弓
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
弓 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 弓 (N), four-corner 17207, composition ⿱コ㇉)
- Kangxi radical #57, ⼸.
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 356, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9692
- Dae Jaweon: page 671, character 22
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 987, character 11
- Unihan data for U+5F13
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
弓 |
---|
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 弓 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) - pictographic representation of a bow.
Etymology
Possibly related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ (“tree, branch, stem”) (Coblin, 1986), semantically connected with the shape of a bent tree branch. Cognate with Burmese ကိုင် (kuing, “to bend over; to be bent”), အကိုင် (a.kuing, “stalk; branch”), Tedim Chin [script needed] (kung¹, “tree”), Jingpho kung (“to branch; to grow”), lakung (“branch; limb”), Lepcha [script needed] (kóng, “branch”), [script needed] (kúng, “tree”) (STEDT).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that both Old Chinese 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuːŋ are derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer *koŋ, whence Nyah Kur [script needed] (kóoŋ, “bent (in the middle)”), Mon ကိုၚ် (“to be bent”), Khmer កោង (kaong, “to bend; to be bent”), Khasi pyrkhung (“to bend; to arch”), Pear kuŋ (“bend”), Vietnamese cong (“to be bent, curved”).
Also compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ku(ː)m (“arched; vaulted”)
Derivatives are 肱 (OC *kʷɯːŋ, “(upper) arm”) and 穹 (OC *kʰʷɯŋ, “arched; vault; sky”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gung1
- Gan (Wiktionary): gung1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gung1
- Northern Min (KCR): gé̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̆ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1kon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gong
- Wade–Giles: kung1
- Yale: gūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гун (gun, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung1
- Yale: gūng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung1
- Guangdong Romanization: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiûng
- Hakka Romanization System: giung´
- Hagfa Pinyim: giung1
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gung1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gé̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kœyŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̆ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- keng - vernacular;
- kiong - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Standort | 弓 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kuŋ⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /kuŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /kuŋ²¹/ | |
Jinan | /kuŋ²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /kəŋ²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kuŋ²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /kuŋ²¹/ | |
Xining | /kuə̃⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /kuŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /kũn³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /kuŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /koŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /koŋ⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕyoŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /koŋ⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕioŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /koŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /koŋ³¹/ | |
Hefei | /kəŋ²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kuəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /kuŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /kũŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /koŋ⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /koŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /koŋ³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡ɕoŋ³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kuʌ̃³¹/ |
Tunxi | /kan¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /koŋ³³/ |
Xiangtan | /kən³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kuŋ⁴²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kiuŋ⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /kioŋ²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /koŋ⁵³/ |
Nanning | /kuŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Hongkong | /kuŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiɔŋ⁵⁵/ /kiŋ⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kyŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kœyŋ⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /keŋ³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /koŋ²³/ /kiaŋ²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: kjuwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷəŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯŋ/
Definitions
- bow (weapon)
- curved; arched
- to arch; to bend
- (obsolete) Synonym of 步 (bù), a traditional Chinese unit of length and area.
Compounds
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See also
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: く (ku); くう (kū)
- Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)←きゅう (kyuu, historical)
- Kun: たらし (tarashi, 弓); ゆ (yu, 弓); ゆみ (yumi, 弓, Jōyō)
- Nanori: こ (ko); ゆ (yu)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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弓 |
ゆ Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. In modern Japanese, only found as a prefix in compounds.[1][2]
Pronunciation
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Prefix
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
弓 |
ゆみ Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE). A surface analysis suggests a combination of Old Japanese yu (see above) + suffixing element mi, itself of uncertain derivation.
Pronunciation
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Nomen
- a bow:
- archery
- (Shinto) a type of kagura (sacred Shinto song and dance) intended to drive away evil
- short for 破魔弓 (hama yumi): a ceremonial archery bow with the power to dispel evil
- a bow shape, a curve
- a bow-shaped tool used to beat ginned cotton into a softer and finer textile
Coordinate terms
- (archery): 矢 (ya): an arrow; 弦 (tsuru): yumi bowstring; 胸当て (muneate): kyudo plastron/chestguard; 弽 (yugake): kyudo gloves
Derived terms
- 弓矢 (yumiya, "bow and arrow”)
- 大弓 (daikyū, "longbow”)
- 半弓 (hankyū, "shortbow”)
- 梓弓 (azusayumi, "a bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa”)
- 破魔弓 (hamayumi, "a traditional Shintō ceremonial bow for dispelling evil”)
- 重籐弓 (shigedōyumi), 滋籐弓 (shigedō yumi), 繁籐弓 (shigedō yumi, "a rattan wood bow”)
See also
- ロングボウ (rongubō, “longbow”)
Further reading
- Template:projectlink (archery)
- Template:projectlink
- Template:projectlink (music)
- Template:projectlink
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
弓 |
たらし Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Alteration from torashi, 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb torasu, from tora as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 取る (toru, “to take”) + す (su, honorific suffix in (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese). Original meaning was “something kept to hand”.[1][2]
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
Nomen
Synonyms
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
弓 |
きゅう Grade: 2 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 弓 (MC kjuwng).[1][2] Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Mandarin 弓 (gōng).
Pronunciation
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Nomen
- (rare) a bow
- (obsolete) in ancient Chinese archery, a unit of length for measuring the distance between the archer and the target; one kyū was equal to six 尺 (shaku), roughly six feet or 182 centimeters
- (obsolete) in ancient China, a unit of length for surveying land; one kyū was equal to eight 尺 (shaku), roughly eight feet or 242 centimeters
Usage notes
In modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Japanese, the reading kyū is most often found in compounds.
Derived terms
References
Korean
Hanja
Compounds
Vietnamese
Han character
(deprecated template usage) 弓 (cung, cong, củng)
- a bow
Compounds
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- zh:Weapons
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