「ドイツのための選択肢」の版間の差分

|ideology={{仮リンク|ドイツ・ナショナリズム|en|German nationalism}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/german-nationalist-party-takes-aim-islam-122311955.html|work=[[Yahoo News]]|title=After migrants, German nationalist party takes aim at Islam|date=23 May 2016||archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524213027/https://www.yahoo.com/news/german-nationalist-party-takes-aim-islam-122311955.html |archivedate=2016-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/germanys-nationalist-party-set-gains-three-states-vote/3231977.html|work=[[Voice of America]]|title=Germany's Nationalist Party Set for Gains as Three States Vote|date=11 March 2016}}</ref><br>[[右派ポピュリズム]]<ref>{{citeCite web|title=Germany's populist AfD:from anti-euro to anti-migrant|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160313-germanys-populist-afd-anti-euro-anti-migrant?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2016-03-13&dlvrit=66745|website=france24.com|publisher=France 24|accessdate=13 March 2016-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314163753/http://www.france24.com/en/20160313-germanys-populist-afd-anti-euro-anti-migrant?ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_source=twitter&ns_mchannel=social&ns_linkname=editorial&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&aef_campaign_date=2016-03-13&dlvrit=66745|archivedate=2016年3月-03-14日|deadlinkdateurl-status=dead|url-status-date=2017年9月-09}}</ref><br>[[欧州懐疑主義]]<ref name="europeelects">{{Cite web |title=Germany |website=Europe Elects |url=https://europeelects.eu/germany/ |accessdate=2020-09-27 |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003150141/http://europeelects.eu/germany/ |archivedate=2020-10-03 }}</ref><br>[[保守|保守主義]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sputniknews.com/politics/20150705/1024234752.html|title=Alternative for Germany's New Leader Promises Closer Ties With Russia|newspaper=Sputnik News|date=5 July 2015}}</ref><br>[[国民保守主義]]<ref name="Parties-and-Elections" /><ref name="Franzmann2015" /><br>[[直接民主主義]]<ref name="Antiislam1" /><br>[[経済的自由主義]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The AfD:what kind of alternative for Germany?|year=2015|pages=10–11|first=Charles|last=Lees|publisher=Political Studies Association|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2015/Lees%20AfD%20FINAL.pdf}}</ref><br>[[反イスラム]]<ref name="Antiislam">{{bulleted list |{{cite web|title=Thousands rally in Hanover against anti-Islam AfD party|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/thousands-rally-hanover-anti-islam-afd-party-171202162331260.html|website=Al Jazeera.com|publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network|accessdate=22 January 2018|quote="...rally in Hanover against '''anti-Islam AfD''' party"}} |{{cite web|last1=Ellyatt|first1=Holly|title=Germany’s far-right AfD party: 5 things you need to know|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/25/germany-far-right-afd-party-5-things-you-need-to-know.html|website=[[CNBC]]|publisher=CNBC LLC; a Division of [[NBCUniversal]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|quote="Nowadays, the AfD is mainly known for its anti-immigration '''(namely, anti-Islamic)'''"}} |{{cite web|last1=Dancygier|first1=Rafaela|title=The '''anti-Muslim AfD''' just scored big in Germany’s election. What does this mean for German Muslims?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/09/25/the-anti-muslim-afd-just-scored-big-in-germanys-election-what-does-this-mean-for-german-muslims/|website=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[The Washington Post Company]]|accessdate=22 January 2018}} |{{cite web|last1=Pfaffenbach|first1=Kai|title=German Election: Anti-Islam AfD Party That Worked With U.S. Ad Agency Predicted To Take Third Place|url=http://www.newsweek.com/germany-afd-election-669994|website=[[Newsweek]]|publisher=Newsweek LLC|accessdate=22 January 2018|quote="Sunday’s election in Germany is expected to bring big gains for the hard-right,''' anti-Islam '''Alternative for Germany (AfD) party,}}}}</ref><ref name="timesofisraelantiislam" /><ref name="theatlantic2" /><ref name="asahi"/><ref name="afpbb20200929"/><br>[[反移民]]政策<ref name="asahi">{{Cite web|和書|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AE%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E%E8%82%A2%28AfD%29-1822726#E6.9C.9D.E6.97.A5.E6.96.B0.E8.81.9E.E6.8E.B2.E8.BC.89.E3.80.8C.E3.82.AD.E3.83.BC.E3.83.AF.E3.83.BC.E3.83.89.E3.80.8D |title=ドイツのための選択肢（ＡｆＤ） |accessdate=2020-10-27 |date=2019-02-09 |website=[[コトバンク]] |work=朝日新聞掲載「キーワード」 |publisher=[[朝日新聞社]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|和書|author=柄谷利恵子 |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F-1995834#%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF |title=ヨーロッパ難民危機 § 「危機」の背景 |accessdate=2020-10-26 |website=[[コトバンク]] |work=日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) |publisher=[[朝日新聞社]] |quote=また近年、フランスの「国民戦線」（FN）や「ドイツのための選択肢」（AfD）といった反移民・反難民政策を訴える政党が支持を増やしている。 |language=ja |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032333/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F-1995834#%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF |archivedate=2018-09-07 }}</ref><ref name="afpbb20200929">{{Cite news |title=「移民は毒ガスで殺せ」発言 ドイツ極右政党、広報を即時解任 |newspaper=AFPBB News |date=2020-09-29 |url=https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3307008 |accessdate=2020-10-27 |agency=[[フランス通信社]] |language=ja }}</ref>

