Hawaii Financial Health Pulse: 2019 Survey Results B
Authors
Chandni Ohri, Director, Financial Health Network
Trey Waters, Manager, Financial Health Network
Rob Levy, Vice President, Financial Health Network
Necati Celik, Associate, Financial Health Network
Acknowledgements The Hawaii Financial Health Pulse, an initiative to better understand the financial health of Hawaii residents, is developed by the Financial Health Network in partnership with the Hawaii Community Foundation and the Hawaii Executive Collaborative CHANGE Initiatives. Sponsorship is provided by the Bank of Hawaii Foundation and the Omidyar Ohana Donor Advised Fund at the Hawaii Community Foundation.
The Financial Health Network partnered with Anthology Marketing Group, a Hawaii-based market research firm, to field the study.
This report uses national-level data for comparison from the U.S. Financial Health PulseŽ, a groundbreaking research initiative designed to shed light on the financial lives of Americans. Using a combination of consumer surveys and transactional data, the Pulse provides a regularly refreshed snapshot of the country’s financial health.
The Financial Health Network would like to thank our advisors who provided invaluable feedback and guidance throughout this research initiative.
° Cindy Adams and Norm Baker, Aloha United Way ° Joey Keahiolalo, Child and Family Services Hawaii
° Connie Mitchell, Institute for Human Services, Hawaii
° Brent Kakesako, Hawaii Alliance for Community-
° Andrew Aoki and Laurie Au, Islander Institute
° Nick Redding, Hawaii Data Collaborative
° Laura Choi, Federal Reserve Bank of San
Based Economic Development
° Jeff Gilbreath and Lahela Williams, Hawaiian Community Assets and Hawaii Community Lending
° James Koshiba, Hui Aloha Francisco
° Jill Darling, USC Center for Economic and Social Research
The Financial Health Network would also like to thank David Oyadomari, Craig Togami, and Scott Fujii from Bank of Hawaii; Momi Akimseu from Bank of Hawaii Foundation; Peter Ho from Bank of Hawaii and Hawaii Executive Collaborative CHANGE Initiatives; Michelle Kauhane and Micah Kane from Hawaii Community Foundation; Lynelle Marble from Hawaii Executive Collaborative; and Mike Mohr from Omidyar Group for their invaluable advice and support. Numerous Financial Health Network staff members contributed to this report, including Naomi Adams Bata, Dan Miller, Thea Garon, Beth Brockland, and Andrew Dunn. Most importantly, we would like to thank the over 1,600 Hawaii residents who took the time to respond to the survey and share their stories and financial lives with us. Their responses were instrumental in gaining insights into their financial health and the challenges they face.
Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Methodology 6 Section 1: Financial Health in Hawaii 8 ° Individual Indicators of Financial Health ° Obstacles to Financial Health: Income Volatility and the High Cost of Living
Section 2: Strategies to Manage Financial Challenges 13 ° Working Multiple Jobs ° Living in Extended Households ° Relying on Support from Family and Friends ° Using Savings and Credit Cards
Section 3: Opportunities for Action by Hawaii Stakeholders
17
° Employers ° Financial Institutions ° Colleges and Universities ° Policymakers
Conclusion 20 Appendices 21 ° Appendix A: FinHealth Score™ and Methodology ° Appendix B: Supplemental Tables and Charts
1
Executive Summary The Hawaii Financial Health Pulse provides a new,
In addition to profiling the financial realities of people
in-depth view of the financial struggles faced by people
in Hawaii, this report sheds light on the unique coping
in Hawaii. By using the lens of “financial health” —
strategies that people in Hawaii employ to make ends
a comprehensive framework for assessing how people
meet. It concludes with recommendations for how
spend, save, borrow, and plan — this study finds that
diverse stakeholders in Hawaii — employers, financial
a large majority (69%) of Hawaii residents are
institutions, colleges and universities, and policymakers
struggling financially. It shows the aspects of financial
— can use these insights to design actionable solutions
health which are the most difficult and includes a first-of-
to improve financial health for the people of Hawaii.
its-kind comparison with the national population of the United States.1
Key Findings The majority of people in Hawaii are struggling with one or more aspects of their financial lives: °
°
Less than one in three people (31%) in Hawaii are
°
These financial challenges exist across different
Financially Healthy. The remaining 69% are facing
aspects of their financial lives. More than half (54%)
financial challenges and are either Financially Coping
of people say their spending equals or exceeds their
(54%) or Financially Vulnerable (15%).
income, almost half (47%) are not confident that their insurance policies will cover them sufficiently in the
Financial health in Hawaii is similar to national
event of an emergency, and more than one-third
levels, but differs at more granular levels.
(35%) do not have enough savings to cover three
Compared with national data, people in Hawaii are
months of living expenses.
struggling more with spending and insurance but demonstrating better financial health with regard to
°
savings, planning, and borrowing.
People in Hawaii are facing these challenges against the backdrop of volatile incomes and high living expenses. More than one-third (36%) of people in Hawaii have volatile incomes that vary from month to month. One in five people (20%) have trouble paying their mortgage or rent.
“U.S. Financial Health Pulse: 2019 Trends Report,” The Financial Health Network, 2019.
1
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
To cope with these financial challenges, people in Hawaii employ a number of strategies:
1
Working Multiple Jobs Almost one-quarter (23%) of employed survey respondents in Hawaii work more than one job. A high percentage (30%) of part-time workers have multiple jobs, and one-fifth (20%) of full-time workers are working second and third jobs.
2
Living in Extended Households More than one-quarter (26%) of people are living in extended households,2 significantly higher than the 16% of people living in extended households at the national level. While intergenerational living and supporting extended family and friends is part of the culture in Hawaii, it also seems to correlate with financial constraints. Over four-fifths (81%) of people living in extended households have poor financial health.
3 Relying on Support from Friends and Family Almost half (47%) of people report giving support to friends or family. Providing for friends and family in times of need is a hallmark of a strong community, but giving such support can pose its own challenges. Of those giving financial help, 64% reported that it was a hardship for them to do so.
4 Using Savings and Credit Cards
One-quarter (25%) of people in Hawaii say their spending exceeded their income in the last 12 months, which is significantly higher than the national level (17%). When spending exceeds income, a high percentage of people use savings (73%) and credit cards (69%) 3 to manage their financial lives.
An extended household is defined as having people other than the respondent, their partner/spouse, or their children living in the same household.
2
The difference between the use of savings and the use of credit cards is not statistically significant.
