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---
title: perspective()
slug: Web/CSS/transform-function/perspective
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.transform-function.perspective
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`perspective()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) defines a transformation that sets the distance between the
user and the z=0 plane, the perspective from which the viewer would be if the 2-dimensional interface were
3-dimensional. Its result is a {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}} data type.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/function-perspective.html")}}
The `perspective()` transform function is part of the {{cssxref('transform')}} value applied on the
element being transformed. This differs from the {{cssxref('perspective')}} and {{cssxref('perspective-origin')}}
properties which are attached to the parent of a child transformed in 3-dimensional space.
## Syntax
The perspective distance used by `perspective()` is specified by a {{cssxref("<length>")}} value,
which represents the distance between the user and the z=0 plane,
or by `none`.
The z=0 plane is the plane where everything appears
in a 2-dimensional view, or the screen.
Negative values are syntax errors.
Values smaller than `1px` (including zero) are clamped to `1px`.
Values other than `none` cause
elements with positive z positions to appear larger,
and elements with negative z positions to appear smaller.
Elements with z positions equal to or larger than the perspective value
disappear as though they are behind the user.
Large values of perspective represent a small transformation;
small values of `perspective()` represent a large transformation;
`perspective(none)` represents perspective from infinite distance
and no transformation.
```css
perspective(d)
```
### Values
- _d_
- : Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} representing the distance from the user to the z=0 plane. If it is 0 or a
negative value, no perspective transform is applied.
<table class="standard-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col"><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function#cartesian_coordinates">Cartesian coordinates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space">ℝ^2</a></th>
<th scope="col"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates">Homogeneous coordinates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane">ℝℙ^2</a></th>
<th scope="col">Cartesian coordinates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space">ℝ^3</a></th>
<th scope="col">Homogeneous coordinates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_space">ℝℙ^3</a></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>
This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane.
</p>
</td>
<td>
This transformation is not a linear transformation in ℝ^3, and can't be represented using a Cartesian-coordinate matrix.
</td>
<td>
<math display="block">
<semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="TeX">\left( \begin{array}{cccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -\frac{1}{d} & 1 \\ \end{array} \right)</annotation></semantics>
</math>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Examples
### HTML
```html
<p>Without perspective:</p>
<div class="no-perspective-box">
<div class="face front">A</div>
<div class="face top">B</div>
<div class="face left">C</div>
</div>
<p>With perspective (9cm):</p>
<div class="perspective-box-far">
<div class="face front">A</div>
<div class="face top">B</div>
<div class="face left">C</div>
</div>
<p>With perspective (4cm):</p>
<div class="perspective-box-closer">
<div class="face front">A</div>
<div class="face top">B</div>
<div class="face left">C</div>
</div>
```
### CSS
```css
.face {
position: absolute;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
line-height: 100px;
font-size: 100px;
text-align: center;
}
p + div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
transform-style: preserve-3d;
margin-left: 100px;
}
.no-perspective-box {
transform: rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg);
}
.perspective-box-far {
transform: perspective(9cm) rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg);
}
.perspective-box-closer {
transform: perspective(4cm) rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg);
}
.top {
background-color: skyblue;
transform: rotateX(90deg) translate3d(0, 0, 50px);
}
.left {
background-color: pink;
transform: rotateY(-90deg) translate3d(0, 0, 50px);
}
.front {
background-color: limegreen;
transform: translate3d(0, 0, 50px);
}
```
### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Examples', '250', '350') }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("transform")}}
- {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}}
- Individual transform properties:
- {{cssxref("translate")}}
- {{cssxref("scale")}}
- {{cssxref("rotate")}}