur/	/*tˁur/
Englisch	solid, thick	敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	敦
Reading #	3/4
No.	2597
Phonetic component	敦
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	敦
Old Chinese	/*tuːn/

Definitions

敦

1. ^† angry
2. to urge
3. ^† to advise and encourage
4. ^† diligent
5. earnest; honest; generous
6. ^† intimate
7. ^† thick
8. ^† plentiful; rich
9. ^† large
10. ^† to attach importance to; to esteem; to revere
11. ^† to put something down with great force
12. A river in Shanxi
13. a surname

Compounds

• 京斯敦 (Jīngsīdūn)
• 倫敦／伦敦 (Lúndūn)
• 倫敦宣言／伦敦宣言
• 倫敦影展／伦敦影展
• 倫敦鐵塔／伦敦铁塔
• 克敦孝行
• 厚厚敦敦
• 可敦
• 可賀敦／可贺敦
• 培敦
• 堥敦 (máodūn)
• 摩敦
• 敦世厲俗／敦世厉俗
• 敦仁
• 敦促 (dūncù)
• 敦倫／敦伦 (dūnlún)
• 敦化 (Dūnhuà)
• 敦厚 (dūnhòu)
• 敦品勵學／敦品励学 (dūnpǐnlìxué)
• 敦囑／敦嘱
• 敦坐
• 敦實／敦实 (dūnshi)
• 敦序
• 敦打
• 敦搠
• 敦敦實實／敦敦实实
• 敦樸／敦朴
• 敦煌 (Dūnhuáng)
• 敦煌壁畫／敦煌壁画
• 敦煌曲子
• 敦煌石室
• 敦煌石窟
• 敦睦 (dūnmù)
• 敦聘 (dūnpìn)
• 敦親睦鄰／敦亲睦邻
• 敦請／敦请 (dūnqǐng)
• 敦蹄刷腳／敦蹄刷脚
• 敦風厲俗／敦风厉俗
• 溫柔敦厚／温柔敦厚
• 王敦擊壺／王敦击壶
• 貝希斯敦／贝希斯敦 (Bèixīsīdūn)
• 鄧虜淪敦／邓虏沦敦
• 開普敦／开普敦 (Kāipǔdūn)
• 陪敦

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): duì (dui⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi³ / deoi⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: duì
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: duèi
    • Wade–Giles: tui⁴
    • Yale: dwèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duey
    • Palladius: дуй (duj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: deoi³ / deoi⁶
    • Yale: deui / deuih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doey³ / doey⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dêu³ / dêu⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯³³/, /tɵy̯²²/

Definitions

敦

1. (historical) ancient vessel used to hold grains

Compounds

• 敦槃

 

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): duī (dui¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: duī
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: duei
    • Wade–Giles: tui¹
    • Yale: dwēi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
    • Palladius: дуй (duj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: deoi¹
    • Yale: dēui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doey¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dêu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: twoj

Rime
Character	敦
Reading #	1/4
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都回切
Baxter	twoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoi/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twəj/
Li Rong	/tuᴀi/
Wang Li	/tuɒi/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deoi1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	敦
Reading #	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duī
Middle Chinese	‹ twoj ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁur/ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
Englisch	manage, direct
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	敦
Reading #	1/4
No.	2587
Phonetic component	敦
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	磓
Old Chinese	/*tuːl/

Definitions

敦

1. ^† to administer; to manage

   • 敦商之旅，克咸厥功。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Duī Shāng zhī lǚ, kè xián jué gōng. [Pinyin]

     [Wu] disposed of the troops of Shang;
     He and his men shared equally in the achievement.

2. ^† solitary

   • 敦彼獨宿，亦在車下。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     敦彼独宿，亦在车下。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Duī bǐ dú sù, yì zài chē xià. [Pinyin]

     And quietly and solitarily did we pass the night,
     Under our carriages.

3. ^† to throw
4. ^† to force upon

   • 王事敦我，政事一埤遺我。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     王事敦我，政事一埤遗我。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wángshì duī wǒ, zhèngshì yī pí yí wǒ. [Pinyin]

     The king's business is thrown on me,
     And the affairs of our government are left to me more and more.

