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Al-Ássad se graduó en la Escuela de Medicina de la [[Universidad de Damasco]] en [[1988]], y empezó a trabajar como médico militar en el [[Ejército Árabe Sirio]]. Cuatro años más tarde, atendió a estudios de posgrado en [[Londres]], especializándose en [[Oftalmología]]. En [[1994]] su hermano mayor, [[Basel al-Ásad|Basel]], murió en un accidente de tráfico. Bashar volvió a [[Siria]] para retomar el papel de su hermano como [[heredero natural]]. Entró en la academia militar, y se encargó de la [[Guerra civil libanesa|ocupación siria del Líbano]] en [[1998]]. En [[diciembre]] del año [[2000]] Assad se casó con [[Asma al-Ásad]], licenciada en Informática y analista económica del [[Deutsche Bank]] y [[JP Morgan]].
Los politólogos han caracterizado el gobierno de la familia Assad en Siria como una [[Dictadura#Dictaduras_personalistas|dictadura personalista]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/politics-authoritarian-rule|title=The Politics of Authoritarian Rule|last=Svolik|first=Milan|website=Cambridge University Press|language=en|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictators at War and Peace|url=https://archive.org/details/dictatorsatwarpe0000week|last=Weeks|first=Jessica|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictatorsatwarpe0000week/page/18 18]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo41676402.html|title=Authoritarian Apprehensions|last=Wedeen|first=Lisa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Syria: from 'authoritarian upgrading' to revolution?|date=2012|journal=International Affairs|volume=88|issue=1|pages=95–113|language=en|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x|last=Hinnebusch|first=Raymond}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Michalik|first=Susanne|chapter=Measuring Authoritarian Regimes with Multiparty Elections|date=2015|work=Multiparty Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: Explaining their Introduction and Effects|pages=33–45|editor-last=Michalik|editor-first=Susanne|series=Studien zur Neuen Politischen Ökonomie|publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-658-09511-6_3|isbn=9783658095116|title=Multiparty Elections in Authoritarian Regimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Geddes|first1=Barbara|title=How Dictatorships Work|last2=Wright|first2=Joseph|last3=Frantz|first3=Erica|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-33618-2|pages=233|doi=10.1017/9781316336182|s2cid=226899229}}</ref> El 17 de julio de 2000, Assad se convirtió en presidente, sucediendo a su padre, que murió en el cargo un mes antes. En las [[Elección presidencial de Siria de 2000|elecciones de 2000]] y [[Elección presidencial de Siria de 2007|2007]], no disputadas, recibió el 97,29% y el 97,6% de apoyo, respectivamente.<ref name="WaPo %">{{cite news|date=28 May 2007|title=Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum|work=[[The Washington Post]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|location=Damascus|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref><ref name="Reuters %">{{Cite news|last=Yacoub Oweis|first=Khaleb|date=2007-05-17|title=Syria's opposition boycotts vote on Assad|work=[[Reuters]]|location=Damascus|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-vote-opposition-idUSOWE75174320070517|access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref><ref name="CBS %">Klatell, James (27 May 2007). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrians-vote-in-presidential-referendum/ "Syrians Vote In Presidential Referendum"] CBS News.</ref><ref>Chulov, Martin (14 April 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/apr/13/certainty-syria-election-assad-will-win "The one certainty about Syria's looming election – Assad will win"] The Guardian.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm|work=BBC News|title=Syria's Assad wins another term|date=29 May 2007|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack|title=Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2007}}</ref> El 16 de julio de 2014, Assad juró su cargo para otro mandato de siete años después de que otras elecciones le dieran el 88,7% de los votos.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cheeseman|first=Nicholas|title=How to Rig an Election|date=2019|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-24665-0|pages=140–141|oclc=1089560229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://sites.google.com/site/electoralintegrityproject4/projects/expert-survey-2/the-year-in-elections-2015|title=The Year in Elections, 2014|last1=Norris|first1=Pippa|last2=Martinez i Coma|first2=Ferran|date=2015|journal=Election Integrity Project|language=en|quote=The Syrian election ranked as worst among all the contests held during 2014.|last3=Grömping|first3=Max}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190258658-e-23|title=Presidential and Legislative Elections|last=Jones|first=Mark P.|date=2018|website=The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.001.0001|quote="unanimous agreement among serious scholars that... al-Assad's 2014 election... occurred within an authoritarian context."|editor1-last=Herron|editor2-last=Pekkanen|editor2-first=Robert J|editor3-last=Shugart|editor3-first=Matthew S|isbn=9780190258658|access-date=21 May 2020|editor1-first=Erik S}}</ref><ref name="reuterscontested">{{cite news|last=Makdisi|first=Marwan|title=Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSKBN0FL0NN20140717|work=Reuters|date=2014-07-16|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSBREA3R0LH20140428?irpc=932|title=Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages|work=Reuters|first1=Dominic|last1=Evans|date=2014-04-28|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27419552|title=UK's William Hague attacks Assad's Syria elections plan|work=BBC News|date=15 May 2014|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref> Los comicios se celebraron únicamente en las zonas controladas por el gobierno sirio durante la [[Guerra civil siria|guerra civil]] en curso en dicho país y fueron