3
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study adds to a growing body of research4 that highlights the struggles of people in Hawaii. It looks at all people in Hawaii older than 18 years (including students and retirees, as well as the employed population) and different aspects of their financial lives. The expanded lens of this study reveals that a greater
required to bring systemic change to the nature of jobs and
percentage (69%) of people in Hawaii are facing financial
employment and the high cost of living.
challenges than estimated in other studies, such as the 48% of households identified in the ALICE® Report.5 While some of this increased percentage can be attributed to a difference in methodology, the analysis does suggest that the extent of financial challenges in Hawaii may be more widespread than previously recognized.
This study provides recommendations to multiple stakeholders, including employers, financial institutions, educators, and policymakers. The respondents in this study have shared their valuable time and voices in the hope that these stakeholders will take the action needed to build a financially strong and resilient Hawaii.
The Hawaii Financial Health Pulse underscores the urgency for quick and bold action by multiple stakeholders in Hawaii. To improve people’s financial health, coordinated action is
Recent research studies focused on Hawaii include: “ALICE: A Study of Financial Hardship in Hawaii,” Aloha United Way, 2017; “Hawaii Perspectives,” Pacific Resource Partnership, Spring 2019; “Community Health Needs Assessment for People and Islands of Hawaii,” Islander Institute, December 2018.
4
“ALICE: A Study of Financial Hardship in Hawaii,” Aloha United Way, 2017.
5
4
Introduction For many people, the islands of Hawaii conjure images of tropical paradise and an escape from the struggles of everyday life. But for the 1.12 million adults who live and work there, the everyday economic reality is not always so perfect. Wages can be low, the cost of living is high, and options for economic mobility are often limited.6 This study shows that a majority (69%) of Hawaii residents are struggling with their financial health. This difficult economic reality isn’t necessarily news in
approach specifically to Hawaii as we hear from Hawaii
Hawaii. A host of research studies in recent years have
residents about their financial lives, struggles,
put hard data behind different components of the
and strategies. Our findings enable a new understanding
story — the lack of affordable housing and childcare,
of the breadth and depth of financial stress in Hawaii,
the financial hardships faced by specific population
provide the first benchmark comparison between Hawaii
segments, the increasing rate of homelessness, and the
and the overall U.S., reveal new insights into the most
significant education and health challenges faced by
significant financial challenges facing Hawaii residents,
people in Hawaii. But few studies have brought these
identify the coping strategies that Hawaii residents
different pieces together into a cohesive whole to define
are using to get by, and ultimately lead to a series of
the depth and breadth of the challenge, while identifying
recommendations for various stakeholders in Hawaii.
7
the solutions necessary for change.
This study shows that residents of Hawaii are already
We believe that financial health is one lens we can use
doing what they can to meet the financial needs of their
to understand and address these challenges holistically.
households. Stakeholders in Hawaii have an opportunity
Financial health comes about when your daily systems
to do their part to build a more resilient and thriving
enable you to be resilient and pursue opportunities.
Hawaii for all.
It includes the ability to spend, save, borrow, and plan effectively. Most importantly, financial health is a measurable outcome that can be used to guide and evaluate new policies, products, programs, and initiatives. For the past several years, the Financial Health Network has used a financial health methodology to measure and track the financial health of the nation through the U.S. Financial Health Pulse. With this inaugural Hawaii Financial Health Pulse report, we are bringing this
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015 in “ALICE: A Study of Financial Hardship in Hawaii,” Aloha United Way, 2017; “Cost of Living Data Series,” Missouri Economic and Research Information Center, 2019.
6
Recent research studies include: “ALICE: A Study of Financial Hardship in Hawaii,” Aloha United Way, 2017; “Hawaii Perspectives,” Pacific Resource Partnership, Spring 2019; “Community Health Needs Assessment for People and Islands of Hawaii,” Islander Institute, December 2018.
7
5
Methodology The data presented in this study were collected through
Pulse, including the eight-question FinHealth Score.TM
a 41-question online and phone survey of over 1,600
This allows the Hawaii Financial Health Pulse to compare
Hawaii residents from June to July 2019. The data were
state-level findings to national levels. The national data
weighted to be representative at the state and county
come from the “U.S. Financial Health Pulse: 2019 Trends
level. The Hawaii Financial Health Pulse uses many of the
Report,” unless otherwise cited. More details on the study
same survey questions as the U.S. Financial Health
methodology are available in Appendix A.
A NOTE ON READING TABLES AND GRAPHS Throughout this report, we report results that are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, unless otherwise noted. In tables, results that are statistically significant are indicated with an asterisk. All figures have been rounded to the nearest whole percent. Regression tables and data are available upon request.
FINANCIAL HEALTH: A HOLISTIC, COMPOSITE FRAMEWORK Financial health is a holistic, composite framework that considers the totality of an individual’s financial life. It allows researchers to assess whether people are spending, saving, borrowing, and planning in ways that will enable them to be resilient and pursue opportunities over time.
Figure 1: Eight Indicators of Financial Health
SPEND
SAVE
BORROW
PLAN
1. Spend less than income
3. Have sufficient liquid savings
5. Have manageable debt
7. Have appropriate insurance
2. Pay bills on time
4. Have sufficient long-term savings
6. Have a prime credit score
8. Plan ahead financially
6
THE FINHEALTH SCORETM The analysis presented in this report leverages the
To view the full scoring instrument and learn more about how the framework was developed, please visit finhealthnetwork.org/score and reference Appendix A of this report.
FinHealth Score TM framework. The FinHealth Score TM is based on eight survey questions that align with the eight indicators of financial health (Figure 1). For every individual who responds to all eight questions, one aggregate FinHealth Score and four sub-scores can be calculated for Spend, Save, Borrow, and Plan. Figure 2 shows how to interpret financial health scores.
Figure 2: Interpreting FinHealth Scores TM Financially Vulnerable 0
10
20
Financial health scores between 0 - 39 are considered Financially Vulnerable. Individuals with scores in this range report healthy outcomes across few, or none, of the eight financial health indicators.
Financially Coping 30
40
50
60
Financial health scores between 40 - 79 are considered Financially Coping. Individuals with scores in this range report healthy outcomes across some, but not all, of the eight financial health indicators.
Financially Healthy 70
80
90
100
Financial health scores between 80 - 100 are considered Financially Healthy. Individuals with scores in this range report healthy outcomes across all eight financial health indicators.
7
SECTION 1: FINANCIAL HEALTH IN HAWAII Our survey found that most people in Hawaii — 69% of adults, or more than 828,0008 people — are struggling with their financial health. This means they are not spending, saving, borrowing, and planning in ways that allow them to be resilient and pursue economic opportunities over time.