*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prS6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|title=Career Behaviour and the European Parliament: All Roads Lead Through Brussels?|author=William T. Daniel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-871640-2|page=135|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121030336/https://books.google.com/books?id=prS6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>。連邦議会で唯一、[[地球温暖化に対する懐疑論|人為的な気候変動の否定]]に基づいた環境・気候政策に掲げている政党である<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany has an unholy new alliance: climate denial and the far right Bernhard Pötter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/climate-change-denial-germany-far-right-afd |website=theguardian.com |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324192208/https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/climate-change-denial-germany-far-right-afd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AfD Hopes to Win Votes by Opposing Climate Protection |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/afd-seeks-votes-by-opposing-climate-protection-a-1265494.html |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=6 May 2019 |last1=Deleja-Hotko |first1=Vera |last2=Müller |first2=Ann-Katrin |last3=Traufetter |first3=Gerald |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324192208/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/afd-seeks-votes-by-opposing-climate-protection-a-1265494.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。AfDのいくつかの州会と他の派閥は、[[西洋のイスラム化に反対する欧州愛国者|PEGIDA]]、[[:en:Neue_Rechte|Neue Rechte]]、[[アイデンティタリアン運動]]などの極右民族主義や非合法運動とつながりを持ち<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/world/europe/germany-afd-surveillance-extremism.html|title=Germany Places Far-Right AfD Party Under Surveillance for Extremism|work=The New York Times|date=3 March 2021|last1=Bennhold|first1=Katrin|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323164145/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/world/europe/germany-afd-surveillance-extremism.html|url-status=live}}</ref>、[[歴史修正主義]]や<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2021/04/21/the-utilisation-of-historically-revisionist-narratives-by-the-fpo-and-the-afd/|title=The Utilisation of Historically Revisionist Narratives by the FPÖ and the AfD|date=21 April 2021|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108212721/https://www.e-ir.info/2021/04/21/the-utilisation-of-historically-revisionist-narratives-by-the-fpo-and-the-afd/|url-status=live}}</ref>[[排外主義]]的なレトリックを使っていると非難されている<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/afd-embraces-pegida-ahead-of-german-election-1.3226952|title=AfD embraces Pegida ahead of German election|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924122807/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/afd-embraces-pegida-ahead-of-german-election-1.3226952|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/09/leipzig-versus-dresden-and-the-battle-for-east-german-identity/540831/|title=How Two Cities Encapsulate the Battle for Germany's Identity|last=Meaker|first=Morgan|work=The Atlantic|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218085717/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/09/leipzig-versus-dresden-and-the-battle-for-east-german-identity/540831/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-election-afd/waving-german-flag-far-right-and-anti-islam-groups-rally-together-before-vote-idUSKCN1BU1GQ|title=Waving German flag, far-right and anti-Islam groups rally together before vote|date=19 September 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052813/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-election-afd/waving-german-flag-far-right-and-anti-islam-groups-rally-together-before-vote-idUSKCN1BU1GQ|url-status=live}}</ref>。2018年以降、[[:en:State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution|憲法保護]]のために様々な州政府機関によって監視されている<ref name="Spiegel1">{{cite news |title=Verfassungsschutz darf AfD als »Verdachtsfall« beobachten |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/verfassungsschutz-darf-afd-als-verdachtsfall-beobachten-a-b4061d12-da2c-4e6c-ba24-956c837eaf53 |newspaper=[[デア・シュピーゲル|Der Spiegel]] |date=8 March 2022 |language=German |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327225903/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/verfassungsschutz-darf-afd-als-verdachtsfall-beobachten-a-b4061d12-da2c-4e6c-ba24-956c837eaf53 |url-status=live }}</ref>。AfD指導部は、党が人種差別主義者的であることを否定しており、そのようなグループを支持するかどうかについて党内で意見が分かれている<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/12/germanys-far-right-afd-party-tearing-itself-apart|title=Germany's far-right AfD party 'tearing itself apart'|website=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132955/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/7/12/germanys-far-right-afd-party-tearing-itself-apart|url-status=live}}</ref>。2022年1月、[[イェルク・モイテン]]党首は、AfDが全体主義的な特質を持つ極右に発展し、大部分がもはや[[:en:Liberal_democratic_basic_order|自由民主主義的な基本秩序]]に基づいていないことを認め、党首を辞任してAfDを離脱した<ref name ="Meuthen1"/><ref name ="Meuthen2"/>。

