ci
Englisch
Etymology
Borrowed from Mandarin 詞/词 (cí).
Nomen
ci (uncountable)
- One of the Classical Chinese poetry forms
Anagrams
Aka (Central Africa)
Nomen
ci
Further reading
- Marvin Lionel Bender, Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics (1989) (cí, cì)
- [1] (ɕi)
Balinese
Romanization
ci
- Romanization of ᬘᬶ
Bambara
Etymology 1
Nomen
cí
- thatch, especially of the species Diheteropogon grandiflorus
Etymology 2
Nomen
cí
- commission, errand
- message, order
- mission, task, assignment
- ò cí bɛ́ í kàn
- it is your duty
- work, labor (especially agricultural)
- cí kɛ́
- to work in the fields
- usefulness, utility
- cí tɛ́ nìn ná
- that's useless
Verb
cí
Etymology 3
Verb
cì
- to hit
- fíyɛn bɛ́ cì
- the wind is blowing
- fàli cì
- to hit an donkey
- to break
- à y'á kùn cì
- He knocked him unconscious
- to destroy
- to split, divide, cut
- dɔ́gɔ cì
- to split wood
- to burst, explode with a loud noise
- màrifa cì
- to fire off a round (with a gun)
- to trace, tattoo
- bála cì
- to plot an area of a field to be hoed
- tùgu cì
- to vaccinate in the arm
Nomen
cì
Corsican
Etymology
Ultimately from either Latin hīc (“here”) or hinc (“from here”). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.
Adverb
ci
Pronoun
ci
- us (both direct and indirect object)
See also
References
Dalmatian
Etymology
From Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansch che, Sardinian chíne.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
ci
Dhimal
Nomen
ci
Further reading
- John T. King, A Grammar of Dhimal
Esperanto
Etymology
From Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
ci (accusative cin, possessive cia)
- (rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)
- 1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto:
- Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).
- I read. — Thou writest (insted of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”)
- 1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
- Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.
- Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".
- 1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6:
- Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.
- Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.
Usage notes
Some people believe that this word was used in the past and then became archaic, but this is not true. Actually, this word has never been in common usage; Zamenhof advised against using 'ci' as early as the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia, published in 1888. Many Esperantists don't even understand it. Some authors have used 'ci' to portray archaic language, for translations, and for stylistic effects. This usage is criticized by other writers.
- Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia; Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Respondoj; Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (PMEG); Bernard Golden, La Gazeto #11, June 15, 1987; Zlatko Tisjlar, Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto.
French
Etymology
Inherited from Late Latin ecce hīc.
Pronunciation
Adverb
ci
Derived terms
References
- “ci”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Hausa
Etymology
From Proto-Chadic, ultimately from Proto-Afroasiatic *taʔ- (“to eat, especially something soft, to close lips, especially loosely”). Compare Akkadian 𒋫𒀪𒌑 (ta-ʔu-u2 /ta'u/, “to eat”), Mehri tewō (“eat”), Arabic تَأْتَأَ (taʔtaʔa, “to stammer, to stutter, to reduplicate sounds, to mumble or move lips”), and with varying Berber forms Tamahaq ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Tarifit ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⵛ (tc), and Kabyle teṭṭ (pharyngeal-coloring found as well in the Arabic variant تَعْتَعَ (taʕtaʕa), and in that sense possible further connections to طَعِمَ (ṭaʕima, “to taste”) and عَضَّ (ʕaḍḍa, “to bite”)).
Pronunciation
Verb
ci (grade Ø)
Ido
Pronunciation
Determiner
ci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Pronoun
ci
- Alternative form of ici (“these”)
Indonesian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
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Nomen
ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- (obsolete) weight unit: 1/10 tahil (for opium).
Etymology 2
From Sundanese ᮎᮤ (ci), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.