According to our research, only 31% of people are
The expanded lens of this study suggests that a greater
Financially Healthy, leaving a majority either Financially
percentage of people in Hawaii may be facing financial
Coping (54%) or Financially Vulnerable (15%). The overall
challenges than estimated in other studies.9 While the
financial health picture in Hawaii is nearly identical to
difference in methodology helps to explain some of this
the 2019 U.S. Pulse study, where only 29% of Americans
increase, the analysis does suggest that the extent of
were found to be financially healthy (the difference
financial challenges in Hawaii may be more widespread
between the two is not statistically significant).
than previously recognized.
Figure 3: Financial Health Tiers in Hawaii
15
54
Financially Vulnerable ~180,000
Financially Coping ~648,000
31 Financially Healthy ~372,000
828,000 Total
Given a state population of 1.12 million adults over the age of 18, U.S. Census Bureau, 2018.
8
9
Such as the 48% of households identified in the ALICE Report. “ALICE: A Study of Financial Hardship in Hawaii,” Aloha United Way, 2017.
8
INDIVIDUAL INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL HEALTH 10 While the aggregate levels of financial health are
struggling more than people at the national level
comparable between Hawaii and the overall U.S.,
when it comes to spending and insurance, but they
differences emerge when we examine the individual
are demonstrating better financial health with regard
components and indicators of financial health.
to saving, planning, and borrowing.
For example, we found that Hawaii residents are
Spending Less Than Income Most people in Hawaii (54%) are spending more than
44% were unable to pay their bills on time. Respondents’
or equal to their income. This is significantly higher
high spending levels may be due to the high cost of
than the national level of 46% (Table 1). For people
living, which is discussed later in this section.
whose spending equals or exceeds their income,
Table 1. Spending and Insurance Indicators by Hawaii Respondents Compared to the National Level All eight indicators are compared to the national data as described in Appendix B. Indicator 1: Spend Less than Income Q05. Which of the following statements best describes how your household’s total spending compared to total income, over the last 12 months?
Hawaii
National
Spending is less than income
46%*
54%
Spending is equal to or more than income
54%*
46%
Insurance Coverage In Hawaii, people are also less confident that they have
is needed to understand the lack of confidence in
sufficient insurance coverage to manage an emergency.
insurance by people in Hawaii. At the national level,
A little less than half (47%) of respondents reported that
the 2019 U.S. Pulse report found that Americans’
they were not confident that their insurance policies
confidence in the sufficiency of their insurance policies
would provide sufficient coverage in the event of an
is declining alongside an overall decline in the rate of
emergency, which is nine percentage points higher than
insurance ownership.
the national figure of 38% (Table 2). Additional research
Table 2: Insurance Indicators by Hawaii Respondents Compared with the National Level Indicator 7: Have Appropriate Insurance Q14. Thinking about all of the types of personal and household insurance you and others in your household have, how confident are you that those insurance policies will provide enough support in case of an emergency?
Hawaii
National
Are confident their insurance policies will cover them in an emergency
51%*
58%
Are not confident their insurance policies will cover them in an emergency
47%*
38%
Do not have insurance
3%*
4%
This section of the report highlights indicators that are statistically significant between Hawaii and the national figures. All eight indicators are compared to the national data in Appendix B.
10
9
Savings More than one-third of people in Hawaii (35%) do not
this data suggests that many Hawaii residents lack a
have enough savings to cover three months of living
critical cushion in the event of a household emergency
expenses. While this compares favorably with the
or broader economic downturn.
47% of Americans overall who face a lack of savings,
Table 3: Savings Indicator by Hawaii Respondents Compared with the National Level Indicator 3: Have Sufficient Liquid Savings Q10. At your current level of spending, how long could you and your household afford to cover expenses, if you had to live only off the money you have readily available, without withdrawing money from retirement accounts or borrowing?
Hawaii
National
Have enough savings to cover at least three months of living expenses
65%*
53%
Do not have enough savings to cover at least three months of living expenses
35%*
47%
Credit Score People in Hawaii report better credit scores than national
to affordable credit rates, and is often used to verify
levels — 73% have a self-reported prime credit score
employment and provide access to other basic services.
compared with 66% at the national level. Still, more
Thus, without a prime score, this population may be
than one-quarter (27%) of Hawaii residents either have
limited to high-cost credit or have difficulty securing jobs,
poor credit scores or don’t know their scores. A good
housing, or utilities.
credit score is critical to financial health, supports access
Table 4: Credit Scores by Hawaii Respondents Compared with the National Level Indicator 6: Have a Prime Credit Score Q13. How would you rate your credit score? Your credit score is a number that tells lenders how risky or safe you are as a borrower.
Hawaii
National
Have a prime credit score
73%*
66%
Do not have a prime credit score or don’t know their score
27%*
35%
Planning Ahead Finally, people in Hawaii are more likely to plan ahead for
“plans ahead financially,” compared with the national level
their finances compared to the national levels. Almost
of 59% (Table 5).
two-thirds (65%) of people reported that their household
Table 5: Planning Indicators by Hawaii Respondents Compared with the National Level Indicator 8: Plan Ahead Financially Q16. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “My household plans ahead financially.”
Hawaii
National
Agree with the statement: “My household plans ahead financially.”
65%*
59%
Do not agree with the statement: “My household plans ahead financially.”
35%*
41%
10
OBSTACLES TO FINANCIAL HEALTH: INCOME VOLATILITY AND THE HIGH COST OF LIVING Beyond the core components of financial health,
People in Hawaii are squeezed on both ends,
our research found that two key factors are deeply
navigating consistently high monthly bills with
impacting the financial health of people in Hawaii:
inconsistently sufficient paychecks, and their
volatile incomes and the high cost of living.
financial health suffers as a result.
Income Volatility Hawaii have volatile incomes that vary from month to
Figure 4: Percentage of Respondents Experiencing Income Volatility, by Financial Health Tiers
month. This can make it difficult to manage expenses or
Q23. In the last 12 months, which of the following statements
We found that more than one-third (36%) of people in
save for a rainy day, especially when budgets are already tight. A large percentage of people who are Financially
best describes how your household’s income varied from month to month, if at all?
Coping (39%) and Financially Vulnerable (49%) experience volatility in their incomes (Figure 4).
22% total
HEALTHY
The U.S. Financial Health Pulse: 2018 Baseline Survey 11 found a strong correlation between income volatility and financial health. Holding income constant, individuals
78% l Was roughly the same each month
18%
l Occasionally varied from month to month
4% l Varied quite often from month to month
with steady paychecks were 1.7 times more likely to be Financially Healthy than those with volatile incomes. The situation is similar in Hawaii. Households at identical levels of income were more likely to be Financially Healthy when that income was stable (Table 6).
