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Colegio Electoral de los Estados Unidos

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Votos electorales por estado/distrito federal, para las elecciones de 2004 y 2008
Representacion de un cartograma de la proyeccion del colegio electoral (basado en el voto popular) for the 2008 election, with each square representing one electoral vote.
Archivo:ElectoralCollege2008.png
Electoral College map showing the results of the 2008 US presidential election. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) won the popular vote in 28 states and the District of Columbia (denoted in blue) to capture 365 electoral votes. Senator John McCain (R-AZ) won the popular vote in 22 states (denoted in red) to capture 173 electoral votes. Nebraska split its electoral vote when Senator Obama won Nebraska's 2CD electoral vote; the state's other four electoral votes went to McCain.

The Electoral College consists of the popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States; since 1964 the electoral college has had 538 electors.[1]​ In 2008, it will make this selection on December 15. The Electoral College is an example of an indirect election.

Rather than directly voting for the President and Vice President, United States citizens cast votes for electors. Electors are technically free to vote for anyone eligible to be President, but in practice pledge to vote for specific candidates[2]​ and voters cast ballots for favored presidential and vice presidential candidates by voting for correspondingly pledged electors.[3]​ Most states allow voters to choose between statewide slates of electors pledged to vote for the presidential and vice presidential tickets of various parties; the ticket that receives the most votes statewide 'wins' all of the votes cast by electors from that state. U.S. presidential campaigns concentrate on winning the popular vote in a combination of states that choose a majority of the electors, rather than campaigning to win the most votes nationally.

Each state has a number of electors equal to the number of its Senators and Representatives in the United States Congress. Additionally, pursuant to the Twenty-third Amendment, the District of Columbia is given electors as if it were a state, but never more than the number held by the "least populous" state.[4]​ U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College.

Each elector casts one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. In order to be elected, a candidate must have a majority (since 1964, at least 270) of the electoral votes cast for that office. Should no candidate for President win a majority of the electoral votes, the choice is referred to the House of Representatives.[5]​ Should no candidate for Vice President possess a majority of the electoral votes, the choice is given to the Senate.[6]​

The Constitution allows each state legislature to designate a method of choosing electors. Forty-eight states and the District of Columbia have adopted a winner-take-all popular vote rule where voters choose between statewide slates of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate. The candidate that wins the most votes in the state wins the support of all of that state’s electors. The two other states, Maine and Nebraska, use a tiered system where a single elector is chosen within each Congressional district and two electors are chosen by statewide popular vote. U.S. presidential elections are effectively an amalgamation of 51 separate and simultaneous elections (50 states plus the District of Columbia), rather than a single national election.

Candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a presidential election and still win that election. This occurred in 1876, 1888 and 2000. Critics argue the Electoral College is inherently undemocratic and gives certain swing states disproportionate clout in selecting the President and Vice President. Proponents argue that the Electoral College is an important and distinguishing feature of the federal system, and protects the rights of smaller states. Numerous constitutional amendments have been introduced in the Congress seeking a replacement of the Electoral College with a direct popular vote; however, no proposal has ever successfully passed the Congress.


Electoral vote distribution

Véase también: Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections

The following table shows the number of electoral votes to which each state and the District of Columbia is entitled during the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections:[7]​[8]​

State Electoral Votes State Electoral Votes
Alabama 9 Montana 3
Alaska 3 Nebraska 5**
Arizona 10 Nevada 5
Arkansas 6 New Hampshire 4
California 55 New Jersey 15
Colorado 9 New Mexico 5
Connecticut 7 New York 31
Delaware 3 North Carolina 15
Washington, D.C.* 3 North Dakota 3
Florida 27 Ohio 20
Georgia 15 Oklahoma 7
Hawaii 4 Oregon 7
Idaho 4 Pennsylvania 21
Illinois 21 Rhode Island 4
Indiana 11 South Carolina 8
Iowa 7 South Dakota 3
Kansas 6 Tennessee 11
Kentucky 8 Texas 34
Louisiana 9 Utah 5
Maine 4** Vermont 3
Maryland 10 Virginia 13
Massachusetts 12 Washington 11
Michigan 17 West Virginia 5
Minnesota 10 Wisconsin 10
Mississippi 6 Wyoming 3
Missouri 11 Total electors 538
* Washington, D.C., although not a state, is granted three electoral votes by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution.
** Maine and Nebraska electors distributed by way of the Congressional District Method.

Vease tambien

Referencias

  1. ↑ The number of electors is equal to the total membership of the United States Congress (composed of 435 Representatives and 100 Senators) plus three electors from the District of Columbia. See Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution and the Twenty-third Amendment
  2. ↑ Electors are not required by federal law to honor a pledge, however in the overwhelming majority of cases they do vote for the candidate to whom they are pledged. Additionally many states have laws designed to ensure that electors vote for pledged candidates. See The Green Papers
  3. ↑ This process has been normalized to the point that the names of the electors appear on the ballot only in a handful of states. See The Green Papers
  4. ↑ Currently Wyoming, which has three electors.
  5. ↑ The House must choose from the three presidential candidates with the most electoral votes. When the House selects the President, the delegation from each state casts a single vote (meaning that the single representative of Wyoming would have as much clout as the entirety of California's 53 representatives). A candidate must win the votes of a majority of state delegations in order to be named President (see the Twelfth Amendment.
  6. ↑ The Senate must choose from the two candidates with the most electoral votes. Votes are taken in the normal manner. The new Vice President serves as Acting President should the House fail to choose a President by Inauguration Day (see Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment).
  7. ↑ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
  8. ↑ Prior to the 2012 election, each state's electoral vote total may be changed based on the results of the 2010 Census and the subsequent congressional re-apportionment.

Enlaces externos

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