paha: difference between revisions
Surjection (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
|||
Line 212: | Line 212: | ||
====Derived terms==== |
====Derived terms==== |
||
{{col4|izh |
{{col4|izh |
||
|pahain}} |
|pahain|pahalain}} |
||
===References=== |
===References=== |
Revision as of 08:09, 13 February 2023
Bikol Central
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Adjective
pahà
Derived terms
See also
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Spanish paja (“straw”).
Pronunciation
Nomen
páha
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha, borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*bāga-), from Proto-Germanic *bēgaz.
Adjective
paha (genitive paha, partitive paha, comparative pahem, superlative kõige pahem)
Declension
Declension of paha (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | paha | pahad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | paha | ||
genitive | pahade | ||
partitive | paha | pahu pahasid | |
illative | pahha pahasse |
pahadesse pahusse | |
inessive | pahas | pahades pahus | |
elative | pahast | pahadest pahust | |
allative | pahale | pahadele pahule | |
adessive | pahal | pahadel pahul | |
ablative | pahalt | pahadelt pahult | |
translative | pahaks | pahadeks pahuks | |
terminative | pahani | pahadeni | |
essive | pahana | pahadena | |
abessive | pahata | pahadeta | |
comitative | pahaga | pahadega |
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha.
Pronunciation
Adjective
paha (comparative pahempi, superlative pahin)
- bad, evil, ill
- bad, unsuitable, unfitting, unhealthy
- bad, difficult, serious, severe, urgent
- Synonym: vakava
- difficult, hard, tricky
- (chiefly in expressions) bad, sorry
- Minulla on paha mieli. ― I feel sad / offended. (literally, “I have a bad mind.”)
Declension
Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | paha | pahat | |
genitive | pahan | pahojen | |
partitive | pahaa | pahoja | |
illative | pahaan | pahoihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | paha | pahat | |
accusative | nom. | paha | pahat |
gen. | pahan | ||
genitive | pahan | pahojen pahain rare | |
partitive | pahaa | pahoja | |
inessive | pahassa | pahoissa | |
elative | pahasta | pahoista | |
illative | pahaan | pahoihin | |
adessive | pahalla | pahoilla | |
ablative | pahalta | pahoilta | |
allative | pahalle | pahoille | |
essive | pahana | pahoina | |
translative | pahaksi | pahoiksi | |
abessive | pahatta | pahoitta | |
instructive | — | pahoin | |
comitative | — | pahoine |
Derived terms
Nomen
paha
Declension
Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | paha | — | |
genitive | pahan | — | |
partitive | pahaa | — | |
illative | pahaan | — | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | paha | — | |
accusative | nom. | paha | — |
gen. | pahan | ||
genitive | pahan | — | |
partitive | pahaa | — | |
inessive | pahassa | — | |
elative | pahasta | — | |
illative | pahaan | — | |
adessive | pahalla | — | |
ablative | pahalta | — | |
allative | pahalle | — | |
essive | pahana | — | |
translative | pahaksi | — | |
abessive | pahatta | — | |
instructive | — | — | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Derived terms
- mielipaha
- pahaenteinen
- pahahenki
- pahainen
- pahanilkinen
- pahankurinen
- pahanlaatuinen
- pahanmakuinen
- pahanpäiväinen
- pahanpäiväisesti
- pahansisuinen
- pahansuopa
- pahantekijä
- pahanteko
- pahantuulinen
- pahaputki
- pahasti
- pahastua
- pahe
- paheksua
- pahennus
- pahentaa
- pahentua
- paheta
- pahis
- pahoillaan
- pahoin
- pahoinpitely
- pahoinvointi
- pahoitella
- pahoittaa
- paholainen
- pahus
- pahuus
Hawaiian
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle
paha
- Used to indicate the conditional mood, expressed in English as perhaps, might, possibly
Usage notes
Follows the word it modifies.
Conjunction
ā ... paha
Usage notes
The verb (and its modifying particles) go between ā and paha.
Indonesian
Etymology
From Malay paha, from Proto-Malayic *paha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa.