criticados por la [[Organización de las Naciones Unidas|ONU]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/syrians-lebaanon-vote-assad-embassies-refugees-boycott|title=Syrians in Lebanon battle crowds to vote for Bashar al-Assad|website=The Guardian|date=28 May 2014|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10970476/Bashar-al-Assad-sworn-in-for-a-third-term-as-Syrian-president.html|title=Bashar al-Assad sworn in for a third term as Syrian president|website=The Daily Telegraph|date=2014-07-16|access-date=2016-12-17}}</ref> Assad fue [[Elecciones presidenciales de Siria de 2021|reelegido en 2021]] con más del 95% de los votos en otras elecciones nacionales. Estas elecciones han sido criticadas por los observadores internacionales, así como por la oposición siria, por ser fraudulentas y no democráticas. A lo largo de su mandato, los grupos de derechos humanos han calificado la situación de los derechos humanos en Siria como deficiente. El gobierno de Assad se describe a sí mismo como secular, mientras que algunos politólogos escriben que su régimen explota las tensiones sectarias en el país y se apoya en la minoría [[Alauismo|alauita]] para mantenerse en el poder.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf|title=Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria|publisher=International Crisis Group|date=8 May 2014|access-date=2014-10-04|page=23|quote=The regime aims to compel people to take refuge in their sectarian and communitarian identities; to split each community into competing branches, dividing those who support it from those who oppose it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220181554/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-20}}</ref><ref name="NPR_APRIL_2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/04/18/400360836/syrias-minorities-caught-between-sword-of-isis-and-wrath-of-assad|title=Syria's Minorities: Caught Between Sword Of ISIS And Wrath of Assad|last=Meuse|first=Alison|date=2015-04-18|publisher=NPR|quote=Karim Bitar, a Middle East analyst at Paris think tank IRIS [...] says [...] "Minorities are often used as a shield by authoritarian regimes, who try to portray themselves as protectors and as a bulwark against radical Islam."|access-date=2015-04-19}}</ref>
Aunque muchos Estados lo consideraban un reformista en potencia en su momento, [[Estados Unidos]], la [[Unión Europea]] y la mayoría de la [[Liga Árabe]] pidieron la dimisión de Assad de la presidencia en 2011, después de que ordenara una violenta represión de los manifestantes de la [[Primavera Árabe (2010-2012)|Primavera Árabe]], que desembocó en la guerra civil siria.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bassem Mroue|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html|title=Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists|work=[[HuffPost]]|agency=Associated Press|access-date=2015-03-14|date=2011-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512045222/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html|archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/meast/syria-unrest|title=Arab League to offer 'safe exit' if Assad resigns|publisher=CNN|date=2012-07-23|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref> En diciembre de 2013, la [[Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos|Alta Comisionada de la ONU]] para los Derechos Humanos, [[Navanethem Pillay|Navi Pillay]], declaró que las conclusiones de una investigación de las Naciones Unidas implicaban a Assad en crímenes de guerra.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25189834|title=UN implicates Bashar al-Assad in Syria war crimes|work=BBC News|date=2013-12-02|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref> El Mecanismo Conjunto de Investigación de la OPAQ y la ONU concluyó en octubre de 2017 que el gobierno de Assad era responsable del [[ataque químico de Jan Sheijun]].<ref name="CNN sarin report">{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/26/middleeast/syria-khan-sheikhoun-chemical-attack-sarin/index.html|title=UN: Syria responsible for sarin attack that killed scores|author1=Steve Almasy|author2=Richard Roth|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612174315/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/26/middleeast/syria-khan-sheikhoun-chemical-attack-sarin/index.html|archive-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> En junio de 2014, la organización estadounidense Syrian Accountability Project incluyó a Assad en una lista de acusaciones de crímenes de guerra contra funcionarios del gobierno y rebeldes que envió a la [[Corte Penal Internacional]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0EL25020140610?irpc=932|title=Assad tops list of Syria war crimes suspects handed to ICC: former prosecutor|first1=Stephanie|last1=Nebehay|work=Reuters|date=2014-06-10|access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref> Assad ha rechazado las acusaciones de crímenes de guerra y ha criticado la intervención dirigida por Estados Unidos en Siria por intentar un cambio de régimen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/bashar-al-assad-denies-responsibility-for-syrian-war-violence-refugees/|title=Assad denies responsibility for Syrian war|last=King|first=Esther|date=2016-11-02|publisher=Politico|quote=The Syrian president maintained he was fighting to preserve his country and criticized the West for intervening. "Good government or bad, it's not your mission" to change it, he said.|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2016-10-06/striking-hospitals-is-a-war-crime-syrias-assad-says/|title='Bombing hospitals is a war crime,' Syria's Assad says|author=Staff writer(s)|date=2016-10-06|publisher=ITV News|quote=The intense bombardment of Aleppo during an army offensive that began two weeks ago has included several strikes on hospitals, residents and medical workers there have said. But Assad denied any knowledge of such attacks, saying that there were only "allegations".|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref>
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