2015年5月になって、ベルント・ルッケはヴェクルーフ2015と呼ばれる分派集団を作った。複数の欧州議会議員と若干の州の代表者と幹部たちが{{lang|de|AfD}}の穏健派グループとしてベルント・ルッケの下に集まった<ref>{{cite web2|title=AfD-Gründer Lucke droht mit Massenaustritt|periodical=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung#FAZ.NET|FAZ.net]]|publisher=|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/afd-gruender-bernd-lucke-droht-mit-massenaustritt-13598488.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-05-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Justus Bender|date=2015-05-18|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>。そこに集まった党員たちは[[新右翼|新右派]]の代表者たち（エアフルト決議の提唱者）による権力把握によってドイツのための選択肢{{lang|de|AfD}}党の存立と一体性が脅かされていると見なした。その時点では、ヴェクルーフ2015に集った党員たちは新党を結成しようとしたのではなく、穏健派党員たちの離党を食い止め、穏健派を強めようとしていたのである<ref>[http://www.weckruf2015.de/gruendungsaufruf Gründungsaufruf Weckruf]</ref>。2015年5月末に州支部の結成が始まり、その内部においてヴェクルーフ2015集団が党に発展すると語られ始めていた<ref>http://www.freiewelt.net/nachricht/bernd-luckes-neue-partei-schreitet-voran-10060417/</ref>。ヴェクルーフ2015と呼ばれる分派集団結成はルッケの支持者たちの多量離党を可能にするための準備と周囲では見なされた<ref>Susanne Betz:[http://www.br.de/nachrichten/afd-lucke-austritt-100.html AfD bricht auseinander]. B5 aktuell, 19. Mai 2015.{{リンク切れ|date=2017年12月}}{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.li/QyqwB/image|date=2015-07-05}}</ref>。{{lang|de|AfD}}指導部にいたフラウケ・ペトリーとアレクサンダー・ガウラントはルッケらの分派結成を党則違反行為であって、党を傷つけたと批判した<ref>{{cite web2|title=Niemand hat die Absicht, die AfD zu spalten|periodical=FAZ.net|publisher=|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/eine-partei-im-krieg-niemand-hat-die-absicht-die-afd-zu-spalten-13601290.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=2015-05-19|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Stefan Locke|date=2015-05-19|year=|language=|pages=|quote=}}{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520205407/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/eine-partei-im-krieg-niemand-hat-die-absicht-die-afd-zu-spalten-13601290.html|date=2015-05-20}}</ref>。その分派集団ヴェクルーフ2015においてベルント・ルッケの支持者約4千人が集まった<ref>[http://www.sr-online.de/sronline/sr3/afd_austrittswelle_saarland100~print.html Saar-AfDler schauen auf Lucke]{{リンク切れ|date=2017年12月}}{{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150713061019/http://www.sr-online.de/sronline/sr3/afd_austrittswelle_saarland100~print.html|date=2015-07-13}}</ref>。ルッケのドイツのための選択肢{{lang|de|AfD}}離党後の2015年7月に約2,600人が新たな欧州懐疑主義政党の結成を支持し集まったのである<ref name="ts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/afd-lucke-111.html |title=Neue Partei? Luckes Anhänger sagen ja |author=|work=|publisher=[[Tagesschau.de]] |date=2015-07-09 |accessdate=2015-07-10|deadlinkdateurl-status=dead|url-status-date=2017-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711063731/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/afd-lucke-111.html |archivedate=2015-07-11}}</ref>。

====新親ロシア運動====

{{main|{{仮リンク|AfDの新親ロシア運動|en|AfD_pro-Russia_movement}}|{{仮リンク|AfD#外交|en|Alternative_for_Germany#Foreign_policy}}}}