浪人
Chinese
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄤˋ ㄖㄣˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: làngrén
- Wade–Giles: lang4-jên2
- Yale: làng-rén
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lanqren
- Palladius: ланжэнь (lanžɛnʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Noun
(deprecated template usage) 浪人
Japanese
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
浪 | 人 |
ろう Grade: S |
にん Grade: 1 |
on'yomi |
Etymology
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese compound (deprecated template usage) 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Chinese (deprecated template usage) 浪人 (làngrén).
Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements.[1] Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.
Pronunciation
Noun
- a masterless samurai
- a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
- 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:[4]
- 浪(ラウ)人
- 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:[4]
- someone in exile
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 541:[5]
- Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
- More specifically spelled 牢人.
- a prisoner
- More specifically spelled 牢人.
- someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
- a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (rōninsei)
Derived terms
- 浪人生 (ろうにんせい, rōninsei): a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again
Synonyms
- (wanderer): 流浪人 (るろうにん, rurōnin), 流浪者 (るろうしゃ, rurōsha)
- (unemployed person): 失業者 (しつぎょうしゃ, shitsugyōsha)
- (exile, prisoner): 牢者 (ろうしゃ, rōsha)
Verb
浪人する • (rōnin suru) ←らうにん (raunin)?suru (stem 浪人し (rōnin shi), past 浪人した (rōnin shita))
- to become unemployed, to lose one's job
- (deprecated template usage) (archaic) to lose one's master
- to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 浪人し | ろうにんし | rōnin shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 浪人し | ろうにんし | rōnin shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 浪人する | ろうにんする | rōnin suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 浪人する | ろうにんする | rōnin suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 浪人すれ | ろうにんすれ | rōnin sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 浪人せよ¹ 浪人しろ² |
ろうにんせよ¹ ろうにんしろ² |
rōnin seyo¹ rōnin shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 浪人される | ろうにんされる | rōnin sareru | |
Causative | 浪人させる 浪人さす |
ろうにんさせる ろうにんさす |
rōnin saseru rōnin sasu | |
Potential | 浪人できる | ろうにんできる | rōnin dekiru | |
Volitional | 浪人しよう | ろうにんしよう | rōnin shiyō | |
Negative | 浪人しない | ろうにんしない | rōnin shinai | |
Negative continuative | 浪人せず | ろうにんせず | rōnin sezu | |
Formal | 浪人します | ろうにんします | rōnin shimasu | |
Perfective | 浪人した | ろうにんした | rōnin shita | |
Conjunctive | 浪人して | ろうにんして | rōnin shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 浪人すれば | ろうにんすれば | rōnin sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Synonyms
- (become unemployed): 失業 (しつぎょう, shitsugyō)
References
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Template:reference-book
- ^ Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Template:reference-book
Korean
Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
浪 | 人 |
Noun
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 浪
- Chinese terms spelled with 人
- Japanese terms spelled with 浪 read as ろう
- Japanese terms spelled with 人 read as にん
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
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- Korean lemmas
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