嚴
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Translingual
| Traditional | 嚴 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 厳 |
| Simplified | 严 |
Han character
嚴 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 口口一一大 (RRMMK), four-corner 66248, composition ⿱吅𠪚)
Derived characters
Descendants
- 厳 (In Japanese shinjitai)
- 严 (In simplified Chinese)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 214, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4589
- Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 33
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 702, character 2
- Unihan data for U+56B4
Chinese
| trad. | 嚴 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 严 | |
| alternative forms | ⿱吅厂 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 嚴 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋam) : semantic 喦 (“talkative”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ, “daring”) – the original script of 譀 (OC *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb, “exaggerated and absurd words”).
The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing.
Etymology
Schuessler (2007) considers 嚴 (OC *ŋam) to be cognate with the following:
- 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”)
- 儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”)
- 險 (OC *qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”)
- 業 (OC *ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final).
They are all Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan include Tibetan རྔམ་པ་ (rngam pa, “splendor; majesty”) and Tibetan རྔམས (rngams, “height; splendor”). Burmese ငြမ်း (ngram:, “scaffold”) may also be a cognate.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngan2 / nyian2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): nyien4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ie1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngǐng
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngièng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gni
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yán
- Wade–Giles: yen2
- Yale: yán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
- Palladius: янь (janʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ngan2 / nyian2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngan / nian
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋan²¹/, /nʲiɛn²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Note:
- nyian2 - literary;
- ngan2 - vernacular.
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jim4
- Yale: yìhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: jim4
- Guangdong Romanization: yim4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiːm²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngiam3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡiam²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: nyien4
- Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàm
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam2
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ie1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngièng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- gân - vernacular;
- giâm - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiam5 / ngiang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiâm / ngiâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiam⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- ngiam5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang;
- ngiang5 - Chenghai.
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Standort | 嚴 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ian³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ian²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ian⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /iã⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /iã⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ian⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /iã²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /iã²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ian⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /iɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ian⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /iɛn²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ȵian³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nian²¹/ /ian²¹/ 新 | |
| Kunming | /iɛ̃³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /ien²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /iĩ⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ie¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ȵie̞¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ie³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵi²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ȵiɪ¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ȵiẽ̞²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ȵi³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ne⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /ȵiɛ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵiẽ¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ȵiẽ¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ŋiam¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ŋiɑm¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jim²¹/ |
| Nanning | /jim²¹/ | |
| Hongkong | /jim²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giam³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋieŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋiŋ²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋiam⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋiam³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: ngjaem
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ(r)am/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋam/
Definitions
嚴
- strict; rigorous; rigid
- solemn; majestic; stately; grave
- urgent; pressing
- severe; intense
- (of a door, mouth, defense, etc.) tight
- (literary) to respect
- 凡學之道，嚴師為難。師嚴然後道尊，道尊然後民知敬學。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Fán xué zhī dào, yán shī wéi nán. Shī yán ránhòu dào zūn, dào zūn ránhòu mín zhī jìng xué. [Pinyin]
- In pursuing the course of learning, the difficulty is in securing the proper reverence for the master. When that is done, the course (which he inculcates) is regarded with honour. When that is done, the people know how to respect learning.
凡学之道，严师为难。师严然后道尊，道尊然后民知敬学。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 於是趙王乃齋戒五日，使臣奉璧，拜送書於庭。何者？嚴大國之威以修敬也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Yúshì Zhào wáng nǎi zhāijiè wǔ rì, shǐ chén fèng bì, bài sòng shū yú tíng. Hé zhě? Yán dàguó zhī wēi yǐ xiūjìng yě. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
于是赵王乃斋戒五日，使臣奉璧，拜送书于庭。何者？严大国之威以修敬也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) to fear
- 視刺萬乘之君，若刺褐夫。無嚴諸侯，惡聲至，必反之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Shì cì wànshèng zhī jūn, ruò cì hèfū. Wú yán zhūhóu, èshēng zhì, bì fǎn zhī. [Pinyin]
- He viewed stabbing a prince of ten thousand chariots just as stabbing a fellow dressed in cloth of hair. He feared not any of all the princes. A bad word addressed to him be always returned.