39% total
COPING
61% l Was roughly the same each month
VULNERABLE
Table 6. The Percentage of People Who are Financially Healthy, by Income and Income Stability 12 Stable Income
Volatile Income
Less than $40,000
20%
11%*
$40,000-<$75,000
29%
9%*
$75,000-<$100,000
38%
27%
$100,000 and more
58%
34%*
Total Sample
37%
19%*
51% l Was roughly the same each month
31%
8%
l Occasionally varied from month to month
l Varied quite often from month to month
49% total
29%
20%
l Occasionally varied from month to month
l Varied quite often from month to month
36% total
TOTAL
65% l Was roughly the same each month
27%
9%
l Occasionally varied from month to month
l Varied quite often from month to month
U.S. Financial Health Pulse: 2018 Baseline Survey Results.
11
Respondents with roughly the same monthly income have stable income, whereas respondents with variable monthly income have volatile income
12
11
High Cost of Living In Hawaii, goods and services cost far more on average
one reason that the study found that more than half of
than the rest of the country. In fact, Hawaii has the
Hawaii residents (54%) spend equal to or more than
highest Cost of Living Index in the U.S., and expenses
their income, one in five people (20%) had trouble paying
are the highest across all major categories, including
their mortgage or rent during the past year, and more
food, utilities, and transportation. The high cost of
than one-quarter (27%) of people worried that their
housing, in particular, is a significant burden.
food would run out before they got money to buy
13
14
This high cost of living is a significant driver of poor
more (Figure 5).
financial health for many Hawaii residents. It may be
Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents Who Worried About Covering Expenses in the Past 12 Months
27%
20%
Worried whether your food would run out
Had trouble paying your rent or mortgage
15%
16%
You or someone in your household did not get healthcare
You or someone in your household stopped taking medicine
Missouri Economic and Research Information Center, 2018
13
“Community Health Needs Assessment for People and Islands of Hawaii,� Islander Institute, December 2018.
14
12
SECTION 2: STRATEGIES TO MANAGE FINANCIAL CHALLENGES The challenges people in Hawaii face around spending, saving, borrowing, and planning mean that many people are living on the edge with resources stretched thin. Interestingly, the study found that many people are also employing a number of sophisticated strategies to cope with these issues, in particular to manage disparities between income and expenses. The trends of volatile incomes and increasing costs of living will continue to impact how successful these strategies are for individuals and households. By gaining insight into how people living in Hawaii are using these strategies to make their financial lives work, stakeholders in Hawaii can identify opportunities to build products, services, and support systems that can improve the financial health of their communities.
STRATEGY
1
People in Hawaii are working multiple jobs. Almost one-quarter (23%) of employed survey respondents in Hawaii work more than one job,15 and other estimates show that the percentage of workers with multiple jobs in Hawaii is nearly 40% higher than at the national level.16 Despite working multiple jobs, these workers continue to experience financial challenges. A higher percentage of workers engaging in multiple jobs are Financially Coping (59%) and Financially Vulnerable (19%), as compared with workers who have a single job (54% and 14%, respectively).17 People may work multiple jobs for many reasons. It may be to counter other large expenses, such as the high cost of childcare.18 It may be that one adult in the household takes on the responsibility for earning income through multiple jobs, and the other adult may bear the childcare and household management responsibilities. Working multiple jobs is correlated with certain types of employment. °
Workers in trade, transportation, and utility industries
working multiple jobs compared with 16% of
as well those working in leisure and hospitality are
households with incomes of more than $100,000.20
more likely to hold multiple jobs (27%) than workers in other industries.19 °
A higher percentage of people in low-income households work multiple jobs, with 39% of households with incomes of less than $40,000
°
A high percentage (30%) of part-time workers have multiple jobs.21
°
People across age groups have multiple jobs, but respondents in the 18-25 and 65+ age categories have the highest rate (32%) of working multiple jobs.
Appendix B. Table B.2: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs.
15
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported in 2018 that 6.9% of employed people in Hawaii were working multiple jobs compared with the national figure of 5.0%. ”The differences between the Financial Health Network’s data and the BLS data is due to different definitions for working multiple jobs, ” U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017.
16
Appendix B. Table B.3: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers, by Multiple Job Status.
17
DeBaryshe, B.D., Bird, O., Stern, I., Zysman, D., “Hawai’i Early Learning Needs Assessment,” Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Center on the Family, 2017.
18
Appendix B. Table B.4: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs, by Industry.
19
Appendix B. Table B.5: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs, by Income.
20
Appendix B. Table B.2: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs.
21
13
STRATEGY
2
People in Hawaii are living in extended households. More than one-quarter (26%) of Hawaii residents are living in extended households,22 compared with 16% at the national level.23 Such living arrangements may help people manage the high cost of housing, utilities, childcare, and transportation by sharing these expenses among more people. In Hawaii, 16% of people have five or more people living in their households, compared with 13% at the national level.24 Indeed, families across the income spectrum are living in extended households at significantly higher rates than at the national level. While living in extended households is part of the culture in Hawaii, the data reflect that households that have poor financial health are more likely to have such a living arrangement. °
A significant majority (81%) of people living in
households, compared with 22% of households
extended households have poor financial health.
with incomes of more than $100,000.27
25
°
°
Holding other variables (including ethnicity/race)26
°
Living in extended households is also more common
constant, those who are Financially Coping or
in younger age groups, with 38% of those between
Financially Vulnerable are 1.3 and 1.7 times more
the ages of 26-34 living in extended households,
likely to live in extended households, as compared
as compared to just 15% of those between the ages
with those who are Financially Healthy (Table 7).
of 50-64.28
Almost one-third (32%) of households with incomes of less than $40,000 are living in extended
Table 7 - Likelihood of Living in an Extended Household, by Financial Health Tier Probability to live in an extended household
Magnitude
Healthy
19%
Base
Coping
25%
1.3x*
Vulnerable
33%
1.7x*
All other variables are evaluated at their means. * p-value < 0.05
A household is considered as living in an extended household if they have anyone living in the household other than the respondent, their spouse/significant other, and their children (including children over age 18).”
22
Appendix B. Table B.6: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Living with Extended Family, by Income.
23
Appendix B. Table B.7: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Living with Extended Family, by Family Size.
24
Appendix B. Table B.8: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers, by Extended Family Living.
25
The regression analysis holds income, age, ethnicity, employment, education, gender, and county as constant.
26
Appendix B. Table B.6: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Living with Extended Family, by Income.