Pronunciation
Nomen
paha (first-person possessive pahaku, second-person possessive pahamu, third-person possessive pahanya)
Derived terms
Further reading
- “paha” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
Adjective
paha (comparative pahemp)
Declension
Declension of paha (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | paha | pahat |
genitive | pahan | pahhoin |
partitive | pahhaa | pahoja |
illative | pahhaa | pahhoi |
inessive | pahas | pahois |
elative | pahast | pahoist |
allative | pahalle | pahoille |
adessive | pahal | pahoil |
ablative | pahalt | pahoilt |
translative | pahaks | pahoiks |
essive | pahanna, pahhaan | pahoinna, pahhoin |
exessive1) | pahant | pahoint |
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. |
Antonyms
Derived terms
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 371
Karelian
North Karelian (Viena) |
paha |
---|---|
South Karelian (Tver) |
paha |
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.
Pronunciation
Nomen
paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua)
Adjective
paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahempi or pahembi, superlative pahemmin)
Declension
Viena Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | paha | pahat | |
genitive | pahan | pahojen | |
partitive | pahua | pahoja | |
illative | pahah | pahoih | |
inessive | pahašša | pahoissa | |
elative | pahašta | pahoista | |
adessive | pahalla | pahoilla | |
ablative | pahalta | pahoilta | |
translative | pahakši | pahoiksi | |
essive | pahana | pahoina | |
comitative | — | pahoineh | |
abessive | pahatta | pahoitta |
Tver Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | paha | pahat | |
genitive | pahan | pahoin | |
partitive | pahua | pahoida | |
illative | pahah | pahoih | |
inessive | pahašša | pahoissa | |
elative | pahašta | pahoista | |
adessive | pahalla | pahoilla | |
ablative | pahalda | pahoilda | |
translative | pahakši | pahoiksi | |
essive | pahana | pahoina | |
comitative | pahanke | pahoinke | |
abessive | pahatta | pahoitta |
Possessive forms of paha | ||
---|---|---|
1st person | pahani | |
2nd person | pahaš | |
3rd person | pahah | |
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses. |
References
- A. V. Punzhina (1994) “paha”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
- P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN
Livvi
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.
Pronunciation
Adjective
paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahembi, superlative pahin)
Nomen
paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua)
Declension
Declension of paha (Type 1/griba, no gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | paha | pahat |
genitive | pahan | pahoin |
partitive | pahua | pahoi |
illative | pahah | pahoih |
inessive | pahas | pahois |
elative | pahaspäi | pahoispäi |
allative | pahale | pahoile |
adessive | pahal | pahoil |
ablative | pahalpäi | pahoilpäi |
translative | pahakse | pahoikse |
essive | pahannu | pahoinnu |
abessive | pahattah | pahoittah |
comitative | pahanke | pahoinke |
instructive | pahoin | |
prolative | pahači |
References
- Tatjana Boiko (2019) “paha”, in Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 198
Malay
Alternative forms
- peha (common nonstandard spelling)
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Malayic *paha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa. Cognate with Tagalog paa (“foot”).
Nomen
paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)
- thigh (upper leg)
- Paha ayam
- Chicken thigh
- Paha manusia
- Human thigh
Descendants
- Indonesian: paha
Etymology 2
Nomen
paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)
Etymology 3
Nomen
paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)
Further reading
- “paha” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Tagalog
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Spanish faja, from Aragonese faxa, from Latin fascia.
Pronunciation
Nomen
paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)
- girdle; band; binder
- paper band such as those wrapped around newspapers or magazines for addressing and mailing purposes
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Spanish paja, from Old Spanish paxa, from Latin palea.
Pronunciation
Nomen
paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)
References
- “paha”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Turkish
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish بها (baha, paha), from Persian بها.
Nomen
paha (definite accusative pahayı, plural pahalar)
Declension
Inflection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | paha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | pahayı | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | paha | pahalar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | pahayı | pahaları | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dative | pahaya | pahalara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | pahada | pahalarda | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ablative | pahadan | pahalardan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | pahanın | pahaların | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha.
