浪人: difference between revisions

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From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=ろうにん|-}} compound {{m|zh|浪人|tr=lang nyin|lit=wasteful or reckless person}}. Compare modern {{cog|cmn|-}} reading ''làngrén''.
From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=ろうにん|-}} compound {{m|zh|浪人|tr=lang nyin|lit=wasteful or reckless person}}. Compare modern {{cog|cmn|-}} reading ''làngrén''.


Originally referred to someone who had no fixed {{l|en|residence}}. Used in the context of the {{l|en|w:Ritsuryō|''Ritsuryō''}} legal system of {{w|Nara period|Nara}} and {{w|Heian period|Heian}} period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their {{l|en|registered}} {{l|en|residence}} in order to avoid {{l|en|tax}} {{l|en|liability|liabilities}} and {{l|en|corvee}} {{l|en|labor}} requirements.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> Later in the {{w|Muromachi period}}, came to refer to {{l|en|samurai}} who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.
Originally referred to someone who had no fixed [[residence]]. Used in the context of the [[w:Ritsuryō|''Ritsuryō'']] legal system of {{w|Nara period|Nara}} and {{w|Heian period|Heian}} period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their [[registered]] [[residence]] in order to avoid [[tax]] [[liability|liabilities]] and [[corvee]] [[labor]] requirements.<ref name="KDJ">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> Later in the {{w|Muromachi period}}, came to refer to [[samurai]] who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
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{{ja-noun|ろうにん|hhira=らうにん}}
{{ja-noun|ろうにん|hhira=らうにん}}


# a {{l|en|master}}less {{l|en|samurai}}
# a [[master]]less [[samurai]]
# a {{l|en|vagrant}}, a {{l|en|vagabond}}, a {{l|en|wanderer}}
# a [[vagrant]], a [[vagabond]], a [[wanderer]]
#* 1177–1188: {{w|Iroha Jiruishō}}:<ref>{{cite-book
#* 1177–1188: {{w|Iroha Jiruishō}}:<ref>{{cite-book
|last=Tadakane
|last=Tadakane
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#*: '''Rǒnin'''. <small>ラゥニン</small> (牢人) 追放された人.
#*: '''Rǒnin'''. <small>ラゥニン</small> (牢人) 追放された人.
#: More specifically spelled {{ja-l|牢人}}.
#: More specifically spelled {{ja-l|牢人}}.
# a {{l|en|prisoner}}
# a [[prisoner]]
#: More specifically spelled {{ja-l|牢人}}.
#: More specifically spelled {{ja-l|牢人}}.
# someone who has been {{l|en|laid off}} or {{l|en|fired}}, an {{l|en|unemployed}} person
# someone who has been [[laid off]] or [[fired]], an [[unemployed]] person
#* 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)<ref name="Saikaku">{{cite-book
#* 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)<ref name="Saikaku">{{cite-book
|last=Ihara
|last=Ihara
Line 73: Line 73:
#* 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)<ref name="Saikaku"/>
#* 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)<ref name="Saikaku"/>
#*: 「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御'''牢人'''衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
#*: 「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御'''牢人'''衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
# a {{l|en|student}} who failed the annual {{l|en|university}} entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: {{ja-l|浪人生||rōninsei}}
# a [[student]] who failed the annual [[university]] entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: {{ja-l|浪人生||rōninsei}}


====Synonyms====
====Synonyms====
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====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
* {{ja-r|浪人生|ろうにんせい}}: a {{l|en|student}} who failed the annual {{l|en|university}} entrance {{l|en|exam}}s and is waiting to take them again
* {{ja-r|浪人生|ろうにんせい}}: a [[student]] who failed the annual [[university]] entrance [[exam]]s and is waiting to take them again


===Verb===
===Verb===
{{ja-verb-suru|ろうにん|hhira=らうにん}}
{{ja-verb-suru|ろうにん|hhira=らうにん}}


# to become {{l|en|unemployed}}, to {{l|en|lose}} one's {{l|en|job}}
# to become [[unemployed]], to [[lose]] one's [[job]]
# {{lb|ja|sort=ろうにん|archaic}} to {{l|en|lose}} one's {{l|en|master}}
# {{lb|ja|sort=ろうにん|archaic}} to [[lose]] one's [[master]]
# to {{l|en|study}} for the following year's annual {{l|en|university}} entrance exams after failing
# to [[study]] for the following year's annual [[university]] entrance exams after failing


====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====

Revision as of 04:48, 10 August 2018

Chinese

wave; breaker; unrestrained
wave; breaker; unrestrained; dissipated
 
 man; person; people
simp. and trad.
(浪人) 		浪 人

Pronunciation

Nomen

(deprecated template usage) 浪人

  1. hobo; vagabond
  2. ruffian
  3. Japanese ronin
  4. (colloquial) lewd person; lecher

Japanese

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Englisch Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
浪 人
ろう
Grade: S 		にん
Grade: 1
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.

Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements.[1] Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

Pronunciation

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Nomen

浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ←らうにん (raunin)?

  1. a masterless samurai
  2. a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
  3. someone in exile
    • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 541:
      [3]
      Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
  4. a prisoner
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
  5. someone who has been laid off oder fired, an unemployed person
    • 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)[4]
      罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。
    • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)[4]
      「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」
    • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)[4]
      「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
  6. a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (​rōninsei)

Synonyms

Derived terms

Verb

浪(ろう)人(にん)する • (rōnin suru) ←らうにん (raunin)?suru (stem 浪(ろう)人(にん)し (rōnin shi), past 浪(ろう)人(にん)した (rōnin shita))

  1. to become unemployed, to lose one's job
  2. (archaic) to lose one's master
  3. to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing

Conjugation

Conjugation of "浪人する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 浪人し ろうにんし rōnin shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 浪人し ろうにんし rōnin shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 浪人する ろうにんする rōnin suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 浪人する ろうにんする rōnin suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 浪人すれ ろうにんすれ rōnin sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 浪人せよ¹
浪人しろ² 		ろうにんせよ¹
ろうにんしろ² 		rōnin seyo¹
rōnin shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 浪人される ろうにんされる rōnin sareru
Causative 浪人させる
浪人さす 		ろうにんさせる
ろうにんさす 		rōnin saseru
rōnin sasu
Potential 浪人できる ろうにんできる rōnin dekiru
Volitional 浪人しよう ろうにんしよう rōnin shiyō
Negative 浪人しない ろうにんしない rōnin shinai
Negative continuative 浪人せず ろうにんせず rōnin sezu
Formal 浪人します ろうにんします rōnin shimasu
Perfective 浪人した ろうにんした rōnin shita
Conjunctive 浪人して ろうにんして rōnin shite
Hypothetical conditional 浪人すれば ろうにんすれば rōnin sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:parameters at line 822: Parameter "language" is not used by this template.
  3. ^ Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in Module:quote at line 896: |date= should contain a full date (year, month, day of month); use |year= for year

Korean

Hanja in this term
浪人

Nomen

浪人 • (nang'in) (hangeul 낭인)

  1. hanja form? of 낭인 (“vagabond; ronin”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
浪人

Nomen

(deprecated template usage) 浪人

  1. chữ Hán form of lãng nhân (“ronin”).
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