27
Appendix B. Table B.9: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Living in Extended Family, by Age.
28
14
STRATEGY
3
People in Hawaii are relying on support from family and friends. About half (47%) of people report giving support to friends or family. This support can take a variety of forms, including financial, housework, transportation, and caregiving help, though financial help is the most common (Figure 7). While providing support to one another is a hallmark of a strong community, it can pose challenges, too. A majority who gave help are Financially Coping (58%) or Financially Vulnerable (18%) themselves.29 Of those giving financial help, 64% reported that giving support was a hardship for them.30 About 30% of people in Hawaii report receiving support, and younger, low-income segments are the most likely to need assistance: °
Over two-fifths (43%) of those between the ages
°
Almost half (46%) of households with incomes of less
of 26-34 receive support, compared with just 19%
than $40,000 receive support, compared with 18% of
of those between the ages of 50-64.
households with incomes of more than $100,000.31
32
Given the prevalence of living in extended households and reliance on support from family and friends, a single financial emergency could trigger a “domino effect,” where multiple families are impacted negatively.
Figure 7: Proportion of Sample Who Reported Receiving Support from Family and Friends
18%
16%
Financial help
Transportation help
10%
10%
Caregiving help
Housework help
Appendix B. Table B.10: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers, by Providing Support.
29
Appendix B. Table B.11: Percentage of Respondents Who Experience Financial Hardship When Giving Support.
30
Appendix B. Table B.12: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Receiving Support, by Income.
31
Appendix B. Table B.13: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Receiving Support, by Age.
32
15
STRATEGY
4
People in Hawaii are using savings and credit cards to make ends meet. Among the one-quarter (25%) of people in Hawaii who said their spending exceeded their income in the last 12 months, over two-thirds said they would turn to savings (73%) or credit cards (69%) to manage their financial situations.33 These rates are dramatically higher and reflect a difference in behavior than at the national level. At the national level, people in this situation are much more likely to use credit cards (43%) than to use savings (20%) (Figure 8). Even households with incomes of less than $40,000 in Hawaii use savings (63%) more than credit cards (58%).34 35
Figure 8 - Actions Respondents Took When Spending Exceeded Income Used savings
Used credit cards
Reduced expenses
73%*
69%*
69%*
20%
43%
27%
Worked extra
Sold items
Borrowed from financial institution
54%*
40%*
32%*
20%
24%
14%
Borrowed from friends and family
Overdrew checking
31%
30%*
26%
18%
l Hawaii l National
Respondents could select multiple responses, therefore percentages don’t sum to 100.
The difference between the use of savings and the use of credit cards within Hawaii is not statistically significant.
33
The difference between the use of savings and the use of credit cards for households with incomes of less than $40,000 within Hawaii is not statistically significant.
34
Appendix B. Table B.14: Actions Respondents Took When Spending Exceeded Income, by Income Level.
35
16
SECTION 3: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION BY HAWAII STAKEHOLDERS While financial health in Hawaii is similar to the overall financial health of the U.S., there are factors in Hawaii that make it unique from other states and regions. This creates a unique opportunity for stakeholder groups – including employers, financial institutions, colleges and universities, and policymakers – to develop and design thoughtful, localized solutions to help residents of Hawaii take steps that can improve their financial health. Of course, many of the largest challenges that Hawaii faces, such as the structure of the economy and the high cost of living and housing, will require coordination across multiple stakeholders.
Employers Employers can play a significant role in improving
financial health is through increased wages, there are
the financial health of their workers while
several additional ways employers can improve worker
strengthening their own bottom lines at the same time.
financial health today.
Worker financial stress can contribute to productivity losses, increased absences and healthcare claims, higher turnover, and costs associated with workers who cannot afford to retire on time.36 Since a majority of workers in Hawaii are either Financially Vulnerable (54%) or Financially Coping (15%),37 employers will benefit from improved employee financial health with a more present, engaged, and less stressed workforce. While the most direct way an employer can improve their employees’
°
Adding or adjusting benefits to meet employee needs: Since the cost of childcare in Hawaii is extremely high, employers could consider providing benefits like paid childcare and parental leave that address these specific pain points.38 Figure 9 illustrates that paid childcare is offered much less frequently across all industries than other benefits, such as paid vacation and retirement benefits.
Figure 9: Percentage of Respondents Access to Benefits, by Industry Government and Military 95%
Trade, Transportation, and Utilities 68%
Leisure and Hospitality
l Paid vacation
53%
l Paid sick days
92%
65%
45%
l Retirement
95%
63%
48%
l Paid parental leave
54%
31%
26%
l Paid childcare
14% Education, Health, and Social Services 79% 82% 78% 44%
7% Professional and Business Services 74%
5% Other 61%
61%
53%
64%
49%
35%
24%
6%
12%
7%
“Employee Financial Health: How Companies Can Invest in Workplace Wellness,” Financial Health Network, May 2017.
36
Table B.15: Financial Health of Working Respondents.
37
DeBaryshe, B.D., Bird, O., Stern, I., Zysman, D., “Hawai’i Early Learning Needs Assessment,” Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Center on the Family, 2017.
38
17
°
Income smoothing: Another benefit that can
which is significantly more than the 40% of people
improve financial health is reducing volatility in
who report this at the national level.39 With sufficient
paychecks, since there is a high correlation between
advance notice, employers can provide workers with
income volatility and poor financial health. Almost
information about their schedules and any changes.
half (47%) of people who had volatile incomes said it
They can also empower workers to use technology
was because of irregular work schedules or overtime,
to set the schedules that work best for them.
In addition, employers can offer their employees benefits such as insurance, retirement savings accounts, and tools to help with budgeting, paying down debt, and building emergency savings.40
Financial Institutions Since the financial services sector is dominated by local institutions in Hawaii, these banks, credit unions, and fintech companies can play a significant role in improving financial health in Hawaii. Financial institutions can provide products and services to help people use their financial resources optimally with a special focus on the following: °
New savings, credit, and cash flow management
Closing market gaps: About one-fifth (21%) of
°
products: Since people in Hawaii use savings
people in Hawaii use alternative financial services,41
and credit cards when their spending exceeds
which is significantly higher than 15% at the national
income, financial institutions can design and deliver
level (Table 8). This is an opportunity for financial
savings and credit solutions that are accessible,
institutions to understand the specific needs of
appropriately priced, and designed for ease-of-use.
these segments and develop products, services,
Financial institutions can also leverage technology
and marketing strategies to reach them. Banks and
to provide customers with visibility into their own
credit unions may also consider partnering with
financial flows and provide information to proactively
community development financial institutions to help
manage volatility in income and expenses. Fintechs
underserved communities. To address the high cost
that already have these types of solutions may find
of housing specifically, banks and credit unions could
Hawaii an attractive market. Technology solutions that
offer federal mortgage financing programs that would
manage finances across families and friends may be
allow households to reduce the down payment and
particularly relevant in Hawaii, given the prevalence of
closing costs needed to purchase homes.
extended household living arrangements.