Nomen
ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms
Etymology 3
Nomen
ci (first-person possessive ciku, second-person possessive cimu, third-person possessive cinya)
Further reading
- “ci” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua
Pronunciation
Adverb
ci
- here (at this place)
Italian
Etymology 1
From Latin cē (the name of the letter C).
Pronunciation
Nomen
ci f (invariable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.; cee
See also
- (Latin-script letter names) lettera; a, bi, ci, di, e, effe, gi, acca, i, gei / i lunga, cappa, elle, emme, enne, o, pi, cu, erre, esse, ti, u, vu / vi, doppia vu, ics, ipsilon / i greca, zeta
Further reading
- ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 2
Uncertain. Rohlfs[1] and Von Wartburg[2] favoured/favored Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden[3] casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.)[4] Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (“hence, from here”), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani,[5] on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (“here”). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Neapolitan ce, Sicilian cci and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.
Alternative forms
- -ci (enclitic)
Pronunciation
Pronoun
ci
- us
- Loro ci conoscono ― They know us
- (reflexive) ourselves; each other
- Ci arrabbiamo ― We (ourselves) get angry
- Ci amiamo ― We love each other
- to us
- Lui ci ha detto questo ― He said this to us
- replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”); one
- Ci si lava. ― One washes oneself.
- Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.
- One gets bored when there is nothing to do.
- it, to it
- Non ci credo. ― I do not believe it.
Usage notes
See also
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | |||
second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | te | te | |||||
third | m | lui | si2, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se2 | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | lei, Lei1 | la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1 | le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 | lei, Lei1, sé | ||||||
Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | |||
second | — | voi, Voi4 | vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 | ve | voi, Voi4 | |||||
third | m | loro, Loro1 | si, s', -si | li, Li1, -li, -Li1 | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1 |
glie, se | loro, Loro1, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
f | le, Le1, -le, -Le1 | |||||||||
1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
3 | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | |||||||||
4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |
Adverb
ci
- to there, here, there
- Synonym: vi (formal)
- Ci sono andato ― I have been there
- Ci siamo ― We're here
- Ci sono molte cose ― There are many things
- C'è un problema ― There is a problem
- forms part of many verbs:
- volerci ― to require/take
- abituarci ― to get used to it
- riuscirci ― to be able to do it
- entrarci ― to do with something
- contarci ― to count on it
- pensarci ― to think about it
- starci ― to agree / to be up for something
- farcela ― to manage to do something
- crederci ― to believe it
See also
References
- ^ Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, vol. 3: Sintassi e formazione delle parole. Torino: Einaudi. §899.
- ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “hīc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 425
- ^ Maiden, Martin. 1995. A linguistic history of Italian. London: Longman. §9.1.1.
- ^ ci in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
- ^ ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Etymology 3
Alternative forms
Nomen
ci m (uncountable)
Further reading
- ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
- ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
- ci3 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Kangjia
Etymology
From Proto-Mongolic *ci, compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.
Pronoun
ci
Kanuri
Nomen
ci
Latin
Verb
cī
Malay
Etymology
Pronunciation
Nomen
ci (Jawi spelling چي, plural ci-ci, informal 1st possessive ciku, 2nd possessive cimu, 3rd possessive cinya)
- river (large stream which drains a landmass)
Synonyms
Further reading
- “ci” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Mandarin
Romanization
ci
- Nonstandard spelling of cī.
- Nonstandard spelling of cí.
- Nonstandard spelling of cǐ.
- Nonstandard spelling of cì.
Usage notes
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Noone
Verb
ci
Synonyms
References
- R. Blench, Beboid Comparative
Nupe
Pronunciation
Conjunction
ci
- Used to order actions temporally: then; and
- Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínna ― Musa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today
Usage notes
- ci is solely used to join verbs/sentences and not nouns, for which tò is used. Additionally, when ci is used, the subject of each verb must be specified.
See also
Old French
Etymology
From Late Latin ecce hīc.
Adverb
ci
- here (in this place)
- c. 1250, Marie de France, Guigemar:
- Va t'en de ci ! Lai me aveir pes.