Etymology 4

See 團 (OC *doːn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tuán (tuan²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tyun⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tuán
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tuán
    • Wade–Giles: tʻuan²
    • Yale: twán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twan
    • Palladius: туань (tuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯än³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: tyun⁴
    • Yale: tyùhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tyn⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: tün⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰyːn²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: dwan

Rime
Character	敦
Reading #	3/4
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	度官切
Baxter	dwan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/dʷɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/duɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dwan/
Li Rong	/duɑn/
Wang Li	/duɑn/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tyun4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*doːn/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	敦
Reading #	2/4
No.	2594
Phonetic component	敦
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	團
Old Chinese	/*doːn/

Definitions

敦

1. ^† clustered
2. ^† Alternative form of 團／团 (tuán, “round”)

   • 有敦瓜苦，烝在栗薪。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yǒu tuán guā kǔ, zhēng zài lì xīn. [Pinyin]

     There were the round bitter gourds hanging,
     From the branches of the chestnut trees.

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dùn (dun⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
    • Wade–Giles: tun⁴
    • Yale: dwùn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
    • Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯ən⁵¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: twonH

Rime
Character	敦
Reading #	4/4
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都困切
Baxter	twonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuənH/
Pan Wuyun	/tuonH/
Shao Rongfen	/tuənH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twənH/
Li Rong	/tuənH/
Wang Li	/tuənH/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuənH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dùn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deon3

Definitions

敦

1. ^† to erect
2. ^† Alternative form of 墩 (dūn, “mound”)

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dùn (dun⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deon⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dùn
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dùn
    • Wade–Giles: tun⁴
    • Yale: dwùn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duenn
    • Palladius: дунь (dunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯ən⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: deon⁶
    • Yale: deuhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doen⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dên⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵn²²/

Definitions

敦

1. Only used in 混敦 and 敦然.

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tūn (tun¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄣ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tūn
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tun
    • Wade–Giles: tʻun¹
    • Yale: twūn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuen
    • Palladius: тунь (tunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

Definitions

敦

1. Only used in 敦恨.

Etymology 8

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 雕 (“to engrave; to inlay; to carve; carving; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 雕).

Etymology 9

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 燾. (This character is a variant form of 燾).

Etymology 10

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 淳 (“thick; honest; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 淳).

Etymology 11

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 屯 (“village; hamlet; military camp; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 屯).

Etymology 12

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 墩 (“mound; block of stone or wood; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 墩).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 13

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 礅 (“large stone”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 礅).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 14

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 蹾. (This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹾).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Etymology 15

For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 撴 (“to hold tight; to seize; to jolt; to thump”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 撴).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

References

• “敦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

敦

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. kindness, affinity

Readings

• Go-on: とん (ton)、たい (tai)
• Kan-on: とん (ton)、たい (tai)
• Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
• Kun: あつい (atsui, 敦い)
• Nanori: あつし (atsushi)、つとむ (tsutomu)

Compounds

Compounds

• 敦盛(あつもり) (atsumori)
• 敦賀(つるが) (Tsuruga): Tsuruga, Fukui
• 敦厚(とんこう) (tonkō)
• 敦煌(とんこう) (Tonkō); Dunhuang

Etymology

Kanji in this term
敦
たい Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 敦 (MC twoj|twon|dwan|twonH).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) たい [táꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ta̠i]

Nomen

敦(たい) • (tai) 

1. dui (vessel)

Proper noun

敦(あつし) oder 敦(つとむ) • (Atsushi oder Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

敦 (eumhun 쪼을 퇴 (jjo'eul toe))

1. hanja form^? of 퇴 (“peck”)

敦 (eumhun 모을 퇴 (mo'eul toe))

1. hanja form^? of 퇴 (“collect, gather”)

敦 (eumhun 다스릴 퇴 (daseuril toe))

1. hanja form^? of 퇴 (“manage, govern, administer”)

敦 (eumhun 끊을 퇴 (kkeuneul toe))

1. hanja form^? of 퇴 (“sever, cut off, put down”)

敦 (eumhun 곱송거릴 퇴 (gopsonggeoril toe))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

敦 (eumhun 성낼 퇴 (seongnael toe))

1. hanja form^? of 퇴 (“angry, furious”)

敦 (eumhun 도타울 돈 (dotaul don))

1. hanja form^? of 돈 (“esteem”)
2. hanja form^? of 돈 (“honest, candid, sincere”)

Vietnamese

Han character

敦: Hán Việt readings: đôn (都(đô)昆(côn)切(thiết)), dun
敦: Nôm readings: đon, run, xôn, xun, đôn, giun, dun, don, dồn, ton, rủn, gion, chon, trôn, đun, dôn, giôn, đùn, đũn, dún

1. Nôm form of run (“to tremble; to shiver”).