Table 8: Percentage of Respondents Using Alternate Financial Services Compared with the National Level, by Financial Health Tier Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Total
Hawaii
40%*
21%*
11%*
21%*
National
33%
15%
4%
15%
Lastly, since many financial institutions are large employers too, they can provide better wages and benefits as well as tools to help their own employees better manage their financial health. Appendix B. Table B.16: Percentage of Reasons Reported by Respondents with Income Volatility.
39
“Better for Employees, Better for Business: The Case for Employers to Invest in Employee Financial Health,” Financial Health Network, 2019.
40
These are households that have used at least one of the following services in the past 12 months: money order, check-cashing service, payday loan, pawn shop loan, or auto title loan.
41
18
Colleges and Universities Overall, educational levels are positively correlated
°
Student financial health: Financial health impacts
with financial health, but college degrees don’t appear
student’s ability to achieve academic success,
to pay off in Hawaii like they do in the rest of the country.
and academic success can impact future financial
People with bachelor’s degrees in Hawaii are more
health outcomes.43 Colleges and universities can begin
likely to be Financially Coping (52%), as compared to
by assessing the financial health of their students and
the national level of 44% (Figure 10). This may be the
implementing financial wellness programs, such as
reason that 16% of people with bachelor’s degrees are
financial counseling or emergency grant programs,
considering moving out of state to improve their financial
that help students achieve academic success and
situation.
financial health.
42
°
The University of Hawaii system, given its depth and
Training and upskilling: Given the comparatively limited return on investment from higher
breadth in the state, has a unique opportunity to support
education in Hawaii, educational institutions should
the current and future financial health of its students
collaborate with employers on the development and
by promoting student financial health and aligning
implementation of career and technical education
educational programs with employment opportunities.
training programs tailored to meet the current and future staffing needs of public and private employers.
Figure 10: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers Compared with the National Level, by Educational Attainment
Bachelor’s Degree or Higher
Some College
Hawaii 9%
U.S. 9%
Hawaii
U.S.
High School or Less
52%*
39%*
44%
47%
19%
57%
24%
20%
54%
26%
Hawaii
23%
54%*
23%*
U.S.
22%
61%
17%
l Vulnerable l Coping l Healthy
42 43
Appendix B. Table B.17: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Moving Out of State, by Education. “Driving College Success: Factors for Assessing Student Financial Health,” Financial Health Network, 2019.
19
Policymakers Policymakers can address the financial health challenges identified in our research in a number of ways: °
°
At the macro level, they can encourage the growth
°
To address food insecurity, state and local
of new industries that more fully employ Hawaii’s
governments could work with nonprofit partner
educated workforce and halt the trend toward
organizations and communities to promote the
low-wage, volatile income employment.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and to ensure that qualified households can access
They can also strengthen affordable housing
such benefits.
programs as a means of alleviating the high cost of living.
°
At the more micro level, policymakers can promote initiatives that help Hawaii residents to save, access affordable credit, manage their finances, and plan for retirement.
Fazit
The Hawaii Financial Health Pulse reveals that a majority
Since residents of Hawaii are already doing what they
of people in Hawaii are struggling with poor financial
can to meet the financial needs of their households,
health and their financial challenges are further
stakeholders have an opportunity to help people improve
compounded by volatile incomes and a high cost of
their financial health. Significant commitment will be
living. To address these challenges, people in Hawaii work
needed to create better opportunities by reducing low-
multiple jobs, live in extended households, rely on family
wage jobs, volatile incomes, and rising housing and living
and friends, and use savings and credit cards when
costs. We hope that this study, complementing other
expenses exceed income. Yet despite doing all of this,
research, provides a rich and nuanced understanding of
a majority of people living in Hawaii are still struggling
the specific challenges households currently face, so that
to make ends meet. As a result, they may be more
leaders and stakeholders can design new solutions to
vulnerable to an unexpected financial shock or expense,
build a stronger, more resilient Hawaii.
or a broader economic downturn.
20 20
APPENDICES APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGY The Hawaii Financial Health Pulse is based on the U.S. Financial Health Pulse and is designed to provide a snapshot of the financial lives of the residents of Hawaii. Working with Anthology Marketing Group, a set of local advisors, Hawaii Community Foundation, and the Bank of Hawaii, the Financial Health Network adapted the U.S. Financial Health Pulse research approach to make a survey relevant for Hawaii. A stratified sampling approach was used to ensure sufficient sample size for each county. The survey data was weighted to be representative at the county and state levels using age and ethnicity, with the 2016 Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and 2010 Census data as benchmarks. Compared to 2018 U.S. Census data, some skews existed in the survey dataset after weighting: the survey data had an oversampling of individuals identifying as Hawaiian native, individuals with lower income, and individuals with higher levels of education. See “Hawaii Financial Health Pulse Sample Overview� for a breakdown of the survey dataset by select demographic variables. All data can be shared upon request.
Study Overview Population
All non-institutionalized Hawaii residents44 age 18 and older
Sample Selection
All active respondents were identified in existing online panels or using random-digit-dialing for phone-based surveys
Sprache
Englisch
Field Date
June 10th - July 17th
Mode
The survey was administered online and over the telephone. 472 respondents answered the survey via phone and 1,134 took the survey online.
Length
~22 Minutes
Limitations of the research methodology A quantitative survey does not allow for many open-ended responses or qualitative findings relative to other research methods, like focus groups or in-depth interviews. Future research could use deeper qualitative research to provide richer insights and opportunities to understand the constraints and choices that people in Hawaii face.
A Hawaii resident is defined as anyone who lives in Hawaii for six months out of the year.
44
21
Hawaii Financial Health Pulse Sample Overview Unweighted Sample Size
Geography
Honolulu
623
Hawaii Island
420
Kauai
251
Maui
312
Total
1,606
The margin of error for the sample is +/- 2.45% at the 95% level of confidence.