- Go, leave this place! Let me have peace.
Descendants
Old Irish
Pronoun
ci
- Alternative form of cía
Conjunction
ci
- Alternative form of cía
Polish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Alternative forms
- (stressed) tobie
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.
Pronoun
ci
Etymology 3
Pronoun
ci m
Romanian
Etymology
From ce.
Pronunciation
Conjunction
ci
- (adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite
- Nici eu, ci el. ― Not I, but he.
See also
Sicilian
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Akin to Italian ci; see there for more.
Adverb
ci
Etymology 2
Pronoun
ci
Usage notes
- Unlike in Italian, the Sicilian pronoun ci is not used for the first-person plural ('us'). The Sicilian equivalent is ni.
Inflection
3rd person | m | f | pl |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | iddu | idda | iddi |
prepositional | iddu | idda | iddi |
accusative | lu | la | li |
dative | ci | ci | ci |
reflexive | si | si | si |
Tarantino
Pronoun
ci (relative)
Tedim Chin
Etymology
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.
Nomen
ci
References
- Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip
Venetian
Etymology
From Latin quis (compare Italian chi).
Pronoun
ci (interrogative)
- who?
Usage notes
- Redoubled for reinforcement.
- Ci èlo ci?
- Who on earth is he?
- Ci èlo ci?
Walloon
Etymology
From Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).
Pronunciation
Determiner
ci (after an open syllabe : ç', feminine : cisse, masculine form before vowel : cist, feminine form before vowel : ciste, plural : ces)
- this
- Ci rotch
- This rock
- C' est ç' rotch-ci
- It's this rock
- Cist ome
- This man
- Cisse gayole
- This box
- Ciste afwaire
- This affair
- Ces måjhons
- These houses
Pronoun
ci (before a vowel : c', alternative form : çou)
Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *ki, from Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.
Pronunciation
Nomen
ci m (plural cŵn)
Derived terms
- ci poeth (“hotdog”)
- ciaidd (“savage, fierce”)
- corgi (“corgi”)
- cynaidd, cynol (“canine”)
- dwrgi (“otter”)
- gellgi (“a Welsh staghound”)
Mutation
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
ci | gi | nghi | chi |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
White Hmong
Pronunciation
Verb
ci
Zhuang
Pronunciation
- (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /ɕi˨˦/
- Tone numbers: ci1
- Hyphenation: ci
Etymology 1
Nomen
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Classifier
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Verb
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- to sew with a sewing machine
- to machine on a lathe
Etymology 2
Verb
ci (Sawndip form 𫩝, 1957–1982 spelling ci)
- (intransitive, of wind) to blow
- (transitive) to blow
- Synonym: (dialectal) baed
- (transitive) to play (a wind instrument)
- (transitive) to pump (a bellows)
Etymology 3
Verb
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
Etymology 4
Classifier
ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)
- Used for stick-like objects.
- English terms borrowed from Mandarin
- English terms derived from Mandarin
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- Aka (Central Africa) lemmas
- Aka (Central Africa) nouns
- Balinese non-lemma forms
- Balinese romanizations
- Bambara lemmas
- Bambara nouns
- Bambara terms with usage examples
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- Corsican terms derived from Latin
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- Dalmatian terms inherited from Latin
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- Esperanto terms derived from Italian
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- Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- French terms inherited from Late Latin
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- French 1-syllable words
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- Ido terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Rhymes:Italian/i
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- Italian lemmas
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- it:Latin letter names
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- it:Languages
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- kr:Anatomy
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- Rhymes:Malay/t͡ʃi
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- ms:Liquids
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- Old French terms inherited from Late Latin
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- Rhymes:Polish/i
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- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Polish non-lemma forms
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- Tedim Chin terms inherited from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Tedim Chin terms derived from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Tedim Chin terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Tedim Chin terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
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- Venetian terms inherited from Latin
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