Adjective
paha
Inflection
Inflection of paha (inflection type 5/sana) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative sing. | paha | ||
genitive sing. | pahan | ||
partitive sing. | pahad | ||
partitive plur. | pahoid | ||
singular | plural | ||
nominative | paha | pahad | |
accusative | pahan | pahad | |
genitive | pahan | pahoiden | |
partitive | pahad | pahoid | |
essive-instructive | pahan | pahoin | |
translative | pahaks | pahoikš | |
inessive | pahas | pahoiš | |
elative | pahaspäi | pahoišpäi | |
illative | pahaze | pahoiže | |
adessive | pahal | pahoil | |
ablative | pahalpäi | pahoilpäi | |
allative | pahale | pahoile | |
abessive | pahata | pahoita | |
comitative | pahanke | pahoidenke | |
prolative | pahadme | pahoidme | |
approximative I | pahanno | pahoidenno | |
approximative II | pahannoks | pahoidennoks | |
egressive | pahannopäi | pahoidennopäi | |
terminative I | pahazesai | pahoižesai | |
terminative II | pahalesai | pahoilesai | |
terminative III | pahassai | — | |
additive I | pahazepäi | pahoižepäi | |
additive II | pahalepäi | pahoilepäi |
Derived terms
References
- Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “вредный, гадкий, недобрый, отвратительный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary][1], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha.
Pronunciation
Adjective
paha
Inflection
Declension of paha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | paha | pahad |
genitive | paha | pahojõ, pahoi |
partitive | pahha | pahoitõ, pahoi |
illative | pahhasõ, pahha | pahoisõ |
inessive | pahaz | pahoiz |
elative | pahassõ | pahoissõ |
allative | pahalõ | pahoilõ |
adessive | pahallõ | pahoillõ |
ablative | pahaltõ | pahoiltõ |
translative | pahassi | pahoissi |
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. |
References
- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “paha”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
- Bikol Central terms with IPA pronunciation
- Bikol Central lemmas
- Bikol Central adjectives
- Bikol Central terms borrowed from Spanish
- Bikol Central terms derived from Spanish
- Bikol Central nouns
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Norse
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian adjectives
- Estonian sõna-type nominals
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑhɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑhɑ/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish adjectives
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish kala-type nominals
- Finnish nouns
- Finnish uncountable nouns
- Hawaiian lemmas
- Hawaiian particles
- Hawaiian conjunctions
- Indonesian terms derived from Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayic
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Indonesian/ha
- Rhymes:Indonesian/ha/2 syllables
- Rhymes:Indonesian/a
- Rhymes:Indonesian/a/2 syllables
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian nouns
- id:Anatomy
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑhɑ
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑhɑ/2 syllables
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian adjectives
- Karelian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Karelian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Karelian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Karelian lemmas
- Karelian nouns
- Karelian adjectives
- Livvi terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Livvi terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Livvi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Livvi/ɑhɑ
- Rhymes:Livvi/ɑhɑ/2 syllables
- Livvi lemmas
- Livvi adjectives
- Livvi nouns
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Malay 2-syllable words
- Rhymes:Malay/aha
- Rhymes:Malay/ha
- Rhymes:Malay/a
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayic
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayic
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Malay lemmas
- Malay nouns
- Malay terms with usage examples
- Malay terms with archaic senses
- ms:Mathematics
- ms:Anatomy
- Tagalog terms borrowed from Spanish
- Tagalog terms derived from Spanish
- Tagalog terms derived from Aragonese
- Tagalog terms derived from Latin
- Tagalog 2-syllable words
- Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog nouns
- Tagalog terms with Baybayin script
- Tagalog terms derived from Old Spanish
- tl:Clothing
- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Persian
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish nouns
- Veps terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Veps terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Veps lemmas
- Veps adjectives
- Veps sana-type nominals
- Votic terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Votic terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Votic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Votic/ɑhɑ
- Rhymes:Votic/ɑhɑ/2 syllables
- Votic lemmas
- Votic adjectives
- Votic jalkõ-type nominals