Summary of Hawaii Survey Sample Demographics Compared to the National Sample Weighted Percentage of Hawaii Sample
Weighted Percentage of National Sample
18-25
11%
7%
26-35
17%
21%
36-49
26%
26%
50-64
31%
27%
65 and over
15%
19%
Gender
Female
46%
48%
Male
54%
52%
Household Income
Less than $40,000
27%
38%
$40,000 - <$75,000
27%
26%
$75,000 - <$100,000
17%
12%
$100,000+
29%
24%
Less than high school
1%
9%
High school
21%
30%
Some college
32%
28%
Bachelor's degree or higher
47%
32%
Caucasian
29%
Japanese
28%
Hawaiian
19%
Filipino
12%
Other
12%
Age
Bildung
Race/Ethnicity 45
Race/ethnicity categories in the Hawaii survey are not comparable to ones in the national survey due to differences in question wording and response options.
45
22
APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES AND CHARTS
Demographic Characteristics by Financial Health in Hawaii
Age
Gender
Household Income
Bildung
Race/Ethnicity
Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Sum
18-25
13%
66%
21%
100%
26-34
15%
61%
24%
100%
36-49
22%
58%
20%
100%
50-64
15%
46%
38%
100%
65 and over
6%
44%
50%
100%
Female
17%
56%
26%
100%
Male
13%
50%
37%
100%
Less than $40,000
29%
55%
16%
100%
$40,000 - <$75,000
18%
60%
22%
100%
$75,000 - <$100,000
10%
55%
35%
100%
$100,000+
4%
45%
51%
100%
High school or less
23%
54%
23%
100%
Some college
19%
57%
24%
100%
Bachelor's degree or higher
9%
52%
39%
100%
Caucasian
16%
47%
37%
100%
Filipino
11%
70%
18%
100%
Hawaiian
24%
51%
25%
100%
Japanese
10%
53%
37%
100%
Other
16%
62%
23%
100%
23
Demographic Characteristics by Financial Health in Hawaii (cont.)
County
Employment Status
Marital Status
Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Sum
Hawaii
15%
53%
32%
100%
Honolulu
16%
54%
30%
100%
Kauai
9%
48%
43%
100%
Maui
15%
55%
30%
100%
Working, full-time
14%
56%
30%
100%
Working, part-time
19%
57%
24%
100%
Working, self-employed
18%
47%
35%
100%
Not working, not retired
28%
59%
14%
100%
Retired
4%
44%
52%
100%
Not married/Not living with partner
19%
57%
24%
100%
Married/Living with partner
13%
51%
36%
100%
Eight Indicators of Financial Health and Definitions of Consolidated Indicator Responses Indicator 1: Spend Less than Income Q05. Which of the following statements best describes how your household’s total spending compared to total income, over the last 12 months?
Hawaii
National
46%*
54%
Spending was much less than income
17%
18%
Spending was a little less than income
29%*
36%
29%
29%
29%
29%
25%*
17%
Spending was a little more than income
18%*
13%
Spending was much more than income
8%*
4%
Spending is less than income
Spending is equal to income Spending was about equal to income Spending is more than income
24
Indicator 2: Pay All Bills On Time Q08. Which of the following statements best describes how your household has paid its bills over the last 12 months? “My household has been financially able to…”
Hawaii
National
Pay all bills on time
70%*
66%
Unable to pay all bills on time
30%*
34%
Pay nearly all of our bills on time
15%
16%
Pay most of our bills on time
9%
10%
Pay some of our bills on time
4%
5%
Pay very few of our bills on time
8%*
3%
Hawaii
National
65%*
53%
6 months or more
45%*
36%
3-5 months
20%*
17%
35%*
47%
1-2 months
17%*
21%
1-3 weeks
9%*
14%
Less than 1 week
9%*
12%
Hawaii
National
45%*
39%
Very confident
18%
18%
Moderately confident
26%*
22%
55%*
61%
Somewhat confident
22%
23%
Slightly confident
15%
15%
Not at all confident
18%*
23%
Indicator 3: Have Sufficient Liquid Savings Q10. At your current level of spending, how long could you and your household afford to cover expenses, if you had to live only off the money you have readily available, without withdrawing money from retirement accounts or borrowing? Have enough savings to cover at least three months of living expenses
Do not have enough savings to cover at least three months of living expenses
Indicator 4: Have Sufficient Long-Term Savings Q11. Thinking about your household’s longer-term financial goals such as saving for a vacation, starting a business, buying or paying off a home, saving up for education, putting money away for retirement, or making retirement funds last… How confident are you that your household is currently doing what is needed to meet your longer-term goals? Are confident they are on track to meet long-term financial goals
Are not confident they are on track to meet long-term financial goals
25
Indicator 5: Have a Manageable Debt Load Q12. Thinking about all of your household’s current debts, including mortgages, bank loans, student loans, money owed to people, medical debt, past-due bills, and credit card balances that are carried over from prior months… As of today, which of the following statements describes how manageable your household debt is?
Hawaii
National
Have a manageable amount of debt
53%
52%
Have more debt than is manageable
28%
30%
Have a bit more debt than is manageable
19%
19%
Have far more debt than is manageable
9%*
11%
20%
19%
Hawaii
National
73%*
66%
Excellent
33%
31%
Very Good
21%*
19%
Good
18%
16%
22%*
28%
Fair
14%
15%
Poor
8%*
13%
Don’t know
5%*
7%
Hawaii
National
51%*
58%
Very confident
20%*
28%
Moderately confident
31%
30%
47%*
38%
Somewhat confident
26%*
20%
Slightly confident
12%*
9%
Not at all confident
9%
8%
Do not have insurance
3%*
4%
Do not have any debt
Indicator 6: Have a Prime Credit Score Q13. How would you rate your credit score? Your credit score is a number that tells lenders how risky or safe you are as a borrower. Have a prime credit score
Do not have a prime credit score
Indicator 7: Have Appropriate Insurance Q14. Thinking about all of the types of personal and household insurance you and others in your household have, how confident are you that those insurance policies will provide enough support in case of an emergency? Are confident their insurance policies will cover them in an emergency
Are not confident their insurance policies will cover them in an emergency
26
Indicator 8: Plan Ahead Financially Q16. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “My household plans ahead financially.”
Hawaii
National
65%*
59%
Agree strongly
26%*
22%
Agree somewhat
40%*
37%
35%*
41%
Neither agree nor disagree
19%*
23%
Disagree somewhat
11%
11%
Disagree strongly
5%*
7%
Single Job
Multiple Jobs
Total Employed
Was roughly the same each month
68%
44%*
62%
Occasionally varied from month to month
26%
44%*
30%
Varied quite often from month to month
6%
12%*
8%
Working Full-Time
Working Part-Time
Working Self-Employed
Total Employed
Single Job
80%
70%
65%
77%
Multiple Jobs
20%
30%
35%
23%
Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Sum
Single Job
14%
54%
32%
100%
Multiple Jobs
19%
59%
22%*
100%
Agree with the statement: “My household plans ahead financially.”