视刺万乘之君，若刺褐夫。无严诸侯，恶声至，必反之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (honorific) father
- a surname
Synonyms
- (strict):
- 不苟 (bùgǒu) (formal)
- 仔細／仔细 (zǐxì)
- 嚴肅／严肃 (yánsù)
- 嚴謹／严谨 (yánjǐn)
- 墘角 (gièng-gáe̤k) (Eastern Min)
- 密切 (mìqiè)
- 審慎／审慎 (shěnshèn) (formal)
- 小心 (xiǎoxīn)
- 慎密 (shènmì)
- 慎重 (shènzhòng)
- 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
- 板正 (bǎnzhèng)
- 正經／正经
- 當心／当心 (dāngxīn)
- 精心 (jīngxīn)
- 精細／精细 (jīngxì)
- 細心／细心 (xìxīn)
- 細膩／细腻 (xìnì) (Min)
- 認真／认真 (rènzhēn)
- 謹嚴／谨严 (jǐnyán)
- 謹慎／谨慎 (jǐnshèn)
- 較真／较真 (jiàozhēn) (colloquial)
- 過細／过细 (guòxì)
- 鞠躬 (jūgōng) (literary)
- (solemn):
- (severe):
- (father):
Compounds
- 不惡而嚴／不恶而严
- 保不嚴／保不严
- 先嚴／先严
- 卞嚴子／卞严子
- 嘴嚴／嘴严 (zuǐyán)
- 嚴世蕃／严世蕃
- 嚴光／严光
- 嚴冬／严冬 (yándōng)
- 嚴切／严切
- 嚴刑／严刑 (yánxíng)
- 嚴刑峻法／严刑峻法 (yánxíngjùnfǎ)
- 嚴刻／严刻 (yánkè)
- 嚴制／严制
- 嚴厲／严厉 (yánlì)
- 嚴可均／严可均
- 嚴君／严君
- 嚴命／严命
- 嚴妝／严妆
- 嚴守／严守 (yánshǒu)
- 嚴家墩／严家墩 (Yánjiādūn)
- 嚴家淦／严家淦
- 嚴密／严密 (yánmì)
- 嚴寒／严寒 (yánhán)
- 嚴實／严实 (yánshi)
- 嚴峻／严峻 (yánjùn)
- 嚴嵩／严嵩
- 嚴師／严师 (yánshī)
- 嚴店／严店 (Yándiàn)
- 嚴復／严复
- 嚴忌／严忌
- 嚴惡／严恶
- 嚴懲／严惩 (yánchéng)
- 嚴懲不貸／严惩不贷 (yánchéngbùdài)
- 嚴振／严振
- 嚴控／严控 (yánkòng)
- 嚴整／严整 (yánzhěng)
- 嚴斥／严斥
- 嚴於律己／严于律己
- 嚴明／严明 (yánmíng)
- 嚴更／严更
- 嚴查／严查 (yánchá)
- 嚴格／严格 (yángé)
- 嚴棘／严棘
- 嚴橋／严桥 (Yánqiáo)
- 嚴正／严正 (yánzhèng)
- 嚴殺／严杀
- 嚴毅／严毅
- 嚴氣正性／严气正性
- 嚴父／严父
- 嚴禁／严禁 (yánjìn)
- 嚴絲合縫／严丝合缝 (yánsīhéfèng)
- 嚴緊／严紧 (yánjǐn)
- 嚴羽／严羽
- 嚴肅／严肃 (yánsù)
- 嚴苛／严苛 (yánkē)
- 嚴處／严处 (yánchǔ)
- 嚴裝／严装 (yánzhuāng)
- 嚴親／严亲
- 嚴詞／严词 (yáncí)
- 嚴詞厲色／严词厉色
- 嚴謹／严谨 (yánjǐn)
- 嚴辦／严办 (yánbàn)
- 嚴遵／严遵
- 嚴酷／严酷 (yánkù)
- 嚴重／严重 (yánzhòng)
- 嚴防／严防 (yánfáng)
- 嚴陣以待／严阵以待 (yánzhènyǐdài)
- 嚴霜／严霜
- 嚴靚／严靓
- 嚴駕／严驾
- 嚴麗／严丽
- 嚴鼓／严鼓
- 壁壘森嚴／壁垒森严 (bìlěisēnyán)
- 夜嚴／夜严
- 妻管嚴／妻管严 (qīguǎnyán)
- 威嚴／威严 (wēiyán)
- 家嚴／家严 (jiāyán)
- 寶相莊嚴／宝相庄严
- 尊嚴／尊严 (zūnyán)
- 尊嚴死／尊严死
- 師嚴道尊／师严道尊
- 師道尊嚴／师道尊严 (shīdàozūnyán)
- 從嚴／从严 (cóngyán)
- 恭肅嚴整／恭肃严整
- 態度嚴肅／态度严肃
- 戒嚴／戒严 (jièyán)
- 戒嚴令／戒严令 (jièyánlìng)
- 戒嚴法／戒严法
- 打嚴嵩／打严嵩
- 森嚴／森严 (sēnyán)
- 楞嚴經／楞严经
- 法度嚴明／法度严明
- 父嚴子孝／父严子孝
- 盛飾嚴裝／盛饰严装
- 端嚴／端严
- 緊嚴／紧严
- 綦嚴／綦严 (qíyán)
- 義正詞嚴／义正词严 (yìzhèngcíyán)
- 義正辭嚴／义正辞严 (yìzhèngcíyán)
- 苛嚴／苛严
- 莊嚴／庄严 (zhuāngyán)
- 華嚴五祖／华严五祖
- 華嚴宗／华严宗
- 華嚴經／华严经
- 號令森嚴／号令森严
- 解嚴／解严 (jiěyán)
- 詞嚴義密／词严义密
- 詞嚴義正／词严义正
- 謹嚴／谨严 (jǐnyán)
- 警備森嚴／警备森严
- 賞罰嚴明／赏罚严明
- 辭嚴氣正／辞严气正
- 辭嚴義正／辞严义正
- 門禁森嚴／门禁森严
Descendants
References
- “Entry #12982”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
| 厳 | |
| 嚴 |
Kanji
嚴
(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 厳)
- Kyūjitai form of 厳 (strictness, severity, rigidity)
Readings
- Go-on: ごん (gon)←ごん (gon, historical)←ごむ (gomu, ancient)
- Kan-on: げん (gen)←げん (gen, historical)←げむ (gemu, ancient)
- Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 嚴しい); おごそか (ogosoka, 嚴か)
Korean
Hanja
嚴 • (eom) (hangeul 엄, revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm)
Vietnamese
Han character
嚴: Hán Nôm readings: nghiêm, ngàm
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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