Do not agree with the statement: “My household plans ahead financially.”
* Indicates statistical significance between Hawaii and National data.
Supplemental Tables All charts use data from the Hawaii Financial Health Pulse unless otherwise noted.
Table B1: Percentage of Hawaii Respondents Who Reported Income Varied From Month to Month Q23: In the last 12 months, which of the following statements best describes how your household’s income varied from month to month, if at all?
Table B2: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs Q20. In the past month, have you had more than one job, including part-time, evening, or weekend work?
Table B3: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers, by Multiple Jobs Status
*Indicates statistical significance relative to single job holders.
27
Table B4: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs, by Industry Q20. (Asked if respondent is employed) In the past month, have you had more than one job, including part time, evening, or weekend work, yes or no?
Hawaii
Leisure and Hospitality
27%
Trade, Transportation, and Utilities
27%
Education, Health, and Social Services
26%
Professional and Business Services
24%
Other
20%
Government and Military
19%
Total Employed
23%
Table B5: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Working Multiple Jobs, by Income Level
Hawaii
Less than $40,000
39%
$40,000 - <$75,000
26%
$75,000 - <$100,000
19%
$100,000+
16%
Total Employed
23%
Table B6: Percentage of Hawaii Respondents Compared to the National Level, by Family Size Q36. Who lives with you in your household? (Answer choices: Your parents, your grandparents, your spouse or partner, your or your partner’s children under 18 years of age, your or your partner’s children over 18 years of age, other relatives (aunts/uncles/cousins/hanai), other people not related by blood.)
Hawaii
National
Single
16%
18%
2-3 people
55%
55%
4 people
13%
15%
5 or more people
16%*
12%
Hawaii
National
Less than $40,000
32%*
19%
$40,000 - <$75,000
25%*
15%
$75,000 - <$100,000
23%*
12%
$100,000+
22%*
12%
Total Sample
26%*
16%
Table B7: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Living With Extended Family,46 by Income Q36. Who lives with you in your household? (Answer choices: Your parents, your grandparents, your spouse or partner, your or your partner’s children under 18 years of age, your or your partner’s children over 18 years of age, other relatives (aunts/uncles/cousins/hanai), other people not related by blood.)
Race/ethnicity categories in the Hawaii survey are not comparable to ones in the national survey due to differences in question wording and response options.
46
28
Table B8: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers, for Extended Family Households Q36. Who lives with you in your household? (Answer choices: Your parents, your grandparents, your spouse or partner, your or your partner’s children under 18 years of age, your or your partner’s children over 18 years of age, other relatives (aunts/uncles/cousins/hanai), other people not related by blood.)
Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Sum
Hawaii
20%
61%
18%
100%
National
23%
62%
15%
100%
Hawaii
National
18-25
55%
57%
26-35
38%*
18%
36-49
28%*
14%
50-64
15%
12%
65 and over
4%
5%
Total Sample
26%*
16%
Table B9: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Living With Extended Family, by Age Q36. Who lives with you in your household? (Answer choices: Your parents, your grandparents, your spouse or partner, your or your partner’s children under 18 years of age, your or your partner’s children over 18 years of age, other relatives (aunts/uncles/cousins/hanai), other people not related by blood.)
Table B10: Percentage of Respondents in Financial Health Tiers, by Providing Support Q30. In the past 3 months, have you provided friends, relatives, or children who live outside of your home support?
Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Sum
Provided Some Support
18%*
58%*
25%*
100%
Total Sample
23%
54%
31%
100%
*Indicates statistical significance relative to overall breakdown of financial health tiers.
Table B11: Percentage of Respondents Who Experience Financial Hardship After Giving Support Q31: In the past 12 months, how much of a financial hardship has this been for your household?
Hawaii
Not a hardship at all
36%
A minor hardship
51%
A major hardship
13%
29
Table B12: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Receiving Support, by Income Q29. In the past 3 months, did friends, relatives, or children who live outside of your home provide support for you?
Received Support
Less than $40,000
46%
$40,000 - <$75,000
33%
$75,000 - <$100,000
24%
$100,000+
18%
Total Sample
30%
Table B13: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Receiving Support, by Age Q29. In the past 3 months, did friends, relatives, or children who live outside of your home provide support for you?
Received Support
18-25
46%
26-35
43%
36-49
35%
50-64
19%
65 and over
19%
Total Sample
30%
Table B14: Actions Respondents Took When Spending Exceeded Income, by Income Level (Only asked to those whose spending exceeded income in the last month.) Less than $40,000
$40,000 <$75,000
$75,000 <$100,000
$100,000+
Total Sample
Used savings
63%
84%
58%
80%
73%
Used credit card
58%
83%
66%
81%
72%
Reduced expenses
68%
71%
77%
58%
69%
Worked extra
57%
61%
54%
49%
57%
Sold items for cash
50%
47%
22%
29%
41%
Borrowed from financial institution
22%
41%
40%
33%
33%
Borrowed from friends and family
46%
32%
16%
20%
32%
Overdrew checking account
36%
36%
25%
23%
32%
Did nothing
16%
10%
23%
13%
14%
Vulnerable
Coping
Healthy
Working
15%
55%
30%
Total Sample
15%
54%
31%
Table B15: Financial Health of Working Respondents
30
Table B16: Percentage of Reasons Reported by Respondents with Income Volatility Q24. Which of the following, if any, contributed to why your household’s income varied over the last 12 months?
Hawaii
National
Irregular work schedule or overtime work
47%*
40%
Variable income from commission
45%*
26%
Periods where you or household members were unemployed or on unpaid leave
29%*
19%
Variable income from bonuses
20%*
15%
Started a new job
19%*
14%
Seasonal employment that began in the last 12 months
13%*
9%
National data is from the U.S. Financial Health Pulse: 2018 Baseline Survey.
Table B17: Percentage of Respondents Who Reported Moving Out of State, by Education Q28. Are you considering or thinking about moving out of state in the next 12 months because of your financial situation?
Considered Moving Out of State
High school or less
20%
Some college
20%
Bachelor's degree or higher
16%
Total Sample
18%
All regression tables and data can be shared upon request.
31
The Financial Health Network is the leading authority on financial health. We are a trusted resource for business leaders, policymakers, and innovators united in a mission to improve the financial health of their customers, employees, and communities. Through research, advisory services, measurement tools, and opportunities for cross-sector collaboration, we advance awareness, understanding, and proven best practices in support of improved financial health for all.
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